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The Switch: How solar, storage and new tech means cheap power for all
How will the world be powered in ten years' time? Not by fossil fuels. Energy experts are all saying the same solar photovoltaics (PV) is our future. Reports from universities, investment banks, international institutions and large investors agree. It's not about whether the switch from fossil fuels to solar power will happen, but when.Solar panels are being made that will last longer than ever hoped; investors are seeing the benefits of the long-term rewards provided by investing in solar; in the Middle East, a contractor can now offer solar-powered electricity far cheaper than that of a coal-fired power station. The Switch tracks the transition away from coal, oil and gas to a world in which the limitless energy of the sun provides much of the energy the 10 billion people of this planet will need. It examines both the solar future and how we will get there, and the ways in which we will provide stored power when the sun isn't shining. We learn about artificial photosynthesis from a start-up in the US that is making petrol from just CO2 and sunlight; ideas on energy storage are drawn from a company in Germany that makes batteries for homes; in the UK, a small company in Swindon has the story of wind turbines; and in Switzerland, a developer shows how we can use hydrogen to make 'renewable' natural gas for heating.Told through the stories of entrepreneurs, inventors and scientists from around the world, and using the latest research and studies, The Switch provides a positive solution to the climate change crisis, and looks to a brighter future ahead.
289 pages, Kindle Edition
First published January 1, 2016
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Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews
February 8, 2017
Chris Goodall’s interesting and well-researched book is based around an optimistic premise – that pretty soon, perhaps by mid-century, the world is going to be run largely on solar power. This thesis is based largely on economics, which is its strength but also its weakness; I’m not sure I buy it 100%. Even so I liked this book, and I think it makes a good argument.
Solar power isn’t new, but for a long time its evolution was slow. According to Goodall, the initial breakthrough came in 1958 with the fourth satellite to be launched, which carried six solar panels into orbit. They produced half a watt, and cost many thousands of dollars per watt. By the mid-1970s the cost had fallen to about $100 a watt; today it is down to about 50 cents and, according to Goodall, it is still declining. “In Britain,” says Goodall, “the dramatic fall in the price of solar panels has already pushed PV [photovoltaic] almost to cost parity with planned gas-fired power stations.” The key, he says, is the experiential curve that drives down the cost of PV generation, rather as Moore’s Law has for digital storage.
Just how fast things are moving can be seen, says Goodall, from the first weekend of April 2016, when the UK’s power from solar exceeded that from coal. He claims that a staggering 99% of the solar capacity with which this was achieved had been installed since May 2010. If his figures are correct (and he doesn’t cite their source), we are in the midst of a revolution. Moreover the net cost to the world economy of changing over to PV would, he says, be less than zero even at the current depressed fossil fuel prices.
This should not surprise us, given how much energy the sun actually produces. According to Goodall, an average of 90,000 terawatts of solar energy hits the planet’s surface a year. The running energy demand is 15-17 terawatts at any one time, or about 1/6,000th of the amount reaching us. So we are getting enough. It’s a question of capturing it, and – importantly – storing it so that we have it in hand when we need it.
On the first question, we’re getting there. Goodall claims – and I am not qualified to check his figures – that the large global companies now spend about $200bn a year on oil and gas exploration, and that already this produces less energy than would be generated from solar panels with the same spend. He could have added that we already have more carbon fuel reserves than we will ever be able to emit anyway. So ploughing these resources into solar power makes far more sense.
Do we have space for all the solar panels? Goodall says that at the current rate of efficiency (which will improve), we’d need about 1% of the world’s land area to meet our needs. This is, he says, “far from negligible but not impossibly large.” Actually it is quite a lot, given the competing land uses, and distance that emptier areas lie from the sources of demand. Goodall could also have considered the planning constraints in (for example) the UK and Germany, where onshore wind turbines have become controversial; there seems no reason to suppose that solar panels will be different. But there are possibilities for PV generation that don’t take up too much land, and Goodall reviews these. One is the use of a material called perovskite to replace silicon, another the use of carbon-based molecules that will be capable of being printed on sheets of flexible plastic. Both are being researched near Oxford; meanwhile a spin-off from the University of Dresden is working on carbon-based molecules called oligomers that have the potential to be printed on film so thin that it may be mounted on glass or concrete. Imagine a building that is, in effect, a power-generating organism.
