The Rest is Noise

The Rest Is Noise

by Alex Ross

In the twentieth century, music ceased to be one thing. It became a congregation of distinct musical cultures, speaking all at once in mutually alien tongues. In The Rest is Noise, Alex Ross, music critic of The New Yorker, gives us a riveting tour of the wild landscape of twentieth century classical music, with portraits of individuals, cultures and nations that reveal the predicament of the individual composer in a century of noise.

Taking as its starting point a May 1906 performance of Richard Strauss's ultra-decadent opera Salome, with the composer himself conducting and Puccini, Schoenberg, Berg and (rumour has it) Adolf Hitler seated in the stalls, Ross explains how this one evening can be considered the century's true musical watershed, rather than the riotous premiere of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring seven years later.

The drama radiates outward from turn-of-the-century Europe, taking us from pre-First World War Vienna to Paris in the twenties, from Benjamin Britten's Aldeburgh to downtown New York in the sixties. Ross weaves together art, politics and cultural history to tell the story of the entire twentieth century in sound.

In the crashing finale, Ross combines his themes of musical politics, political music and the predicament of the solitary voice with an examination of progressive pop artists such as the Velvet Underground and Brian Eno, demonstrating how classical and modern traditions have been re-invented in the digital era, and showing what the future holds for music and its relationship to a chaotic world.

Genres: Music, Nonfiction, History, Art, Classical Music, Audiobook, Cultural

624 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2007

About the author

Librarian Note: There is more than one author in the GoodReads database with this name. See this thread for more information.

Alex Ross has been the music critic of The New Yorker since 1996. From 1992 to 1996 he wrote for the New York Times. His first book, The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century, was published in 2007 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux and became a national bestseller. It won a National Book Critics Circle Award, the Guardian First Book Award, and the Royal Philharmonic Society Creative Communication Award; appeared on the New York Times's list of the ten best books of year; and was a finalist for the Pulitzer and the Samuel Johnson prizes. Ross has received a Letter of Distinction from the American Music Center, fellowships from the American Academy in Berlin and the Banff Centre, three ASCAP-Deems Taylor Awards, and an honorary doctorate from the Manhattan School of Music. He has also served as a McGraw Professor in Writing at Princeton University. In 2008 he was named a MacArthur Fellow. His next book, an essay collection titled Listen to This, will appear in fall 2010. A native of Washington, DC, Ross now lives in Manhattan. In 2005 he married the actor and filmmaker Jonathan Lisecki.

Reviews

[Tony · Rating 4 out of 5]

You know how you can watch a foreign language movie, without subtitles, and still enjoy the film? You may not speak German but can still tell that Hitler's pissed off. You may not speak French, but you can tell that Juliette Binoche has reached a point of existential doubt in a meretricious relationship.

This book was like that for me. I may not, even now, be able to articulate a difference between atonality and twelve-tone music (is there one?), but I love being told that "some stabbing single notes" in a second movement are like "a knife in Stalin's heart."

This book is Music in the Twentieth Century. Or, the Twentieth Century, with music. "Crescendo" "più forte" "Silence". It starts with Richard Strauss conducting Salome. Puccini took the train north; Mahler et ux attended. Schoenberg and Berg were there. Hitler said he was. And if you recall: There was even a fictional character present--Adrian Leverkühn, the hero of Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus, the tale of a composer in league with the devil.

Leverkühn looms large in this history, a twisting of Evil with Music, and a twisting of Music and the human soul. The notes I heard kept asking "What's next?" and "What's next?" In slow movements, and fast.

There's some tabloid stuff here: that Alma Mahler, what a tart; that Pierre Boulez, what a jerk. But it's also a Music Appreciation course, and Alex Ross clearly knows his material. He attempts to make this inter-active by offering a website - www.therestisnoise.com - with click-and-play excerpts. I found that cumbersome and chose my own inter-activity, playing music from my collection or youtubing. I'll annoy you in a bit with some links.

Ross has an ear for humor too: The joke went around that Webern had introduced the marking pensato: Don't play the note, only think it.

I didn't always hear what Ross heard. There's Sibelius in Barber? But then he didn't hear Gorecki in Barber; or didn't say so. That's part of the fun.

Let me break into some dissonant chords now and give you fragments from the book, things I learned.

-- Sibelius remains a big deal in his native land; his face was on every coin until Finland converted to the Euro. The annual Finnish expenditure on the arts is roughly 200 times per capita what the United States spends on the National Endowment of the Arts. I'm not saying that's wrong; just sayin'.

-- Ruth Crawford Seeger was Pete Seeger's stepmother. She created some (to my ears) really interesting avant garde music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqz9C... . She stopped composing when her Communist husband, a formulator of "dissonant counterpoint", told her "women can't compose symphonies." Oh, Artemisia.

-- Perhaps I would have understood Josef Skvorecky's The Engineer of Human Souls better if I knew that it was Stalin who once mused that writers should be "engineers of human souls."

-- Musical luminaries descended on Paris in 1952 for the Masterpieces of the XXth Century festival. It was thought to be funded by Julius Fleischmann, the yeast-and-gin millionaire. In reality, the whole event was financed by the CIA.

There is a bit of The Emperor's New Clothes to the excesses of art, music included. A century that started with Strauss, Mahler and Sibelius ended with:

-- John Cage's 4'33": The original score was written out on conventional music paper, tempo + 60, in three movements. David Tudor walked onstage, sat down at the piano, opened the piano lid, and did nothing, except to close the lid and open it again at the beginning of each subsequent movement. The music was the sound of the surrounding space. ... It was a piece that anyone could have written, as skeptics never failed to point out, but, as Cage seldom failed to respond, no one else did.

-- Luigi Nono's signature piece, Il canto sospeso, took texts from anti-Fascist resistance fighters - "I am not afraid of death," "I will be calm and at peace facing the execution squad," "I go in the belief of a better life for you" - and broke them into syllables which he scattered throughout the various choral parts. By making the words less accessible, he believed, they would matter more.

-- David Tudor, attacking a piano with boxing gloves.

-- Dieter Schnebel, who in his work Abfälle I,1 invited audience members to contribute to the performance by conversing, making noises of approval or disapproval, coughing, and moving chairs.

-- And Alvin Lucier, who in Music for Solo Performer attached electrodes to his head and broadcast his brain's alpha waves to loudspeakers around the room, the low-frequency tones causing nearby percussion instruments to vibrate.

I'm not kidding.

And yet, Ross opened up much of the "new" music to me. This was sometimes accomplished just by my own perusal of works by a composer that Ross mentions. Henry Cowell, for instance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLkg-.... Yes, elbows. Some of Cowell's pieces are all inside the piano: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3CPr....

Delightfully, there are composers I'd never heard of who intrigued, after some exploration. Ross notes six "significant voices" in contemporary music:

-- Franghiz Ali-Zadeh of Azerbaijan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nevnq...

-- Chen Yi of China: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVFZL...

-- Unsuk Chin of South Korea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vqiq...

-- Sofia Gubaidulina of Russia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37e3p...

-- Kaija Saariaho of Finland: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkmzX...

-- Pauline Oliveros of the United States: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rdnX...

Too late for Ruth Crawford Seeger, or Artemisia for that matter, but all six are women.

The Twentieth Century. You may think of Rothko paintings. Think of a musical piece written by Morton Feldman, mourning his friend's death: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wHuh....

The Twentieth Century. When classical music takes a drug and goes Rock: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffr0o.... That's right. Take a walk on the wild side.

The Twentieth Century. I'll let Steve Goodman sing us out: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ_3w...

[Jonathan Barry · Rating 4 out of 5]

I think this book is best read and listened to at the same time; it really adds to it. As such, I created a Youtube playlist to go along with your read, which you can find here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=...

If you're looking for a listen with better sound quality and don't mind finding them yourselves (I can't blame you), then here is the list of songs that I thought captured the book:

Richard Strauss – Also Sprach Zarathustra
Gustav Mahler – Symphony No. 8
Claude Debussy – Arabesque I
Claude Debussy – Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Arnold Schoenberg – Verklärte Nacht
Anton Webern – Six Pieces for Orchestra
Igor Stravinsky – Rite of Spring
Darius Milhaud – Scaramouche
Will Marion Cook – Swing Along!
Charles Ives – The Unanswered Question
George Gershwin – Rhapsody in Blue
Jean Sibelius – Symphony No. 2
Paul Hindemith - Sonate per viola e pianoforte
Louis Armstrong – Mack the Knife
Arnold Schoenberg – Jakobsleiter
Alban Berg – Lulu Suite
Dmitri Shostakovich – Symphony No. 5
Aaron Copland – Appalachian Spring
John Cage – Music of Changes
Karlheinz Stockhausen – Telemusik
Benjamin Britten – Four Sea Interludes from “Peter Grimes”
Olivier Messiaen – Quartet for the End of Time
Morton Feldman – Rothko Chapel
John Adams – Common Tones in Simple Time

[Greg · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book took me way too long to read, which is a little strange because I found it very interesting and quite inspiring. I'm tempted to give it five stars, but I'm too much of a dilettante when it comes to cough, serious music to not necessarily take everything that the author is saying at face value. I do have two complaints about the books though, the first is that the author clearly dislikes the one of the few people I probably do count as an actual hero of mine. I don't hold it strongly against him that he finds Adorno to (what's the word), not necessarily wrong, but some kind of extremist snob for lack of a better word. Every time Adorno makes an appearance on these pages he comes across like a rapid attack dog of anti-everything except for strict Schoenberg non-mass appeal. Which might be true, I've never really delved into his music writings too deeply, but the picture of him as an enfant terrible is I like a bit of a cartoonish exaggeration.
The second complaint I would have of the book is that it kind of stops short of being a history of 20th century music and kind of peters out around 1976 with Reich's Music for 18 Musicians. A few other composers are talked about and works that they release in the same year, but all talk of the last quarter of the century is treated in a very fragmentary and stilted manner. Maybe there isn't much to talk about, but the style of the book changes in the last fifty pages or so in a way that makes the very end of the book read like a series of notes the author made on a handful of composers and records. In this last section there are also name droppings of pop artists like Radiohead, Sonic Youth and Bjork, which pulls together the history of serious music with pop music, but without doing much more than dropping the names in the swirl of the kind of chaotic finish.
The author also uses the phrase 'moshpit of the mind' which is almost totally inexcusable in the context it's given in, and actually shouldn't be used by anyone. It's moments like that which seem to make the author trying to hard to sound hip, but there isn't anything hip about using the word moshpit, and really the only people who would ever say something like that are someone's dad who heard the word and thinks it's what with it people are saying. I can't hold this against the author too strongly though.
All in all I really enjoyed this book, and it's treatment of pre-World War 2 music especially in Germany was very informative to me. I have a feeling that anyone seriously into modern music will find the book to be missing some of their favorites, or think the book treats certain movements too quickly, but as a general overview of a chaotic century's musical trends this book seems to do it's job just fine.

