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L'influence de Darwin sur la philosophie et autres essais de philosophie contemporaine
Darwin est le nom d'une révolution. Mais pour le philosophe américain John Dewey, né l'année de la publication de L'Origine des espèces, en 1859, et mort près d'un siècle plus tard en 1952, il ne s'agit pas seulement d'une révolution scientifique concernant notre compréhension des espèces végétales et animales. Il s'agit d'une révolution intellectuelle dont on n'a pas encore suffisamment pris la mesure philosophique ni tiré toutes les conséquences théoriques et pratiques : "En touchant à l'arche sacrée de la permanence absolue, et en considérant comme ayant une origine et un terme les formes qui avaient été conçues comme des types de fixité et de perfection, L'Origine des espèces a introduit une manière de penser qui, finalement, ne pouvait que transformer la logique de la connaissance, et ainsi le traitement des questions morales, politiques et religieuses."
Il n'est pas question d'appliquer telle quelle la théorie darwinienne aux problèmes que posent la connaissance, la morale, la politique ou la religion, mais d'opérer dans ces domaines le même type de volte-face intellectuelle qu'il a fallu à Darwin pour accoler ensemble les deux termes d'"origine" et d'"espèce".
Ces essais que Dewey réunit en 1910 montrent le caractère obsolète et inadapté d'une grande partie de notre bagage intellectuel et posent les premiers jalons, avant les grandes œuvres de la maturité, pour reconstruire les outils conceptuels dont nous avons besoin pour vivre et penser dans un monde post-darwinien. Dans leur injonction à reconstruire la philosophie en abandonnant toute quête de certitude, ils ont valeur de manifeste de l'œuvre tout entière.
Il n'est pas question d'appliquer telle quelle la théorie darwinienne aux problèmes que posent la connaissance, la morale, la politique ou la religion, mais d'opérer dans ces domaines le même type de volte-face intellectuelle qu'il a fallu à Darwin pour accoler ensemble les deux termes d'"origine" et d'"espèce".
Ces essais que Dewey réunit en 1910 montrent le caractère obsolète et inadapté d'une grande partie de notre bagage intellectuel et posent les premiers jalons, avant les grandes œuvres de la maturité, pour reconstruire les outils conceptuels dont nous avons besoin pour vivre et penser dans un monde post-darwinien. Dans leur injonction à reconstruire la philosophie en abandonnant toute quête de certitude, ils ont valeur de manifeste de l'œuvre tout entière.
339 pages, Kindle Edition
First published January 1, 1909
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About the author
John Dewey
943 books716 followersJohn Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophy of pragmatism and of functional psychology. He was a major representative of the progressive and progressive populist philosophies of schooling during the first half of the 20th century in the USA.
In 1859, educator and philosopher John Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont. He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University in 1884. After teaching philosophy at the University of Michigan, he joined the University of Chicago as head of a department in philosophy, psychology and education, influenced by Darwin, Freud and a scientific outlook. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1904. Dewey's special concern was reform of education. He promoted learning by doing rather than learning by rote. Dewey conducted international research on education, winning many academic honors worldwide. Of more than 40 books, many of his most influential concerned education, including My Pedagogic Creed (1897), Democracy and Education (1902) and Experience and Education (1938). He was one of the founders of the philosophy of pragmatism. A humanitarian, he was a trustee of Jane Addams' Hull House, supported labor and racial equality, and was at one time active in campaigning for a third political party. He chaired a commission convened in Mexico City in 1937 inquiring into charges made against Leon Trotsky during the Moscow trials. Raised by an evangelical mother, Dewey had rejected faith by his 30s. Although he disavowed being a "militant" atheist, when his mother complained that he should be sending his children to Sunday school, he replied that he had gone to Sunday School enough to make up for any truancy by his children. As a pragmatist, he judged ideas by the results they produced. As a philosopher, he eschewed an allegiance to fixed and changeless dogma and superstition. He belonged to humanist societies, including the American Humanist Association. D. 1952.
In 1859, educator and philosopher John Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont. He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University in 1884. After teaching philosophy at the University of Michigan, he joined the University of Chicago as head of a department in philosophy, psychology and education, influenced by Darwin, Freud and a scientific outlook. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1904. Dewey's special concern was reform of education. He promoted learning by doing rather than learning by rote. Dewey conducted international research on education, winning many academic honors worldwide. Of more than 40 books, many of his most influential concerned education, including My Pedagogic Creed (1897), Democracy and Education (1902) and Experience and Education (1938). He was one of the founders of the philosophy of pragmatism. A humanitarian, he was a trustee of Jane Addams' Hull House, supported labor and racial equality, and was at one time active in campaigning for a third political party. He chaired a commission convened in Mexico City in 1937 inquiring into charges made against Leon Trotsky during the Moscow trials. Raised by an evangelical mother, Dewey had rejected faith by his 30s. Although he disavowed being a "militant" atheist, when his mother complained that he should be sending his children to Sunday school, he replied that he had gone to Sunday School enough to make up for any truancy by his children. As a pragmatist, he judged ideas by the results they produced. As a philosopher, he eschewed an allegiance to fixed and changeless dogma and superstition. He belonged to humanist societies, including the American Humanist Association. D. 1952.
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