None of this addresses the second big question that Goodall faces, which is – how do we ensure the power is always available, including when it is not being generated? Germany, and Britain, are already sometimes generating more power than they need between May and August. But Goodall’s own figures make it clear that at other times there is a theoretical gap in most northern countries, especially in the winter, when meaningful quantities of solar energy will be generated for only a few hours a day, and not those during which it is most needed (especially for heating). Goodall starts by discussing the different storage options in power generation itself – such as, for example, concentrated solar power that is used to heat salts or other solutions that then continue to generate heat and steam for turbines after dark. Syntheses with wind and biomass generation are also possible, and much may also be achieved through demand management, on which there is an interesting chapter. In the long run, however, the challenge is to replace baseline generation with sufficient grid storage so that solar generation can meet most or all of our needs. Not least of the factors forcing this upon us is (as Goodall acknowledges) that the more of our needs are taken care of by solar power, the less there will be that needs to be covered by (say) gas-fired or nuclear power stations – and the cost of that baseline generation per watt actually needed will skyrocket. So although Goodall does not directly say so, it would seem that, with rising generation from renewables, a migration from baseline generation to grid storage is an economic imperative.
However, there are ways of using surplus energy at times of high generation to create stored reserves of energy. They include creating liquefied gases such as hydrogen – already being used, in a small way, to power a few cars. The production of hydrogen using conventional power sources is uneconomic, but if it could be used, in effect, to store sunlight, it might not be. Problems will remain with storage and transport. One answer to these might be to convert it to methane, which is easier to store in existing gas installations (ironically, it is itself an important greenhouse gas if emitted in ways that are not useful). Goodall also looks at experiments in production of liquid hydrocarbons using microbes. One of the most fascinating fields is the production of fuel from carbon dioxide; logical, given that fossil fuels are currently produced from another form of carbon and converted into carbon dioxide as (for example) tailpipe emissions. Why not convert them back? Carbon, after all, changes its form but not its nature. Goodall does warn that we are some way away from technologies that are economically viable on a large scale. In fact, it is one of the big strengths of this book that he doesn’t dodge this question. Even so, he seems confident it can be done.
I have some gripes with the book. Goodall is an economist, and has reviewed solar from that point of view. This does mean he has a coherent thesis (i.e. the cost of PV-generated energy is plummeting, so we’ll adopt it). This gives the book an order and cohesion; it isn’t just a paean of praise to solar energy. However, it also means he mostly misses certain areas, or more likely chooses not to engage with them.
One is the environmental implications of large-scale battery use (although he is very good on the technology itself). Another is road transport. This is one of the keys to demand-side management, but it is largely ignored. Household consumption gets more attention, but here Goodall may be reinventing the wheel a bit; the idea of generating and consuming at different times of the day is far from new, certainly in Britain. Goodall does not mention night storage heaters, but they were common when I was a child 50 years ago. These are still made but now in small numbers; their purpose was to store power in the night, at a cheap tariff, and release it later. This is an idea that could now be neatly reversed. Goodall does mention the pumped storage scheme at Dinorwig in Wales, but does not say that it is actually quite old (I visited it in the 1970s) and was originally intended to balance the output from nuclear plants, which could not easily be wound down at night. There is an element of “back to the future” here. Also, as stated earlier, the difference in location of generation potential and consumption is acknowledged but not much discussed.
Perhaps more seriously, as an economist, Goodall predicates decisions on rational behaviour. But vested interests are quite capable of restricting or penalising access to the grid by solar generators in order to protect their own capital investments. A classic example is Britain’s Hinckley Point C nuclear power station, recently reapproved by new Prime Minister Theresa May; this will cost a mind-blowing £18 billion and uses unproven technology that may not even work. Even if it does, its rationale is costed on power prices that are likely to be much lower by the time it comes on-stream (especially if Goodall is right). So it will require massive subsidies. But it was approved anyway; why? According to Greenpeace, it may be because a number of senior civil servants at the Department for Energy and Climate Change had links to project developer EDF. There are quite a few other links as well, even May’s own husband, whose employer has an interest in the project (that does not of course mean he used improper influence). Goodall’s book is based on logic. Politics and business aren’t always.