[Paul Christensen · Rating 3 out of 5]

This book could be subtitled: ‘Musicians who did stuff after Wagner, with wildly varied results’. Wagner hovers like a ghost over this work, the Great Father whose achievements couldn’t be surpassed in toto, only in miniature via crazier and crazier endeavours.

The composers range from deep genius (Debussy, Sibelius) to sterile fapping (too many to name), but whether one loves or hates their music is irrelevant as this is primarily a work of social history.

The author describes ‘classical’ music in the 2000s as a ‘sunken cathedral’, i.e. an interregnum, and who knows what comes next.

[kaelan · Rating 5 out of 5]

This isn't something I say lightly, but pretty much everyone should consider reading Alex Ross' The Rest Is Noise.* Why? Because (a) it makes for a riveting work of political and cultural history, and (b) it provides a layman's entry point into that most venerable of Western art forms—classical music.

I first became acquainted with this book in my late teens. By that time, I'd already immersed myself quite heavily in free jazz, noise, and the like. But classical music—especially the 20th century variety—had thus far eluded my understanding. Like many otherwise adventurous young listeners, I felt overwhelmed by the plethora of composers, performers and recordings to choose from. And in this regard, avant-jazz was—comparatively speaking—pretty straightforward: all you needed to do was track yourself down a copy of Interstellar Space or Free Jazz or Spiritual Unity. With composed music, the problem was knowing where the hell you should even start.

Enter The Rest Is Noise. Over the course of fifteen chapters, which trace the development of modern classical from Strauss and Mahler up until the present age, Ross examines the seminal musical works of the 20th century, as well as the social and political contexts that birthed them. It's all terribly fascinating stuff. But history only makes up one side of the coin, and the book concludes with a list of recommended recordings (a more comprehensive list may be found on Ross' website) to guide the inexperienced listener through the disorienting terrain of aural source material.

Yet this book doesn't only tell you what to listen to; it also teaches you how to listen. Gifted with an arresting propensity for translating sounds into words, Ross occasionally devotes a few pages to a single piece of music, explaining how a particular snare drum pattern in a Shostakovich symphony, say, might function as a subtle critique of authoritarianism, or how the retrograde rhythms in a Messiaen chamber work serve to hinder the audience's perception of time. And by means of these descriptions, Ross deftly inculcates the art of deep listening, of knowing how to successfully parse a swirling miasma of tones, textures and timbres.

In short, The Rest Is Noise is an effective gateway drug into the wild and mystifying world of 20th century classical music. And so I say, "Bravo, bravo!," as I rise for a standing ovation.

(P.S. If anyone would like some classical recommendations, shoot me a message and I'd be more than happy to oblige!)

* Save for perhaps the illiterate and the hopelessly tone-deaf.

[Michael Finocchiaro · Rating 5 out of 5]

Who says history is boring? And who says classical music died with Wagner? Well I have actually always liked history but was largely unfamiliar with 20c classical music until I read Ross' excellent The Rest is Noise. Alex Ross does an amazing job of writing the history of the 20c in classical music starting at the waning but overwhelming influence of Wagner on early 20c composers like Schoenberg and Stravinsky through the onset of atonal music and on through the wars and the crazy 60's. I had NO idea that classical music was so incredibly rich and interesting particularly in the previous century. I don't want to spoil anything here because it is incredibly readable and you will learn on nearly every page. I am still trying to get through all the recordings that he posted on his book's website (http://www.therestisnoise.com) which could serve as a fore-taste of how great this book is. Don't walk but run to amazon and grab a copy. I liked it so much that I bought the sequel Listen to This...happy reading.

[Barry Pierce · Rating 4 out of 5]

Alex Ross is one of my must-read New Yorker writers. Whenever a new piece of his comes out I know I'm going to be smarter than I was before. To me, he is the music critic. The Rest Is Noise is often referred to as the book on 20th century classical music. And I can only further perpetrate that sentiment.

[♑︎♑︎♑︎ ♑︎♑︎♑︎ · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book is made so much more enjoyable because of the Internet--one of the few books you can say that about--because of the availability of samples of the music on the book's web site. I enjoyed the first chapters best because the author allowed me to imagine what a momentous event it must have been, in an age before recorded music, to be in the audience when a composer's music first premiered.

[Jay · Rating 5 out of 5]

The Rest Is Noise takes us on a journey through the twentieth century in sound — specifically, the esoteric sounds of the era’s (mostly avant-garde) classical composers. And, sure, if you’re yet to have been initiated into this bizarre world of sonic discord, you might not imagine that its screechy, objectionable sounds — the sounds of a medium in chaos — would make for an especially racy topic worthy of a 650-page read, but take it from me: this stuff is all endlessly fascinating, especially when placed in the century’s catastrophic historical context by Ross’s addictive prose.

The truth is that once formal music composition crossed the Rubicon in the early years of the twentieth century, venturing out from the lands of melody and harmony and into the coarse, underground depths of atonality, it became at least as interesting to talk and write about as it became baffling to listen to. A listener who exposes themselves to the displeasing sonic experiments of Arnold Schoenberg or Pierre Boulez for the first time may feel inclined to run from classical music, ne’er to return, but Ross proves throughout The Rest Is Noise how much of a sad mistake that would be. Even if you detest this style of music-making, this book is still an immensely rewarding read because nobody writes about these things better: Ross’s knowledge is mountainous and his prose is never on anything less than a roll. This was easily one of the best books I’ve read all year. I preferred it, even, to Ross’s almost equally impressive recent effort, Wagnerism (which I finished a few weeks ago, before addictively moving straight onto this book). Compared to Wagnerism, The Rest Is Noise has a more obvious narrative arc and slightly more concise structure, making it the greater achievement, I think.

Early on, after discussing the dying of the Romantic-era light that came primarily in the sublime form of Strauss and Mahler, Ross moves quickly onto the meat of The Rest Is Noise: the subject of modernism. He starts by exploring the mystifying compositions of Schoenberg, a composer whose work I’ve never enjoyed (with the exception of his inauthentic but no less impressive Gurre-Lieder). However, reading about Shoenberg’s artistic development was like having a light switched on in my head. It seems that his wilfully inaccessible art wasn’t some self-conscious and tiresome attempt to be different, but, rather, a more profound expression of anti-establishment anger. He was an outcast who delivered the biggest artistic “fuck you” in history by breaking the rules of music into a million pieces, ending hundreds of years of standard practice in the process:

“In a way, Schoenberg's journey resembles that of Theodor Herzi, the progenitor of political Zionism, whose early attacks on self-satisfied assimilated urban Jews could be mistaken for anti-Semitic diatribes. The scholar Alexander Ringer has argued that Schoenberg's atonality may have been an oblique affirmation of his Jewishness. In this reading, it is a kind of musical Zion, a promised land in whose dusty desert climate the Jewish composer could escape the ill-concealed hatred of bourgeois Europe.”

And with that, along with Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring, modernism was born. Ross is always brilliant at the close of his chapters. This is him summing up Schoenberg’s interposing strains:

“All told, a Freudian host of urges, emotions, and ideas circled Schoenberg as he put his fateful chords on paper. He endured violent disorder in his private life; he felt ostracized by a museum-like concert culture; he experienced the alienation of being a Jew in Vienna; he sensed a historical tendency from consonance to dissonance; he felt disgust for a tonal system grown sickly. But the very multiplicity of possible explanations points up something that cannot be explained. There was no “necessity” driving atonality; no irreversible current of history made it happen. It was one man's leap into the unknown. It became a movement when two equally gifted composers jumped in behind him.”

All fascinating, of course. But crucially, here, Ross has succeeded in attaching an emotional significance to music which may have otherwise always remained purposeless and elusive.

To me (as to many people), the story of the unprecedented goings on in twentieth-century music is inextricably linked to the build-up to the World Wars and then the years it took for the world to process the magnitude of humanity’s resultant collective sin. As he was in Wagnerism, Ross is brilliant on the Second World War and the problematic aestheticism that surrounds fascism, a problem which inevitably led to a suspicion of beauty in the post-war years:

“The aftermath of Hitler's corrosive love of music is unavoidable. Much of subsequent twentieth-century musical history is a struggle to come to terms with it. Although there is no point in trying to restore Schopenhauer's separation of art and state, it is equally false to claim the opposite, that art can somehow be swallowed up in history or irreparably damaged by it. Music may not be inviolable, but it is infinitely variable, acquiring a new identity in the mind of every new listener. It is always in the world, neither guilty nor innocent, subject to the ever-changing human landscape in which it moves.”

