This book makes you take a look at all the water we've been immersed in for so long we didn't know it was there. Where water = efficiency as the sine qua non, as espoused by economics. TL;DR: Economics claims to be merely descriptive, but just as how a label defines the scope of one's consideration, so the economic measures we prize so highly end up shaping our priorities towards 'efficient allocation of scarce resources' (Central Problem of Economics hurhur), even if sometimes there are better, alternative goals to pursue (especially in the arenas of healthcare, education and love).
Caveat: A bit drily written. Still the underlying message is worth ploughing through for.
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Economic transactions are the ones in which these chains of reciprocity are broken: the swapping of money severs, rather than reinforces, all extraneous ties. With purchase ownership is transferred, and all claims of previous labour, time, and entitlement are set aside.
Housing shows markets doing what they always do, left unsupervised: transferring wealth from those who have little to those who have more.
Thatcher's reforms drove a slow transformation of the house from one category- a home, pedestrian, cheap, often state owned, viewed in terms of its function and social benefits of safety, security and dwelling- to another- an article of private property expected to generate profits and viewed in terms of its economic return.
Our modern economy of industrial capitalism emerged as the outcome of deliberate innovations in law: the abolition of assistance for the poor, the construction of robust property rights over land and capital, together with the technological and organisational innovations of the industrial revolution, and the displacement and near starvation of an entire agrarian population to transform a rural peasantry into a source of industrial labour.
The free economy is no less a product of careful organisation than the command economy. What differs is the intent of the regulation: the neo-liberal regulates towards a free market rather than away from it.
Markets are particularly good at stimulating competition and pursuing efficient solutions to allocation problems, and so competition and efficiency become the prime measures of state performance. We are so habituated by these criteria that we fail to notice all the other things we might be doing: providing justice, looking after weaker, vulnerable or impoverished members of society, stimulating creativity or pursuing equality, to name a few.
An economics of everything tests on three key assumptions:
1. People are self-interested and respond to incentives.
2. Fundamental individualism: the idea that people take their own decisions, individually responding to the incentives around them.
3. Economics merely describes.
Economics and the world it describes are tied together by obscure, yet powerful loops of feedback and interaction.
The argument that inaccurate assumptions are useful has allowed economics to perform a useful sleight of hand: to rid itself off the obligation to base its theories on observation of the world around it yet at the same time claim the utmost standards of scientific rigour.
It is the label that renders us blind to the circumstances of a commodity's production. It frames our decision, guiding us as to what matters and what does not.
It is ironic and unfortunate that credit scoring turns out to be much less inclusive than its supporters had hoped. They rely on records of regular salary payments and existing credit obligations. Affluent and financially aware individuals, with good financial discipline, can instantly gain access to credit. Those who are off the grid, on the other hand, who have never been steadily employed and who lack a history of credit repayments are permanently excluded from participation in the new financial utopia.
Forcing students to take on huge financial commitment for an education pushes them towards the few areas where they perceive they can be sure of making enough money to repay their debts, such as banking and law. The resulting surplus of lawyers and bankers means that many will be underemployed and, more importantly, all our talent will be in the wrong place.
When it comes to managing risk, cost benefit analysis can only tell us what to do if we have already decided that what matters most is maximising a nation's wealth.
Willingness to pay models such as the value of a statistical life base policy costings on the assumption that we are best placed to calculate our own tolerance of risk. But they are blind to the impact of necessity. Willingness to pay is constrained by ability to pay.
How we choose to allocate healthcare funding speaks directly to our understanding of what healthcare is all about: what goods do we expect it to deliver?
It is much easier to communicate cost savings than it is to demonstrate intangible factors such as compassion or care, and if we insist upon an environment where every single factor is ranked and weighed, attention will soon enough gravitate towards efficiency.
Paying for blood donation appears to have a crowding out effect, seeming to change the supply rather than increase it. The quality of suppliers drops, and monitoring costs go up while total supply is unaffected.
When Friedman days economics explains, be means that it takes predictions and that we can test those predictions further. When the popular literature of economics claims to explain the world, the word is deployed in this sense: economics does not understand, but predicts in ever increasing detail.
For most other people however explanation is a process which gives an insight into the rich and varied relationships of cause and effect in the world.
In sum relationship science tells us the following: find a kind-hearted partner, one who excites you in a hearty, primal way, and stick with them. Share experiences and be prepared to compromise. Change.
Dating science, on the other hand, suggests almost the opposite: find a partner who likes the same sort of things as you, and who has the physical characteristics that you usually find attractive. Get the person who is right for you as you are now. Do not change, and do not expect primal fireworks. Leave the whole problem of compatibility to the experts.
Once the discussion is dragged onto economic terrain it can only be settled with calculators and spread sheets.
Economic reasoning is not objective: not in the sense of having recourse to some higher scientific truth, nor in the sense of treating everyone the same.
Economics makes the world it describes. The very foundation of this calculation, the notion of a world where what we should do is tied to measures of wealth, where all our decisions are most properly addressed in the language of the social welfare and returns on capital, is a product of economics, of a long process of historical and social adjustment to a set of theoretical laws.
The historian of science Ted Porter has argued that cost-benefit grew in popularity throughout the twentieth century as a means of building trust in bureaucratic administration. Numbers had the appeal of fairness and scientific objectivity. But calculations such as investment returns or the VSL are socially and temporally specific artefacts. They are made, and we should be able to understand and, should we wish, to dispute that making.
When we understand the world as if people respond to incentives in a self interested, instrumental manner, then we build institutions which make people respond in such a manner.
If the central question of economic analysis is the trade off of costs and benefits, then the central virtue of economics is efficiency. It is an explicitly moral claim, a statement about how the world should be: if we can do more with less by following a particular course of action, we are morally obliged to act that way.
Humans are not distinctive because we truck, barter and exchange. We are distinctive because we can treat each other as persons, distinctive in our ability to empathise with, commit to and understand one another, and to build relationships that are strong and mutually nourishing.
Through its systematic assertion of self-interest, economics has undone our capacity for relationship; in an age of unprecedented wealth, we are unhappier than ever before. This is the true cost of economics.