Goodall’s main challenge now may simply be keeping this interesting book up to date. It’s a challenge I’m familiar with; as the author of a book in a related field (climate change and agriculture), I’m keenly aware that there is new research all the time. In solar energy there is the added drive of entrepreneurial research. Since The Switch was published, there have already been breakthroughs in (for example) perovskites, while the International Energy Agency has announced that half a million solar panels were installed every day in 2015. Goodall maintains a website (called Carbon Commentary) on which he tracks recent developments.
I had my reservations about The Switch. Even so, it is a very good book – readable, logical and well-researched. Goodall might have missed a few points, but his summary of the key challenge – storage – seems excellent. There might be a few more barriers to “the switch” than he says, but he can support his basic thesis – that the economics of solar energy are inarguable. The Switch isn't perfect, but it's an intelligent and exciting glimpse into a future that isn’t very far away.
Solar power isn’t new, but for a long time its evolution was slow. According to Goodall, the initial breakthrough came in 1958 with the fourth satellite to be launched, which carried six solar panels into orbit. They produced half a watt, and cost many thousands of dollars per watt. By the mid-1970s the cost had fallen to about $100 a watt; today it is down to about 50 cents and, according to Goodall, it is still declining. “In Britain,” says Goodall, “the dramatic fall in the price of solar panels has already pushed PV [photovoltaic] almost to cost parity with planned gas-fired power stations.” The key, he says, is the experiential curve that drives down the cost of PV generation, rather as Moore’s Law has for digital storage.
Just how fast things are moving can be seen, says Goodall, from the first weekend of April 2016, when the UK’s power from solar exceeded that from coal. He claims that a staggering 99% of the solar capacity with which this was achieved had been installed since May 2010. If his figures are correct (and he doesn’t cite their source), we are in the midst of a revolution. Moreover the net cost to the world economy of changing over to PV would, he says, be less than zero even at the current depressed fossil fuel prices.
This should not surprise us, given how much energy the sun actually produces. According to Goodall, an average of 90,000 terawatts of solar energy hits the planet’s surface a year. The running energy demand is 15-17 terawatts at any one time, or about 1/6,000th of the amount reaching us. So we are getting enough. It’s a question of capturing it, and – importantly – storing it so that we have it in hand when we need it.
On the first question, we’re getting there. Goodall claims – and I am not qualified to check his figures – that the large global companies now spend about $200bn a year on oil and gas exploration, and that already this produces less energy than would be generated from solar panels with the same spend. He could have added that we already have more carbon fuel reserves than we will ever be able to emit anyway. So ploughing these resources into solar power makes far more sense.
Do we have space for all the solar panels? Goodall says that at the current rate of efficiency (which will improve), we’d need about 1% of the world’s land area to meet our needs. This is, he says, “far from negligible but not impossibly large.” Actually it is quite a lot, given the competing land uses, and distance that emptier areas lie from the sources of demand. Goodall could also have considered the planning constraints in (for example) the UK and Germany, where onshore wind turbines have become controversial; there seems no reason to suppose that solar panels will be different. But there are possibilities for PV generation that don’t take up too much land, and Goodall reviews these. One is the use of a material called perovskite to replace silicon, another the use of carbon-based molecules that will be capable of being printed on sheets of flexible plastic. Both are being researched near Oxford; meanwhile a spin-off from the University of Dresden is working on carbon-based molecules called oligomers that have the potential to be printed on film so thin that it may be mounted on glass or concrete. Imagine a building that is, in effect, a power-generating organism.