“…Hitler possibly envisaged his immolation as a reprise of that final scene of the Ring, in which Brünnhilde builds a pyre for Siegfried and rides into the flames. Or he may have hoped to reenact the love-death of Tristan — whose music, he once told his secretary, he wished to hear as he died. Walther Funk thought that Hitler had modeled the scorched-earth policy of the regime's last phase on Wagner's grand finale: “Everything had to go down in ruins with Hitler himself, as a sort of false Götterdämmerung” Such an extravagant gesture would have fulfilled the prophecy of Walter Benjamin, who wrote that fascist humanity would “experience its own annihilation as a supreme aesthetic pleasure.” But there is no evidence that the drug-addled Führer was thinking about Wagner or listening to music in the last days and hours of his life. Eyewitness reports suggest that the grim ceremony in the bombed-out Chancellery garden — two gasoline-soaked corpses burning fitfully, the one intact, the other with its skull caved in — was something other than a work of art.”

As I read this book, two contradictory things which had previously bubbled under the surface of my thoughts became increasingly clear to me. The first was that my original, banal views on all this horrible screechy music — the feelings that classical music essentially lost its way after its late-romantic apotheosis; that the more fundamental avant-garde proponents of modernism were always flogging a pseudointellectual dead horse; and that atonal music was just music created in a lab which, when tested by experiment, consistently failed to concur with its composer’s pretentious pseudoscientific hypotheses — are all still views which retain some degree of truth. To be frank, I still think a lot of twentieth-century classical music is complete wank. But while that may be true, my second (contradictory) view remains and refuses to budge. That is to say: I really like a lot of it (despite my low level of philosophical disdain): I love the lack of compromise, the incomparable soundscapes, the inimitable emotions. Ross has made me realise how much of this awful, horrible, glorious music I already know, listen to regularly, and love, and there are so many exceptions to my “I don’t like modernism in music” rule that it has ceased to be a rule at all. (Ives before Elgar, except after Sibelius.) Truthfully, I probably listen to more twentieth-century classical music than classical music from all the other centuries combined (a thought that I find unsettling).

Where Ross refutes Bernstein’s assertion that Mahler’s music — music which sits right on the Rubicon’s banks but stops short of crossing over to the undiscovered country of atonality —, in its foretelling of the horrors and discoveries of the twentieth century “showered a rain of beauty on this world that has not been equalled since”, I find myself torn between the conflicting outlooks of two giants. Ross responds to Bernstein thus:

“Bernstein's enthusiasm for Mahler was infectious, but his claims were exaggerated. In twentieth-century music, through all the darkness, guilt, misery, and oblivion, the rain of beauty never ended.”

My inner reactionary and my inner sensualist both generally sway towards Mahler, and a large part of me wishes that the great composers had never stopped writing sweeping, novelistic symphonies in the Late-Romantic vein; but, listening to Arvo Pärt’s desperately beautiful (and far from screechy) Tabula Rasa (1977) as I write this, I find Ross and the culminating rains of twentieth-century composition hard to ignore.

[Gary · Rating 5 out of 5]

alex ross is one of the few remaining music critics for a major american periodical (there used to be many more, but it's a dwindling profession/art), in his case, the new yorker. he attends a concert more than once if possible, with the score and without, in order to both understand the music and feel it. and he's young, so his ears aren't burdened with decades of ear wax, "received wisdom," archaic prejudice, etc.

how rare is it to ever find anyone who can write about music!? (an impossible challenge on the face of it, if one is going to say anything more than technical data like, "... the dotted sixteenths in bar25 mirror the attenuated chromatic intonation ..." etc etc)

his grasp of the material is sure; his writing is tonic, refreshing; his insights are sharp; his tone, fresh. he's on the dime.

he's been working on this book for some time and finally it's out. (there are a few inevitable repetitions here and there, in stitching the whole thing together, but — hey!)

hands-down, THE best book on 20th-century Western music you'll ever find in THIS one.

AND you can enhance your reading by visiting his website, where he's posted representative selections, for each chapter, as well as his always lively blog

hear, here!

[Paolo · Rating 5 out of 5]

Emozionante galoppata attraverso il secolo breve in musica, tanto più entusiasmante in quanto lo status del musicista dal livello quasi servile in cui versavano Bach ed il primo Mozart assurge con Wagner a quello di demiurgo e mistagogo. Ed anche per tutta la prima metà del '900, con l'ormai conclamata egemonia borghese che vede il salotto di casa corredato da pianoforte prima e da grammofono poi, si assiste all'irresistibile ascesa del musicista, sia esso compositore o direttore d'orchestra - ruoli che spesso coincidono - nella considerazione di élite e classi popolari.

Inutile dire - e qui Ross produce pagine sottili ed avvincenti - che la musica diviene territorio di caccia per i regimi che hanno popolato (per non dire infestato) il XX secolo in funzione di colonna sonora retorica produttrice di consenso.

Tra le molte cose in comune Hitler e Stalin avevano ambedue fornita discoteca con i generi favoriti, tra cui figuravano le canzoni da operetta per il primo (da notare che l'operetta viennese ed ungherese di inzio secolo è pressochè integralmente di produzione ebraica) e le colonne sonore western per il secondo. Mai il concetto di guilty pleasure ha trovato definizione più esatta.

Il ' 900 poi, oltre ai nuovi media che consentono diffusione universale della musica, si affacciano nuovi linguaggi musicali - il jazz in primis - che produrranno una "biodiversità" senza precedenti con esiti stilistici assolutamente inattesi.
Ross non manca in proposito di ricordare - ed è una gran bella ironia della storia - come la musica d'avanguardia più ostica e "sovversiva" all'ascolto sia stata anche cospicuamente promossa e finanziata dalla CIA in funzione anti - realismo socialista, i cui dettami musicali imponevano invece una vasta ed immediata fruibilità.

Come tutti i compendi che tendono ad un'impossibile esaustività, ci sono chiaramente omissioni (la musica italiana che nel '900 assiste ad un rigoglioso risveglio è trattata marginalmente ed un Puccini non viene nemmeno nominato, chiaramente ritenuto troppo ancorato all'800, ma non è proprio così....), ma ho colto, ed in ciò ho provato grande sintonia con l'autore, un significativo affetto nel delineare le parabole umane ed artistiche di Schostacovich e Britten, che verso la fine della loro vita (sono morti ad un anno di distanza l'uno dall'altro, relativamente giovani) arrivano a toccarsi.

Ecco se dovessi portarmi i famosi 5 dischi sull' isola deserta, per il Peter Grimes di Britten e la settima sinfonia di Schostacovich un posto lo troverei di certo.

[Tosh · Rating 4 out of 5]

Alex Ross' wonderful trip to the 20th Century via the world of classical music and it's composers. As I mentioned I had very little knowledge of classical music - especially modern. I knew Glass, Reich, Satie, but overall this is pretty much a new world music wise.

Saying that this is also the history of cultural life in the 20th Century. The best chapeters deal with Nazi Germany and Stalin's Russia and how they used music -and how it affected the composers of that place and time.

In a distant way the book reminds me of "The City of Nets" in that there are many stories being told - because some of them are real characters - but also for me there were some dry areas. Not sure because of the text or the writer's focus, or maybe it's just the subject matter. But overall I think this book is pretty essential in not only music history but also how music interacts with society/culture of that time. Ross is really good at giving the big picture.

[Asclepiade · Rating 5 out of 5]

