Take a simple quiz!
Which man-made structure on earth is visible from distant space – moon or say Mars?
(a) Great Pyramid Giza
(b) Machu Pichu
(c) Great Wall of China
(d) None of the above.
Most of us, myself included (till a couple of months ago), would unhesitatingly choose (c) Great Wall of China. And we would right. Right – no WRONG. This notion came to us kids – the world’s longest structure, as Mr. Ripley famously stated in his ‘Believe It Or Not!’ in 1932. I believed it most of us do.
Since so few outsiders had actually set their eyes on it, the idea that it could be seen from space was not such a big leap. The idea may have been first suggested by the ‘Century Magazine’, a U.S. Monthly, in January 1893, when a writer and traveler named Romyn Hitchcock claimed that the Great Wall was ‘the only work of man of sufficient magnitude to arrest attention in a hasty survey of earth’s surface’. The idea had been in the air since 1877, when the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli suggested he could see rivers (canali) on Mars, which supposedly carried melted waters from the frozen poles.
Percival Lowell, who ran the observatory named after him in Flagstaff, Arizona, took this suggestion in his 1906 book ‘Mars and its Canals’, in which he claimed that it was ‘probable that upon the surface of Mars we see effects of local intelligence’. ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’ eleventh edition (1911) mentions his canals, quoting Lowell’s words in a long footnote and commenting: “Of the reality of the better marked ones there can be no doubt.’ The idea seized the imagination of the public for the next 50 years, until in 1964 Lowell’s canals were shown to be optical illusions by the Mariner 4 spacecraft (though in a strange irony orbiting satellites have since revealed numerous dried-up waterways invisible from earth). In Lowell’s time, though and for decades thereafter, the conclusion was obvious: if we can see them, they can see us. What could they see? Equally obviously, the world’s longest structure, as Mr. Ripley famously stated in his ‘Believe It Or Not!’ in 1932. I believed it most of us do.
About two months back, I laid my hands on a 2008 book written by historian and travel writer John Man – The Great Wall – this book. In the introduction to this book on the Goodreads site appears this paragraph – “Myths surround it. Many believe that the stone barrier marches across all China, that it has been in existence for over 2,000 years, and that it is the only man-made structure visible from the Moon. In fact, most of it is made of earth, and much of it is not there at all. It cannot even be seen from earth orbit, let alone the Moon. Estimates of its length vary from 1,500 to 5,000 miles. Even its name is deceptive - it is not an it, a single entity, but many walls (hence the uncertain length), built at different times.”
The book covers the history of the Great Wall. John Man has taken us across the length of the structure, from Beijing to the Pacific (the Dragon’s Head) as well as through Inner Mongolia and Gobi Desert. Perusing the book reveals that in 214 BC, the First Emperor started building a wall to keep out the Barbarians (Mongols) from the North. The original wall was no wall – at places of stone, at others mud piles. How it could keep out the horse borne barbarians is a mystery because at many places the wall is not more than one meter high, which any able horseman could scale – and Mongols undoubtedly were skilled horsemen.
It is indeed a revelation that the Wall is neither uniform nor continuous. It was not until the Ming Dynasty in1368, after the fall of the Mongols, that the construction of the Wall as we know it was began. When the Manchurians (Qing Dynasty) overthrew the Mings in 1644 the Wall ceased to serve any purpose of protection or defence. The Qings ruled China till 1911 when they were overthrown and the Republic was established by Sun Yat Sen. The Wall is a collection of walls, it does not extend continuous 2,200 kilometres from Beijing and its age is nowhere near 2,200 years as claimed, 200 may be more apt. The Wall was completed during the reign of Ming towards the end of sixteenth century and hence the age of the Wall is not more than 450 years.
The book has an easy, readable style with historical authenticity and holds the readers interest throughout its nearly 400 pages.
A must read for students of Chinese / Oriental History and others interest in ancient monuments, artefacts and tourism.