None of this addresses the second big question that Goodall faces, which is – how do we ensure the power is always available, including when it is not being generated? Germany, and Britain, are already sometimes generating more power than they need between May and August. But Goodall’s own figures make it clear that at other times there is a theoretical gap in most northern countries, especially in the winter, when meaningful quantities of solar energy will be generated for only a few hours a day, and not those during which it is most needed (especially for heating). Goodall starts by discussing the different storage options in power generation itself – such as, for example, concentrated solar power that is used to heat salts or other solutions that then continue to generate heat and steam for turbines after dark. Syntheses with wind and biomass generation are also possible, and much may also be achieved through demand management, on which there is an interesting chapter. In the long run, however, the challenge is to replace baseline generation with sufficient grid storage so that solar generation can meet most or all of our needs. Not least of the factors forcing this upon us is (as Goodall acknowledges) that the more of our needs are taken care of by solar power, the less there will be that needs to be covered by (say) gas-fired or nuclear power stations – and the cost of that baseline generation per watt actually needed will skyrocket. So although Goodall does not directly say so, it would seem that, with rising generation from renewables, a migration from baseline generation to grid storage is an economic imperative.
However, there are ways of using surplus energy at times of high generation to create stored reserves of energy. They include creating liquefied gases such as hydrogen – already being used, in a small way, to power a few cars. The production of hydrogen using conventional power sources is uneconomic, but if it could be used, in effect, to store sunlight, it might not be. Problems will remain with storage and transport. One answer to these might be to convert it to methane, which is easier to store in existing gas installations (ironically, it is itself an important greenhouse gas if emitted in ways that are not useful). Goodall also looks at experiments in production of liquid hydrocarbons using microbes. One of the most fascinating fields is the production of fuel from carbon dioxide; logical, given that fossil fuels are currently produced from another form of carbon and converted into carbon dioxide as (for example) tailpipe emissions. Why not convert them back? Carbon, after all, changes its form but not its nature. Goodall does warn that we are some way away from technologies that are economically viable on a large scale. In fact, it is one of the big strengths of this book that he doesn’t dodge this question. Even so, he seems confident it can be done.
I have some gripes with the book. Goodall is an economist, and has reviewed solar from that point of view. This does mean he has a coherent thesis (i.e. the cost of PV-generated energy is plummeting, so we’ll adopt it). This gives the book an order and cohesion; it isn’t just a paean of praise to solar energy. However, it also means he mostly misses certain areas, or more likely chooses not to engage with them.
One is the environmental implications of large-scale battery use (although he is very good on the technology itself). Another is road transport. This is one of the keys to demand-side management, but it is largely ignored. Household consumption gets more attention, but here Goodall may be reinventing the wheel a bit; the idea of generating and consuming at different times of the day is far from new, certainly in Britain. Goodall does not mention night storage heaters, but they were common when I was a child 50 years ago. These are still made but now in small numbers; their purpose was to store power in the night, at a cheap tariff, and release it later. This is an idea that could now be neatly reversed. Goodall does mention the pumped storage scheme at Dinorwig in Wales, but does not say that it is actually quite old (I visited it in the 1970s) and was originally intended to balance the output from nuclear plants, which could not easily be wound down at night. There is an element of “back to the future” here. Also, as stated earlier, the difference in location of generation potential and consumption is acknowledged but not much discussed.
Perhaps more seriously, as an economist, Goodall predicates decisions on rational behaviour. But vested interests are quite capable of restricting or penalising access to the grid by solar generators in order to protect their own capital investments. A classic example is Britain’s Hinckley Point C nuclear power station, recently reapproved by new Prime Minister Theresa May; this will cost a mind-blowing £18 billion and uses unproven technology that may not even work. Even if it does, its rationale is costed on power prices that are likely to be much lower by the time it comes on-stream (especially if Goodall is right). So it will require massive subsidies. But it was approved anyway; why? According to Greenpeace, it may be because a number of senior civil servants at the Department for Energy and Climate Change had links to project developer EDF. There are quite a few other links as well, even May’s own husband, whose employer has an interest in the project (that does not of course mean he used improper influence). Goodall’s book is based on logic. Politics and business aren’t always.