Immagino che curiosità e gioia elettrizzassero un amante della musica dei secoli scorsi appena fosse venuto a sapere che per l’imminente carnevale sarebbe comparsa sulle scene la nuova opera di Vivaldi o di Vinci, di Rossini o di Verdi, o che nella tal chiesa Corelli o Tartini avrebbero sonato una nuova composizione per violino; quanto a Frescobaldi o Bach, improvvisavano all’organo praticamente ogni domenica. Se oggi compare su d’un programma di sala un pezzo di musica contemporanea, magari in prima esecuzione, la reazione di parecchi frequentatori di sale da concerto è spesso invece: “Oddio, mica durerà troppo?”; e se il brano, poi, o il suo autore sono già noti, l’ascoltarli con pazienza sarà guardata da costoro come onorevole ammenda penitenziale che renderà viepiù bello e amabile il godimento di Brahms, Mozart o Monteverdi. La musica contemporanea, insomma, è vista con timore, con diffidenza: non credo che sia mai capitato in alcun periodo e contesto culturale; anzi, di solito, sia presso i popoli primitivi, sia dove si sono formate una tecnica e un’arte musicale raffinate, ciò che si è sempre ascoltato è la musica del proprio tempo, mentre quella più antica, posto che si sia inventato il modo di tramandarla, è usata in genere a scopo di studio, oppure se ne mantiene in vita qualche scampolo per motivi religiosi o celebrativi.
Questo saggio di Alex Ross non solo traccia una storia della musica del Novecento che, sebbene poderosa, è molto agile e di facile lettura, ma aiuta il lettore non specialista – che di fatto è, in genere, proprio quello che non riesce a capire e ad apprezzare la musica novecentesca di tradizione colta – a comprendere perché si sia formata tra compositori e pubblico una barriera foriera d’incomprensioni e incomunicabilità. Dalle pagine di Ross esce peraltro confermata una mia impressione: che cioè mentre molte musiche le quali sonavano sperimentali e rivoluzionarie al momento del debutto, magari anche suscitando scandali, come avvenne a Stravinsky col Sacre, furono poi di seguito accettate dal pubblico, e sono diventate a loro volta pezzi classici come le composizioni di Beethoven o di Haydn, è soltanto qualcuno dei filoni musicali del secolo scorso, entro un mosaico di stili e concezioni ben più ampio e sfaccettato, il vero responsabile della disaffezione e dell’ostilità del pubblico medio verso la musica contemporanea nel suo complesso.
Mi viene in mente al proposito il titolo di uno dei paragrafi della biografia di Bach scritta da Alberto Basso: Fra ars e scientia; in troppi musicisti del Novecento s’è fatta troppa scientia e poca o punta ars; anzi, a un certo punto lo scrivere musica comprensibile o che potesse procurare piacere all’ascoltatore fu visto come un esempio di cattivo gusto, di Kitsch, di bieca prostituzione estetica da trattare con esecrazione e scherno. L’intellettualismo petulante di certi musicisti s’è anche sfogato in un’altra direzione un po’ diversa ma parallela, assumendo a mo’ di assioma l’idea che per essere moderno e profondo il compositore debba solo e sempre esprimere il Weltschmerz, la disperazione, il nichilismo, la lacerazione; a dare manforte venivano anche personaggi come Adorno, che io, per il gracchiare monotono, aggrondato e funereo che lo distingue spesso e volentieri, amo definire la zitella dodecafonica: e proprio lui, che adorava tanto Bach, ad ogni pagina dimostra di non capirlo affatto, ché Bach, e nell’Arte della Fuga, seppe scrivere pezzi al contempo di altissima speculazione e di gradevolissimo ascolto; Piero Buscaroli ricordò una volta che il tema del Contrapunctus IX si può tranquillamente fischiettare. La responsabilità di quest’atteggiamento arrogante e autolesionista è di chiara origine tedesca: e della proverbiale Tiefe teutonica rappresenta in effetti la caricatura e il pervertimento: col rischio anche di travolgerne i capofila, a cominciare da Schoenberg, i quali dopotutto scrissero sì musica difficile, ma non radicalmente inascoltabile o respingente.
Ross si rivela molto equilibrato, evitando sia l’incensazione acritica delle avanguardie in quanto avanguardistiche, sia l’apocalittica condanna del reazionario secondo cui dopo il tardo romanticismo restano soltanto rovina e brutture: che ciò derivi dal suo pragmatismo americano o da semplici motivi anagrafici (è mio coetaneo, e per noi diventa più facile, rispetto a chi è nato qualche lustro prima, sottrarci al fascino conturbante ma paralizzante della visione storica, diffusa fino un po’ di anni fa, secondo cui fuori dalla Seconda Scuola Viennese e da Darmstadt ci sarebbe il nulla), è un equilibrio che non si loderà mai abbastanza, soprattutto se, come qui, va unito a un’eminente limpidezza espositiva, a una capacità divulgativa davvero coinvolgente, ma scevra da gigionerie o eccessive semplificazioni, e da una finezza di analisi che aiuta davvero a capire opere di grande complessità, magari cogliendovi anche particolari fondamentali di cui non al mero ascolto, se non si è musicisti, non ci si accorge.
La conoscenza del Novecento musicale che l’autore dimostra è davvero enciclopedica, quantunque ne resti escluso, tanto per dire, il Novecento italiano, invero poco conosciuto anche in Italia: benché troviamo citati Dallapiccola, Menotti, Berio e Nono, nessuna loro opera è analizzata in modo approfondito come avviene con capolavori di altre scuole; può anche darsi che nel Novecento nostrano di capolavori non ce ne siano affatto, a parte quelli di musicisti, come Puccini, che però con le scuole e le tendenze qui studiate hanno poche attinenze, ma su ciò io non ho elementi per poter giudicare. Piuttosto caotici e carenti mi sembrano viceversa i capitoli finali dell’opera, scritti forse di fretta e con minor ispirazione, per dovere d’ufficio: ma poiché si tratta d’una parte dopotutto esigua nel complesso del saggio, a mio avviso non ne sminuisce la qualità, che resta pur sempre molto elevata.
Ross inoltre ama molto l’aneddotica, della quale si serve in maniera saggia e discreta sia per introdurre o rendere palesi collegamenti, contatti ed eventi salienti, sia per vivificare l’esposizione dando anche conto del lato umano dei compositori esaminati, attraverso particolari della loro biografia. Per me ne vengono fuori numerose conferme. Ad esempio, dagli episodî qui rammentati trova conferma la mia impressione che Schoenberg fosse una persona mentalmente disturbata e anche difficilmente frequentabile con piacere: è sempre andato di moda il dare addosso a Richard Strauss per le sue contiguità col nazismo, d’altronde meno costanti e ossequiose rispetto a quelle di tanti suoi colleghi, ma in ogni caso Strauss rispetto a Schoenberg era, nonostante il suo egotismo, un mostro di simpatia; l’inventore della dodecafonia era paranoico, acrimonioso, saccente, malevolo, in guerra eterna col mondo e con gli uomini, perennemente travolto da un’altissima opinione di sé al limite, e a volte anche oltre il limite del caricaturale: come attesta un piccolo carteggio edito anni fa anche in Italia, riuscì a trascinare un riluttante Thomas Mann in una guerra inutilmente assurda, trattandolo da miserevole plagiario per avere indicato l’Adrian Leverkühn del Doctor Faustus quale inventore d’una tecnica musicale praticamente uguale alla dodecafonia (e non mi tolgo dalla testa che, come certi particolari della storia sembrano attestare, a soffiare sul fuoco intervenisse anche Alma Werfel vedova Mahler, che col marito viveva in esilio a Los Angeles vicino ai Mann e a Schoenberg), ed è solo una delle diverse storie tristemente ridicole che si possono riferire su tanto personaggio. Altro modello di antipatia difficilmente superabile, Pierre Boulez: ma mentre Schoenberg peggiorava con l’età, Boulez diede il peggio di sé, per settarismo e intemperanze intellettuali, negli anni giovanili; un secolo prima, gli sarebbero fioccate addosso le sfide a duello. Eppure non tutti i rivoluzionarî furono così bellicosi: John Cage sarà pure stato un provocatore nella musica, ma di persona doveva essere un simpatico zuzzurellone; in Italia divenne perfino concorrente di Lascia o raddoppia?, gareggiando come esperto di funghi, ma di ciò mi sembra che Ross non parli. Peraltro Alex Ross non si limita a raccontare particolari bizzarri o curiosi: traccia, per esempio, anche un ritratto molto bello e sensibile d’un musicista dall’animo delicato e umbratile come Benjamin Britten. In quanto americano, naturalmente Ross è particolarmente interessato ai compositori della sua terra, e ciò per un lettore italiano è forse ancor più prezioso che per uno d’oltreoceano, perché gran parte dei maestri statunitensi dalle nostre parti sono conosciuti più di nome che di fatto. Insomma, un saggio poderoso ma scorrevolissimo, pieno di dati senza esser opprimente, vivace senza scadere nell’approssimazione, e sorretto da un equilibrio esemplare nel metodo e nel giudizio storico. Credo che per una disamina panoramica, ma tutt’altro che cursoria e superficiale, della musica novecentesca, non si possa pretendere di meglio.

[Jenny (Reading Envy) · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is hands down the best book I have read about music. Alex Ross writes about composers, their relationship with each other, and how they survive the culture swirling around them, in a way that really captured me, and I work with music for a living. It took me a long time to read because I felt obligated to listen to all the pieces he referenced.

Worth reading no matter how familiar you are with classical music. It is practically a history of the 20th century shown through the music of its classical composers.

"The fabric of harmony was warping, as if under the influence of an unseen force." - about Liszt

"A fenced-off soul is opening itself to the chaos of the outer world." - Bartok

"I don't believe I will ever experience a more profound and stranger emotion than this sort of mute terror." - Ravel

"The birth of art will take place [when:] the last man who is willing to make a living out of art is gone forever." - Charles Ives

"I don't feel I've really scratched the surface of what I want to do." - Gershwin, spoken to his sister shortly before his sudden death in 1937

"You know you should go to the conservatory, but since you won't, I'll tell you. First you find the logical way, and when you find it, avoid it, and let your inner self break through and guide you. Don't try to be anybody else but yourself." - Cook to Ellington, at the beginning of his career

"I can't listen to music too often. It affects your nerves, makes you want to say stupid nice things, and stroke the heads of people who could create such beauty while living in this vile hell." - Lenin

"A score is a child of loneliness that feeds off crowds."

"I believe that music should be collective hysteria and spells, violently of the present time." - Pierre Boulez

"Composition only gains power from failing to decide the eternal dispute. In a decentered culture, it has a chance to play a kind of godfather role, able to assimilate anything new because it has assimilated everything in the past."

[Steven · Rating 5 out of 5]

Alle noten op de juiste plaats

Steven Heene

Muziek / rekto:verso

Nr. 36 juli - augustus 2009

Non-fictie over klassieke muziek. Klinkt als droge kost? Ten onrechte: de Amerikaanse journalist Alex Ross illustreert met De rest is lawaai hoe de juiste noten op de juiste plaats onze geschiedenis helpen te bepalen. Van Gustav Mahler tot Steve Reich: componisten zijn evengoed de architecten van hun tijd.

