First of all Han loves using emphasis. Similar to Benjamin Franklin, who capitalized words that represent a thing or idea, Han peppers his writing with italics. Unlike Franklin, however, Han's use of emphasis appears to be arbitrary. I don't know how much of this is due to the translation into English, or due to the source material, but it makes Han's work difficult to understand. Another thing to mention is how thickly he references other scholars. He densely scans through the work of others in these pages, delivering up an analysis of their thoughts and conclusions. When he does offer his own opinion it is brief and can be difficult to spot.
Ultimately, all of his books are short, chaotic, and repetitive, self-referential creations which heavily overlap with each other. I keep reading them, because there is something very compelling about his idea of modern society creating achievement subjects exploiting themselves. (People becomes achievement subjects when they are internally motivated to succeed.) However I think it’s all a bit over my head.
A few quotes (emphasis in original), and my attempt at interpretation of them:
"No process of repression and negation is involved in modern-day psychic afflications such as depression, burnout, and ADHD, in contrast. Actually, they point to an excess of positivity: not to negation but rather to the inability to say no, not to that which isn't allowed but to the ability to do everything."
Perhaps he is saying that modern psychic issues are the result of a lack of boundaries. In a world of limitless growth, i.e. a world without limits/boundaries, the individual psyche cannot be contained, resulting in hyperactivity and lethargy, because there is no sense of existing in a limited, boundary defined space. In my observations, boundaries between self and others are a serious issue for so many people today, that I'm inclined to give this idea some credence.
"...repression isn't only destructive. It also gives the psyche a form, a position. The total loss of negativity deforms and destabilizes. Without any "location," the psyche can't get a handle on things. It flies off the handle and becomes underhanded. The loss of stable, verifiable models of identity and orientation results in psychic instability and character disturbances. The inconclusive and unconcluded nature of the self makes it not only free but also sick. One could say that the depressive achievement-subject is a man without character."
That is, without repression of any kind (or said another way, without boundaries of any kind), identity can't form at all. Identity/character is formless, it doesn't exist in any bounds, therefore it doesn't exist at all. This is again very compelling, because many people today seem incapable of thinking about limited materialist reality, because they do not conceive of it or themselves as existing at all. Materialist here means the physical world we live within, and doesn't reference the concept of materialism, which is a value judgment of the material over the moral or spiritual.
From another book, Staying with the Trouble by Donna J Haraway: "Function mattered, duty mattered, but the world did not matter for Eichmann (Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann). The world does not matter in ordinary thoughtlessness. The hollowed-out spaces are all filled with assessing information, determining friends and enemies, and doing busy jobs; negativity, the hollowing out of such positivity, is missed, an astonishing abandonment of thinking. This quality was not an emotional lack, a lack of compassion, although surely that was true of Eichmann, but a deeper surrender to what I would call immateriality, incosequentiality, or, in Arendt's (Hannah Arendt) and also my idiom, thoughtlessness."
Are Han and Haraway saying the same thing? They are certainly using similar ideas. Friends and enemies appear in Han's discussion of politics in a repressive society, which he says we are no longer living under. However Eichmann, who did live under a repressive society, may not be so different from an achievement subject. He was an achievement subject within the bounds of his repressive society. His thoughtlessness had limits, because some things still mattered to him. Function and duty mattered to him, even though the world did not. The difference may be that Han's achievement subject has no bounds, and nothing matters to them.
Next:
"It is always possible to counter violence with a fearless no. An absolute no negates the relationship of power, that is, subjugation. The law attains stability only by dint of an assenting yes."
Here he is differentiating between power and violence, pointing out that power based only on violence is precarious, while power based on assent is stable. In this way he makes those within the structure of power complicit with it's consequences. However, he also says that a radical rejection of power can undo it, illuminating a pathway out of ongoing complicity and towards responsibility.
"Explosive violence creates pressure outward. Because of the lack of an exterior, implosive violence pushes inward. Inside, it generates destructive tensions and compulsions that cause the collapse of the entire system. Climate and environmental catastrophes also point to the overheating of the system. The achievement-subject's burnout is a pathological precursor to the imminent implosion of the system."
If violence has not disappeared, only the boundaries/limits on violence have, then we are dealing with violence directed internally. When violence takes place no-where, there is nothing to contain or limit. The results of internally directed violence appear to have no motive force behind them, because the limitless society is the motive force. Does that makes sense at all? I'm struggling to understand it.
And here is the concluding paragraph of the book:
"Through its own inner logic, the achievement society develops into a doping society. Life reduced to its bare vital functions is a life that must be kept healthy at any cost. Health is the new goddess of today. It is what makes bare life sacred. The homines sacri of the achievement society have another characteristic that sets them apart from those of the society of sovereignty: they are impossible to kill. Their lives are like those of the undead. They are too alive to die and too dead to live."
"Health is wealth" is gospel on Instagram. Millennial moms are gurus of wellness and wholesome living online. Health certainly is the 'new goddess' of today. Han says this is because health is the only thing left that gives life meaning for unlimited human potentials. Nothing matters except for themselves and their bodies. This is what makes them undead (a living being has limits) and also what makes them impossible to kill (a living being can die (is this a tautology, and does it matter if it is, if the logical form is material reality?)). Unlimited achievement subjects do not live, because they cannot conceive of themselves as dying. Their bodies, which are material and limited, are the problem for them, because they see themselves as unlimited. In order to 'achieve' the perfection of being unlimited, however, their body must be functioning perfectly...it must be healthy, it must never die, because then they would be limited, and that is intolerable. This is the cause of the health craze, perhaps?
In conclusion, many people today may be incapable of thinking about the material world, because they do not see themselves as material, limited beings. Nothing matters to them except themselves, because they do not exist in the material world. They have an idea of themselves as unlimited, deathless beings, that has nothing to do with reality around them. They hate environmentalists, for example, because they remind them of their own limitations. Does this sound familiar? It is eerily relate-able, because the limited reality we live in is certainly spooky to those who wish to avoid death. It intrudes on their sense of themselves as timeless and immortal...
The question for the achievement subject is what can I do? Unlike a repressed subject, who asks what should I do? However, what can I do? only has meaning when we can answer what can’t I do? If there are no limits to what we can do, we are destined to despair (at our inability to live up to the perfect unlimited ideal) and/or to frenzy (a crazed attempt to live up to the perfect unlimited ideal). Neither of these responses is sustainable or gratifying, because if we can achieve anything, no achievements are gratifying. This rings true.
Anyway, I've worn myself out now with trying to decipher some of this book. If you're interested it's worth reading it for yourself.