De ambitieuze ondertitel hebben ze alvast gemeen. Bij Geert Maks bejubelde In Europa (2004) staat er 'Reizen door de twintigste eeuw'. Bij De rest is lawaai (2008) van Alex Ross, muziekrecensent bij The New Yorker, lees je: 'Luisteren naar de twintigste eeuw'. Beide auteurs hebben het dus vanuit hun eigen invalshoek gemunt op de twintigste eeuw als studieobject. Mak kijkend door de bril van de geschiedenis, als 'een soort eindinspectie' aan het eind van die eeuw: 'hoe lag het continent erbij?' In opdracht van een Nederlandse kwaliteitskrant trok de Nederlandse schrijver-journalist een jaar langs betekenisvolle plekken in de Europese context, waarbij hij zijn persoonlijke reisverslag verweefde met vlot geschreven geschiedenislessen. De ik-persoon bij Mak fungeert daarbij als een hoogst onderhoudende reisgezel: zelf een indrukwekkende bron van kennis en historisch besef, maar evengoed nieuwsgierig naar de verhalen van gewone mensen op straat of op het dorpsplein.
Bij Alex Ross, een Amerikaanse muziekjournalist die net geen 40 was toen hij zijn magnum opus The Rest Is Noise (2007) voltooide, is er geen ik-figuur die de lezer bij de hand neemt. Maar ook hier is er een combinatie aan het werk van een enorme vakkennis met een aanstekelijk enthousiasme. Een combinatie die bovendien — net als bij Mak — wordt gedragen door een heerlijk vlotte pen, op een toon die nergens neerbuigend wordt, wel integendeel. Het maakt van De rest is lawaai een boek om te koesteren: bijna 600 bladzijden lang krijg je een inzicht in het mooiste en het lelijkste wat de mens te bieden heeft. Kunst, en dan vooral muziek, als bron van opperste verrukking, gecomponeerd door de genieën van hun tijd. Maar ook: na-ijver, gekonkel en agressie. Soms tussen de hoogdravende, niet zelden ijdele componisten onderling, maar veel vaker nog tussen de spelers en machthebbers op de achtergrond. Ross situeert alle composities immers nadrukkelijk in hun maatschappelijke en politieke context, zonder de spanningsboog van zijn grotere verhaal uit het oog te verliezen. Die consequente behoefte om te duiden, veelal op basis van goedgekozen historische anekdotes, is goud waard voor de geïnteresseerde leek: het laat zien hoe alle componisten een kind zijn van hun tijd, maar evengoed de tijdsgeest kunnen beïnvloeden dankzij hun artistieke autonomie. En net als de rondreizende Mak kan Ross daarbij niet om de grote internationale conflicten van de twintigste eeuw heen, inclusief de terreurregimes in Rusland en Duitsland die de hele westerse samenleving op haar grondvesten deden daveren. Kortom, ook in de geschiedenis van de muziek weerklinkt met regelmaat een oorlogstrom.

Ross heeft het dus, net als Mak, onder meer over Stalin en Hitler. In die hoofdstukken, respectievelijk 'De kunst van de angst' en 'Fuga van de dood' getiteld, is hij bijzonder goed op dreef om aan te tonen hoe verweven kunst en politiek bij momenten kunnen zijn. Of hoe daartoe alleszins grimmige pogingen worden ondernomen vanuit de politieke hoek, met wisselend succes. Hij beschrijft hoe Jozef Stalin op 26 januari 1936 naar het Bolsjojtheater gaat om een uitvoering van een opera van Dmitri Sjostakovitsj mee te maken: Lady Macbeth van Mtensk. 'De Sovjetdictator bezocht vaker opera- en balletvoorstellingen in het Bolsjoj, waarbij hij er altijd voor zorgde dat hij zich onopvallend gedroeg. Hij nam bij voorkeur plaats op een stoel op de achterste rij van loge A, net voor het doek opging, en verschool zich achter een klein gordijn, dat hem voor de blikken van de toeschouwers verborg zonder zijn zicht op het podium te belemmeren.' Stalin had de gewoonte de componist van die avond achteraf in zijn loge uit te nodigen, maar dat gebeurde niet op die bewuste avond in januari. De dictator verliet het theater voor of tijdens de laatste akte, misnoegd over de compositie van Sjostakovitsj die niet aan de Sovjetnormen voldeed: het was toegelaten om de nieuwste muzikale technieken te gebruiken, maar het idioom moest 'dicht bij de massa blijven' en 'helder en toegankelijk' zijn. De Lady Macbeth van Sjostakovitsj, toen nog maar 29 jaar en een nieuwe ster aan het firmament, voldeed niet aan deze dubbelzinnige eisen. Twee dagen later drukte de Pravda, de officiële krant van de Communistische Partij, een redactioneel commentaar af met als kop: 'Chaos in plaats van muziek'. De anonieme auteur veroordeelde Lady Macbeth als een artistiek onduidelijk en ethisch obsceen werkstuk: 'Vanaf het allereerste begin van de opera is de luisteraar verbijsterd door de opzettelijk dissonante, chaotische stroom klanken.' Voor Sjostakovitsj zou het 'wel eens heel slecht kunnen aflopen', aldus de auteur. Het vormt het angstaanjagende begin, zo schrijft Ross, van 'een van de meest verwrongen en tragische perioden uit de geschiedenis van de twintigste-eeuwse muziek: de totale verpolitieking van de kunst door middel van totalitaire middelen.'Met behalve Stalin in Rusland, ook Hitler in Duitsland en Oostenrijk, Mussolini in Italië, Horthy in Hongarije en Franco in Spanje.

Zo veel is duidelijk: hier is geen auteur aan het woord die dweept met zijn eigen specialisme — als ervaren recensent van klassieke en moderne muziek had Ross evengoed een heel specifiek en dus 'elitair' naslagwerk kunnen publiceren. Niet zo bij Ross: hij is een man met een missie. En wat voor één. De geschiedenis van de klassieke muziek in de twintigste eeuw zó vertellen, dat ook een buitenstaander moet concluderen dat moderne muziek een rol van betekenis speelt in zijn leven, direct en indirect. Maar hoe breng je die boodschap over, in de wetenschap dat een groot deel van de moderne muziek uit de twintigste eeuw, de avant-garde zeg maar, hoegenaamd niet gesmaakt wordt door het grote publiek? Dat heel wat mensen onrustig of zelfs fysiek ongemakkelijk worden bij de uitvoering van bepaalde eigentijdse, atonale composities? Alluderend op dat vooroordeel wordt het boek van Ross ook ingeleid op de achterflap: 'Voor veel mensen is moderne muziek niets meer dan puur lawaai. Terwijl schilderijen van Pablo Picasso en Jackson Pollock voor miljoenen euro's worden verkocht, leidt een uitvoering van Le sacre du printemps van Igor Stravinsky tot ongemak bij het luisterend publiek.' Waarbij er na Stravinsky uiteraard nog heel wat andere 'extreme' muziek is gemaakt, door componisten als Messiaen, Ligeti, Stockhausen, Cage… Ross toont zich echter vastberaden om de lezer te overtuigen van de rijkdom aan belangwekkende ideeën die de twintigste eeuw op muzikaal gebied heeft voortgebracht: is het niet de schoonheid van de compositie op zich die boekdelen spreekt, dan is er nog altijd het boeiende historische, intellectuele, ideologische, zelfs politieke kader waarbinnen die componisten hun artistieke onderzoek hebben verricht. Waarbij de auteur een evenwicht probeert te bewaren in de keuze van zijn helden: bekende namen (Strauss, Mahler, Stravinsky, Weill, Gershwin, Sjostakovitsj, Britten…) wisselt hij af met minder bekende figuren (Cook, Ives, Thomson, Korngold, Herrmann, Copland, Carter, Adams…). In min of meer chronologische volgorde tekent hij zo 'een web van componisten, muzikale werken en hun onderlinge verhoudingen', zoals een recensent van NRC Handelsblad het terecht formuleerde. Want Ross permitteert zich als chroniqueur ook af en toe een uitstapje naar de populaire muziek, door bijvoorbeeld te verwijzen naar jazz, The Beatles, The Velvet Underground, Björk en Radiohead. De wederzijdse beïnvloeding tussen klassieke muziek en andere muzikale genres is immers makkelijk aantoonbaar, aldus de auteur. Zo geeft hij het voorbeeld van de complexe akkoorden waarmee Arnold Schönberg zich als componist liet opmerken — akkoorden die vandaag opduiken in de soundtrack van griezelige Hollywoodfilms. Of maakt hij de vergelijking tussen het ritmegevoel van Stravinsky en dat van de bluesgitarist Bo Diddley.

Behalve de genereuze duiding, zowel muzikaal als historisch, heeft de auteur van De rest is lawaai nog een andere troef die zijn boek zo aanbevelenswaardig maakt: Ross kan als geen ander muziek onder woorden brengen. Dankzij zijn jarenlange ervaring als recensent beschrijft hij partituren zo dat je als lezer een helder, bijna ruimtelijk inzicht krijgt in doorgaans niet zo eenvoudige muziek. Van Salome van Richard Strauss, de opera uit 1906 waarmee het boek begint, beschrijft hij vrijwel elke scène, waaronder deze: 'En dan vraagt Salome om het hoofd van de profeet. In een vlaag van religieuze paniek probeert Herodes haar op andere gedachten te brengen. Tevergeefs. De beul treft voorbereidingen om Johannes de Doper in zijn ondergrondse gevangenis te onthoofden. Op dit punt valt de bodem uit de muziek weg. Een toonloos tromgeroffel en gesmoorde kreten van de contrabassen worden gevolgd door een grootse klankveeg van het hele orkest.' Over de symfonieën van Mahler schrijft hij: 'Het referentiekader (…) is breed; het strekt zich uit van de missen uit de renaissance tot de marsliederen van soldaten uit de provincie. Reusachtige structuren worden opgetrokken, reiken naar de hemel en storten plotseling in. Onaangetaste landschappen worden binnengevallen door volksdansen en oorlogszuchtige marsen.' Of over Stravinsky: 'Le Sacre voorspelde de komst van een nieuw type populaire kunst: nuchter maar verfijnd, wild op een intelligente manier, met een vervlechting van stijl en spierkracht.' Even efficiënt slaagt hij er ook in om de componisten een menselijke gedaante te geven. Ross is een trefzeker portrettist die over Gustav Mahler schrijft: 'Een caleidoscoop aan stemmingen — hij kon kinderlijk zijn, hemelbestormend, tiranniek en wanhopig.' Over Igor Stravinsky: 'Zijn manieren waren elegant, zijn kleding onberispelijk, zijn grappen dodelijk.' Over Aaron Copland: 'Een lange, pezige man met een hoekig, bebrild gezicht, en die leek op een onhandige kantoorbediende uit een Hollywoodfilm.'Enzovoort.

Dat alles maakt van De rest is lawaai een standaardwerk voor kenners en niet-kenners. Het is non-fictie die smeekt om een groot lezerspubliek, al dan niet in een educatief kader. In deze tijd, waarin het populisme de toon bepaalt in de politiek, en waarin de kunsten kritisch worden aangesproken op hun maatschappelijke return, laat Ross zien hoe relatief de waan van de dag is. Net zoals Geert Mak, die letterlijk op reportage trok, pretendeert hij geen wetenschappelijke kennis te ontvouwen, maar zoekt hij het schemergebied op tussen kwaliteitsjournalistiek en geschiedschrijving. Daar kun je als criticus op afdingen; diezelfde recensent van NRC Handelsblad, bijvoorbeeld, vond het boek erg lovenswaardig maar niet volledig: volgens hem had Ross meer aandacht kunnen hebben voor uitvoerende kunstenaars en platenproducenten. Hetzelfde kun je bij Mak opmerken: zijn aandacht voor de veramerikanisering van Europa in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw blijft een beetje ondermaats in verhouding tot de rest. Maar dat doet niets af aan het feit dat verslaggevers als Ross en Mak broodnodig zijn om ons collectieve geheugen aan te vullen en op te frissen. Alleen al om die reden zijn hun beider publicaties alle media-aandacht dubbel waard. Zelfs als er, in het geval van Mak, sprake is van een ware hype, met onder meer een televisiereeks op de VPRO als resultaat… Als er grote kwaliteit aan de grondslag ligt, mag er wel wat hete lucht verplaatst worden. Zeker in een tijd waarin de journalistiek naar adem hapt. Ik duim alvast voor een documentairereeks naar De rest is lawaai.

Alex Ross nodigt ons van harte uit om de twintigste eeuw opnieuw te ontdekken: door de grote poort van de moderne muziek. Op een pad waar een indrukwekkend gezelschap van briljante geesten ons is voorgegaan. Dankzij Ross zijn deze geesten on speaking terms met ons — wij, lezers en luisteraars.

[Eugenio Gomez-acebo · Rating 5 out of 5]

Qué barbaridad de libro, un monumento grandioso e irresistible. Inteligente y de lectura amena y compulsiva. Una completa historia de la música del siglo XX a través de la historia, y cómo ésta se ve afectada y sacudida por un siglo convulso y violento. Un libro para leer despacio y escuchar; gracias a él y a Spotify he escuchado cientos de obras desconocidas durante meses que jamás hubiera oído... desde cosas de Schoenberg hasta piezas de Barber, Hindemith, Shostakovich, Milhaus, Stravinsky, Boulez, Stokhausen, Babbitt, Reich, Lutoslawski, Pärt, Adams... Antes de empezar el libro, el atonalismo me parecía la expedición musical más fracasada de la historia (así lo admite implícitamente Boulez cuando explica que no componen pensando el los oyentes). Pero ahora no estoy tan seguro de ello... Alex Ross tiene la habilidad de describir la música de forma formal y poética, dando sentido a la misma y a la luz de su época, a la explosión de creatividad de un siglo descomunal.

El libro empieza con la edad de oro, los últimos retazos del imperio, con Mahler y Strauss, con Salomé, los poemas sinfónicos, Puccini y las sinfonías de Mahler. El Doctor Fausto, Viena, Schoenberg y el escándalo en 1913, la atonalidad, sus discípulos y Wozeck, y algo de Debussy, preceden al París de los años 20 con los ballets de Diaghilev y el escándalo de la Consagración y sus ritmos enloquecidos; y el folk (Janacek, Bartolo, Ravel) y la aparición del Jazz, Satie y el grupo de los seis (Poulenc, Honegger, Milhaud, que luego tuvo gran influencia en Estados Unidos....) Ross nos describe los compositores americanos más importantes de la primera parte del siglo, desde Ives hasta Duke Ellington, pasando por supuesto por Gershwin. Un capítulo detallado nos habla de Sibelius, el genio finlandés, cuyos ”poemas sinfónicos dan forma a lo que uno siente mientras pasea solo”; se describen con minuciosidad sus sinfonías. La primera parte termina con la república de Weimar y Kurt Weill, y su música cabaretera.

La segunda parte (1933-1945) estremece con los terribles años de Stalin y Shostakovich, la politización del arte por medios totalitarios y un sinfín de compositores y artistas fusilados o enviados al gulag. (Más tarde China y Mao también siguen caminos similares): Prokofiev es el otro gran compositor explicado. Sigue con los Estados Unidos de Roosevelt y Copland. Y finaliza con la música en la Alemania de Hitler: Wagner y Parsifal como preludio antisemita (una obra adorada por el Furher, Strauss como la joya más preciada de la cultura nazi (siendo un compositor judeificado) y otros compositores como Lehar y Webern, que fue el más nazi.

El libro aborda después el ejército americano y la música alemana, con los conciertos de Munich de Bernstein, que conocía la música alemana mejor que los alemanes. La eliminación de la música nazi provocó sobre todo en Darmstadt un renacimiento de Schoenberg y el atonalismo (Boulez). La guerra fría, con su estética disonante, densa y difícil nos señala el no-fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Messiaen y el serialismo de Boulez, John Cage, el silencio y el azar, Stravinski y las corrientes avant-garde de los 50s, un estado de revolución permanente cuyo apóstol era Stockhausen. El capitulo finaliza con el insufrible Babbitt y con Bernstein, definido come talent desaprovechado en la dirección de orquesta.

El siguiente capítulo, la pasión de Benjamin Britten, centrado en este compositor solitario y atormentado que es un emblema patriótico inglés como Sibelius es de Finlandia, aunque su amigo fue Shostakovich. Su obra maestra, Peter Grimes, recibe una atención desproporcionada. También se habla de Messiaen, el renacimiento polaco (encabezado por Lutoslawski) y la música absurda y experimental que vació las salas de conciertos. La música sigue en su ratonera dodecafónica. "El dilema del compositor vanguardista parecía total. Proseguir la búsqueda de lo moderno suponía traspasar las fronteras del absurdo; retirarse al pasado era admitir la derrota." Luego llegan Ligeti y los 60s, el pop, el rock y lo minimalistas y sus repeticiones que todo lo invaden como salida a este sinsentido (Velvet Underground, Brian Eno, David Bowie, el hip hop, el techno, house y rave).

El último capítulo aborda la música de final de siglo. ¿Está muerta y oxidada la música clásica? ¿O por el contrario está cada vez más viva y más diversa? Ross recorre el mundo dando pinceladas de multitud de compositores, nuevos lenguajes y nuevas ideas, en un delta de música apabullante. John Adams y su Nixon en China ponen el broche final.

Y muchísimos más compositores, obras, piezas, historias que forman una cacofonía de músicas y estilos absolutamente magnífica.

[Jesse · Rating 5 out of 5]

To my mind, Ross is one of THE great writers of our time & this is just about as ideally realized as a sweeping, panoramic survey of any subject could possibly be. A dizzying amount of information is packed into these 600 or so pages, & I was constantly in awe of his ability to so deftly swing between some biographical minutiae, rocket out to a larger birds-eye view of a cultural moment, & just as quickly zoom back in again.

His prose style is elegantly wrought & learned but never unapproachable, & even for those of us who don't have a musicologist's grasp of orchestral scoring he nonetheless manages to vividly evoke the texture of the sounds he describes, & somehow convey what makes them notable & worthy for our attention. Not all sections are as gripping as others; I struggled more with sections where a single composer was focused on for an extended length, & much preferred names whizzing by to capture something of the frenzied excitement of a specific movement or epoch.

I'd long put this off because of its length, but the several months slowly, luxuriously reading through this this summer, jotting down titles & names & looking them up to as I went along, frequently falling down Wikipedia rabbit holes, is one of my undisputed reading highlights of the year. A spectacular accomplishment.

"Articulating the connection between music and the outer world remains devilishly difficult. Musical meaning is vague, mutable, and, in the end, deeply personal. Still, even if history can never tell us exactly what music means, music can tell us something about history. My subtitle is meant literally; this is the twentieth century heard through its music."

[Caroline · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a comprehensive overview of Western music in the twentieth century. I was lucky enough to live in Los Angeles in the last decade when Disney Hall opened, so I heard music by many of these composers played by both the full orchestra and by smaller groups in the Green Umbrella series. Plus there was Jacaranda in Santa Monica. Those two sources taught me to appreciate modern music, so I read this with much more experience and curiosity than I would have had fifteen years ago.

But the operative word is ‘read’. In fact I listened to an audiobook, but it wasn’t much different than reading the book. What a lost opportunity--there were no interspersed audio examples of what Ross was writing about. I have heard perhaps 5 percent of the music he describes. I am not a musician, so I was unable to ‘hear’ in my head most of the pieces he describes with substantial verbal ’notation’. I suppose the problem was one of getting rights to that many recordings, but even one example for the major composers would have helped, especially for the last half of the century.

You can go to Ross’s website to get audio samples, which is an essential service if you’re reading the book, but it does seem as if integrating them into the audiobook woudl have been a no-brainer.

Tony has also done a wonderful service in assembling some websites to compensate for this lack; see his review at
https://www.goodreads.com/review/show...

Part of the reason I enjoyed the book so much is that Ross’s own music preferences are on display, and they are very similar my own, excepting Britten. He is acidic on Pierre Boulez’s despotic rule in mid-Century, in particular on his devastating dismissal of earlier innovators like Sibelius. So one notes with a different attitude than before the tributes to Boulez in Sunday’s New York Times (and in fact, some of the ‘tributes’ are given with qualifications) and this years focus on Boulez in Berlin’s Festtage festival. He’s also a bit dismissive of Glass; I do like his Satyagraha nevertheless.

The book is written clearly, for readers of varying musical knowledge. I took two or three years of music lessons, and was able to follow a little of the discussion, but even a complete novice can follow much of the ‘plot’: the various developmental strands of composing schools as well as episodes featuring the full renegades like Henry Cowell. There are plenty of anecdotes to hold one’s interest. For someone with more musical knowledge there is plenty of information about the evolution of the Vienna School and the American avant garde as they invented more and more abstruse systems until the whole thing collapsed. Now we have Salonen and Ades and Adams and Saariiaho and Golijov (loved the Mass from the first moment I heard it years ago) and dozens more going off in all directions. What a cornucopia of ’noise'!

[Lobstergirl · Rating 5 out of 5]

Ross weaves biography, history, and musical description into a pleasing synthesis, in accessible nonacademic language. He does for 20th century classical music what Niall Ferguson did for the British Empire, in Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World. Both authors are terrific storytellers.

Among the interesting subplots are the relationships (at times close, friendly, grudgingly respectful, rivalrous, prickly, or downright hostile) between various composer pairs: Strauss and Mahler, Prokofiev and Shostakovich, Britten and Shostakovich, Messiaen and Boulez, Boulez and Cage, Stravinsky and Boulez. (Boulez comes across as the asshole of the book.) After Mahler's death, Strauss said that "Mahler had been his 'antipode,' his worthy adversary." A colleague once heard this exchange between Prokofiev and Shostakovich:

Prokofiev: You know, I'm really going to get down to work on my Sixth Symphony. I've written the first movement...and now I'm writing the second, with three themes: the third movement will probably be in sonata form. I feel the need to compensate for the absence of sonata form in the previous movements.

Shostakovich: So, is the weather here always like this?

Schoenberg and Stravinsky, "the twin giants of modernism" and exiles of Europe, lived eight miles apart in Los Angeles, yet apparently never met or spoke. (This fascinating expatriate L.A. community also included Rachmaninov, conductors Bruno Walter and Otto Klemperer, Alma Mahler and Franz Werfel, and writers Thomas Mann and Aldous Huxley.) It was only after Schoenberg's death that Stravinsky began to investigate twelve-tone composition for himself; he had been "deeply moved" after seeing Schoenberg's death mask at a dinner at Alma Werfel's house.

Messiaen was one of the few deeply religious modern composers. "Fellow composers would sometimes drop by Holy Trinity [in Paris] to find out what kind of music Messiaen played for the parishioners on an ordinary Sunday. Aaron Copland wrote in his 1949 diary: "Visited Messiaen in the organ loft at the Trinité. Heard him improvise at noon. Everything from the 'devil' in the bass, to Radio City Music Hall harmonies in the treble. Why the Church allows it during service is a mystery."

[Mesoscope · Rating 5 out of 5]

This ambitious, thrilling guide to notational music in the twentieth century admirably succeeds in its many goals. Alex Ross, recent recipient of a MacArthur "Genius" Grant, is an accomplished music critic of the New Yorker. He maintains one of the most readable blogs on the internet: http://www.therestisniose.com.

In this his first book Ross traces the development of music from Strauss's epoch-inaugurating "Salome" through to the work of John Adams, considering modernism, jazz, neo-classicism, the avant-garde, serialism, experimental music, and minimalism along the way. Special attention is payed to Sibelius, Schoenberg, Britten, Shostakovich, Cage, Reich, and Adams, but no relevant composer goes un-noted. Ross considers nearly every figure I could name, from the infamous (Stravinsky, Ellington) to the obscure (Kagel, Adès ... even Einstuerzende Neubauten gets a mention).

"The Rest is Noise" is a vivid and extraordinarily entertaining retrospective look at the century. Music becomes a template for considering the great social, historical, and psychological currents that defined the period. One of many examples: the fury and sorrow this reader felt learning of the debasement of Shostakovich by petty Soviet bureaucrats gives way to a deeply disquieting sense of unease when Aaron Copland received nearly identical at the hands of the McCarthy subcommittee.

I hoped this book would provide a context for understanding the more bewildering forms of music the last century produced, and it surpassed my high expectations. It does not require a degree in music theory to follow the evolution of chromaticism from Strauss to Stravinsky to Bartok to Schoenberg -- one needs only ears, a half-dozen CDs, and willingness to go on the journey. The rewards are many and profound.

This book is written for the layperson. It contains no musical notation at all, and very little close analysis. Ross's judicious and restrained use of technical terminology is carefully explained. A basic knowledge of the rudiments of theory and some of the broad threads of the history of notational music probably enhance reading this book. Other than that mild disclaimer, I heartily recommend it to anyone with interest in the subject matter.

[Michelle Curie · Rating 4 out of 5]

I fell in love with Ross's writing through his examination of Richard Wagner's impact on pretty much everything that followed the composer. He proved that he's knowledgable, sensible and smart enough to tackle big musical subjects — but what could possibly be bigger than writing a book about the entire twentieth century?



The Rest is Noise sets out to do the seemingly impossible: it invites the reader on a journey through one hundred years of modern music. And not just any hundred years, but those that still send ripples of unease through audiences of classical music. At the same time, its influence can be felt from atonal chords cropping up in jazz, avant-garde sounds populating Hollywood soundtracks and minimalism influencing pop, dance and music from the Velvet Underground onward.

It's a chronological voyage through tumultuous times. I don't have to explicitly lay out the ways in which the 20th-century was big on a historical level. We had everything from world wars to major technological advances. It's actually unbelievable that Ross managed to find structure in all this. We start in 1900, where Mahler and Strauss coined the Fin-de-Siècle; move on to Schoenberg defining atonality, look both to America and Berlin; examine Russian movements and music during Hitler's Germany. In the third section, Ross illuminates the Cold War and the Avant-Garde; tells us more about the Minimalists that emerged during that time and ultimately gives an overview of music at the end of the century. It's satisfying that the chapters pick out specific subjects and shed light on everything that happened in relation to them.

There's a reason it took me a year to read this. Guys, this is dense. I really liked how Ross finds a great balance between analysing music, giving historical context and introducing us to composers and their individual lives. It allows for different readings of this — you can literally pick this up just for the vibes and indulge in anecdotes and some insight into how different musical movements influenced each other. If you want to, Ross provides musical samples on his website, which serve as an audio guide accompanying what he's speaking about in all the chapters, respectively. It truly felt like an excursion through space and time and I felt like I learned so much from this while never feeling like I'm just reading a dry textbook.

Liking the music definitely helps, though. Generally speaking though, I'd say this is for people who already care about the music Ross writes about here. If you're sceptical about classical music, these six hundred pages of text might not convert you. I felt this myself: while I'm a fan of Mahler, Ravel and enjoy the music of folks like Debussy and Strauss, I'm having a harder time finding pleasure in most of the things that came after the 60s. Now that I've read this, I feel like I get it more, but I could still find my attention and patience wavering when being told in detail about folks that I find mostly pretentious and self-indulgent.

The book does what it wanted and it does so brilliantly. Is it a book full of men? Yes. Classical music has been a very male domain for the past centuries, which isn't Ross' fault obviously. I would have liked him to take a closer look at why that was, but I get that this just simply wasn't the book he wanted to write. It's no secret that classical music doesn't draw in the masses that it once did and it most likely won't ever do so again. Ross doesn't pretend otherwise, yet he strikes a hopeful and reassuring tone when looking into the future. I feel like I will now, too.

[Hex75 · Rating 5 out of 5]

da appassionato di musica che cerca di essere il più possibile mentalmente aperto mi sono imbattuto assai spesso nella musica del '900: è un campo sterminato, spesso citato da non pochi musicisti rock e jazz (spoiler: diversi dei nomi più importanti vengono citati tra le pagine, e duke ellington e i velvet underground si meriteranno i secondi una pagina e il primo un capitoletto) e spesso frainteso da tanti musicisti e appassionati.
questo libro ha l'ottimo merito di spiegarla con un linguaggio comprensibile anche a chi -come il sottoscritto- ha al massimo suonato il flauto a scuola su spartiti semplici e che ora risultano incomprensibili.: davvero, la terminologia tecnica è ridotta all'essenziale e l'autore tende a spiegare il più possibile, quindi c'è davvero poco da spaventarsi.
ma il libro è vincente soprattutto nel dare il giusto contesto alla musica di cui parla: nelle pagine vediamo la società e il clima politico e culturale in cui i compositori agivano e il perchè determinate opere vennero composte, cosa significavano (in generale o per il loro autore) e quale fu la reazione di colleghi e spettatori.
il lavoro di alex ross è davvero apprezzabile: pur correndo negli ultimi capitoli mostra una storia il più possibile completa, mostra gli scontri ideologici tra le varie correnti (adorno e boulez non ci fanno una bella figura, ad esser sinceri) e soprattutto lascia che il suo entusiasmo e la sua passione per il genere segnino ogni pagina del libro, diventando contagiosi per il lettore.
insomma, consigliato a chi ascolta rock e jazz e vuole saltare il muro verso altri generi e consigliato anche a chi si interessa di storia contemporanea (occhio al rapporto tra musica e totalitarismi) e in generale ai curiosi.

[Alex · Rating 4 out of 5]

Ross, whose articles in the New Yorker I have followed religiously for years, and continue to anticipate with a zeal otherwise reserved for The Wire, delivers a multi-layered and exhaustively researched portrait of a century's music and its reception. His account includes not only a collection of nuanced miniature biographies of composers—both the duly celebrated and the tragically neglected—and sweeping, intertextual analyses of "the music"—from jazz rags and pop songs to symphonic masterworks—but a breathtaking synthesis of how the twentieth century world produced the music it did, and how the world was refracted and recasted through its lens.

One of the more amusing of his many distillations is his pitting of the twin modernist conceits against one another—on the one hand welcoming the "ragtag masses" with goofy fanfares, sentimental tunes and light operas, while on the other, consecrating an utterly abstruse aesthetic language accessible only to a select group of sophisticates.

Like a great satirist, Ross is especially keen at revealing the ironic similarities between otherwise opposing spheres. "The cultish fanaticism of modern art turns out to be not unrelated to the politics of fascism," he writes: "both attempt to remake the world in utopian forms."

Indeed, The Rest is Noise evinces many of the attributes of a novel—lucid prose, richly drawn characters, illuminating convergences between internal worlds and external events—yet firmly tethered to historical truth. It's a rare thing to be so spellbound by a work of non-fiction.

[Tom Choi · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a tremendous work which dares to tell the great history of music in the 20th Century. But in that it aims so high, it also falls short of its promise.

There are some great "stories" that are recounted here, in particular, the portions concerning the premiere of Strauss' "Salome"; and the spirited rivalry between Strauss and Mahler; the unlikely journeys of Schoenberg and Shostakovich in the New World; and the drama surrounding Messiaen's "Quartet". With these stories, Alex Ross demonstrates his great talent for storytelling: detailed, sympathetic and well-paced. These stories seem to mirror the great drama within music and in the world that surrounds it.

But after the great upheaval of the Second World War, the book unravels just as a linear history of the classical tradition unravels into new strands, clashing philosophies and influences. Thus, as we reach closer to our present, the book loses momentum and we are faced with a catalog of names, works and brief summaries. You can't fault the author for the ending (this is what happened to classical music) but the lack of focus and coherent narrative was a disappointment.

What's missing is a substantial discussion of "social music" and how it's transformation into "popular music" created new possibilities and conflicts, as well as a tense dialogue, with the "classical" tradition. Classical music loses shape and also its audience because the world changes.

I'm looking forward to Alex Ross' next work as well as his next piece for the New Yorker.

[Damy 14 · Rating 5 out of 5]

Alex Ross ha fatto davvero un lavoro incredibile, anche dal punto di vista della ricostruzione storica e sociale attorno alle composizioni musicali, che sono influenzate dal contesto di cui diventano espressione. Un libro da metabolizzare con calma, accompagnando la lettura con l'ascolto dei brani citati in modo da avere una comprensione migliore e più profonda delle tematiche trattate, altrimenti si rischia di perdersi tra le nozioni: l'analisi è importante, ma la musica va sempre ascoltata!!!
Sicuramente un'opera super consigliata.

[Andy]

I love the subject matter, but unfortunately this isn't the right medium for it. The book gamely tries to connect musical ideas to cultural and biographical happenings, but when a sentence references a single phrase midway through a sonata, it's very difficult to follow without being able to hear the music. An audiobook production could work, but the associated audiobook doesn't have inline music either.

[Suzanne · Rating 4 out of 5]

Well, that took a while. I spent 3 months and 2 days with this book and it was worth every minute.

I know very, very close to nothing about classical music, but I do know I like the modern variety (Gershwin, Ravel, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glass) much better than the old masters. This detailed history of classical music from 1900 to the very early 2000s was a great introduction to bunches of composers of whom I’d barely or never heard (which was a number much larger than I like to admit). The historical context into which Ross put all the information, the descriptions of the composers’ lives and personalities, and rivalries among musical traditions were the aspects I enjoyed most. It did get somewhat technical in discussions of the music itself, how particular effects were achieved in certain pieces. This was completely lost on me, with my deep and total ignorance of music theory. These sections went right over my head, but made a lovely swooshing sound as they went by.

Ross’s prose style is wonderful and I read every word of the 543- page text, even the parts I where I understood nothing. Bonus: the last couple of chapters manage to make a few passing references to contemporary artists such as Bob Dylan, Bryan Eno, Lou Reed/Velvet Underground, and David Bowie and their influences. These guys I know!

I’ve been listening to various composers that are new to me throughout the reading of this book and will continue to do that, but so far I’ve just been diving in here and there. I’m trying to come up with a more systematic approach to broadening this part of my education. This book has led me to listening to the classical music station in Los Angeles, KUSC (91.5 FM), and so I’m learning even more about what I like, beyond what was mentioned in the book. Such as the contemporary Italian composer Ludovico Einaudi (a name I think I’d like saying, even if I didn’t like his music, which I do): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu96y...

[Wiom biom · Rating 4 out of 5]

I much preferred Wagnerism to this because this read more like a meandering survey of 20th-century music which, at times, lacked cohesion. Personally, I did not particularly enjoy reading about the postwar composers, such as Boulez, Ligeti, and all those American ones because 1) there are just so many unfamiliar names and 2) I'm just not interested in avant-garde music a la minimalism or all the other neologisms coined by those insular composers. But one key insight I distilled from this book is that while classical music seems to be on a decline, it is more useful to see it as a "godfather" of sorts in our "decentered culture" -- it is an art form that can "assimilate anything new because it has assimilated everything in the past". It is unhelpful to imagine classical music as an antithesis to pop music; music is not dialectical, it is a language that is constantly evolving, and that is simply used in different ways by different artists in different historical contexts. What classical music has offered, and continues to offer, is its unique ability to continue pushing the envelope and expand our conception of Music due to its rich tradition, relative insulation from commercial pressures, and ability to tackle/express complex themes through complex structures. Yet, both classical composers and pop artists alike stand to benefit by opening their ears to the music of the neighbouring block -- insular obscurantism and uninspired crowd-pleasers are extremes that ought to be avoided.

[Sharon Barrow Wilfong · Rating 3 out of 5]

Many things I liked about this book. Ross writes in a chummy, almost stream of conscious style. It gives a good overview of twentieth century music, which I love. However, I felt he spent too much time on certain composers or even some composer's works, devoting entire chapters to them while barely acknowledging others. All and all worth reading but certainly not the most scholarly source out there.

[Hadrian · Rating 4 out of 5]

Reread, which I'd planned to do after reading Ross' more recent book Wagnerism: Art and Politics in the Shadow of Music.

Ross writes a story about classical music in the 20th century, starting with the first performance of Richard Strauss' Salome in 1906 to the works of John Adams, who is thankfully still active. Ross' approach is not strictly from musicology - he describes musical compositions without jargon, and he encourages the reader to go out and listen for themselves.

The approach here is about the stories of the composers, the worlds they lived in, and any personal connections, influences, competitions, or disputes. On the one hand, there is the life of Oliver Messaien, who lived a life so modest and unassuming that the only off-color anecdote discovered about him that he once ate an entire peach tart in a single sitting. Compare that to the lives of composers who lived and died under overbearing governments - who had to adapt their art to the whims of dictators, or even worse, had to second guess their work.

The book is divided into three parts: The first is from 1908 to 1933, the second from 1933 to 1945, and the third from 1945 to 2000.

Starting the book off with Salome is an interesting flex point. It allows Ross to neatly bring in some of Strauss' immediate influences and predecessors, such as Richard Wagner, and then segue into future generations of composers - the Second Viennese School - Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern. Ross seems to emphasize here flourishing, showing off, and competition.

The second part takes place in a much less benign environment - where the audience, and success and failure themselves are a matter of life and death. I quote: "For anyone who cherishes the notion that there is some inherent spiritual goodness in artists of great talent, the era of Stalin and Hitler is disillusioning." The lives of composers in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany are how Ross examines the role of composition and high art in relation to political systems. Additionally, chapters on the anti-Communist scares in the United States show that while the stakes were less deadly in the 1950s, lives were still overturned for no reason but paranoia.

The third part unwinds a little - there is a single chapter on one composer - Benjamin Britten, and then cramming so many others into shorter chapters - the 1950s avant-garde, serialists, minimalists.

But that criticism is minor. And to be honest, I don't know nearly enough about musicology to have any informed opinions about what is and is not missing. I deeply appreciate the book for what it is - an informed guide and elegant background for the many dozens of composers that Ross identifies.