Goodall’s main challenge now may simply be keeping this interesting book up to date. It’s a challenge I’m familiar with; as the author of a book in a related field (climate change and agriculture), I’m keenly aware that there is new research all the time. In solar energy there is the added drive of entrepreneurial research. Since The Switch was published, there have already been breakthroughs in (for example) perovskites, while the International Energy Agency has announced that half a million solar panels were installed every day in 2015. Goodall maintains a website (called Carbon Commentary) on which he tracks recent developments.
I had my reservations about The Switch. Even so, it is a very good book – readable, logical and well-researched. Goodall might have missed a few points, but his summary of the key challenge – storage – seems excellent. There might be a few more barriers to “the switch” than he says, but he can support his basic thesis – that the economics of solar energy are inarguable. The Switch isn't perfect, but it's an intelligent and exciting glimpse into a future that isn’t very far away.
January 21, 2020
A very optimistic and surprisingly convincing book about the possibilities for photovoltaic world domination. Alongside the main theme (the science and economics of global solar power rollout), Goodall details a bunch of interesting projects at varying stages of development that could serve to facilitate or supplement solar energy. A particularly elegant example is using solar-generated electricity to hydrolise water and combining the resulting hydrogen with carbon dioxide to create methane, which can then feed into existing gas infrastructure.
August 15, 2018
This is an extremely optimistic book - the author is absolutely convinced of that solar power is the way to the future. It's also extremely well-organised, and brings out the various aspects of solar power.
The first chapter is dedicated to how solar power will get cheaper. He talks about the experience curve - i.e. as factories build the same product, they start optimising it. We delve into the different energy sources, and he also contrasts this to fossil fuel (coal/oil/gas) power stations. While renewables can be inconsistent (i.e. no solar power at night, no wind power without wind), he posits that they are overall cheaper than fossil fuels.
I liked several points that were raised:
- Solar power islands - no need for a solar power grid or generator in remoter villages; instead decentralised networks taking place.
- A lot of his book comes back to economic decision making - i.e. whether it is worth investing in a solar power plant now versus later.
- That electrical grids actually need to accommodate for peak demand - because we're used to electricity all the time, and not a lot of this information goes back to the individual consumer in order to encourage them to decrease demand.
- The use of batteries to store solar power, and the developments in the field of batteries.
- Some exploration into alternative renewable methods of generating power - here, his optimism really shines through, but it is a good introduction to these methods.
This is not a book overly concerned with the morality of switching to solar; it's entirely concerned with the finances and likelihood of the switch. It's a good introduction if you're looking to invest in solar, but unsure of where to start.
The first chapter is dedicated to how solar power will get cheaper. He talks about the experience curve - i.e. as factories build the same product, they start optimising it. We delve into the different energy sources, and he also contrasts this to fossil fuel (coal/oil/gas) power stations. While renewables can be inconsistent (i.e. no solar power at night, no wind power without wind), he posits that they are overall cheaper than fossil fuels.
I liked several points that were raised:
- Solar power islands - no need for a solar power grid or generator in remoter villages; instead decentralised networks taking place.
- A lot of his book comes back to economic decision making - i.e. whether it is worth investing in a solar power plant now versus later.
- That electrical grids actually need to accommodate for peak demand - because we're used to electricity all the time, and not a lot of this information goes back to the individual consumer in order to encourage them to decrease demand.
- The use of batteries to store solar power, and the developments in the field of batteries.
- Some exploration into alternative renewable methods of generating power - here, his optimism really shines through, but it is a good introduction to these methods.
This is not a book overly concerned with the morality of switching to solar; it's entirely concerned with the finances and likelihood of the switch. It's a good introduction if you're looking to invest in solar, but unsure of where to start.
October 24, 2025
Read this book for my research project and essay entry for metamorphoses, titled ‘The Energy Non-Transition: How Global Efforts for the Energy Transition are Falling Short’.
Written in 2015, this book is a little outdated with its projections due to COVID-19 and commercial use of AI. However, the general story it weaves I found to be encapsulating. This is a deep-dive into what a complete switch to solar energy would look like and the means to achieve it. I repeat, this is a very in-depth coverage of economics and solar technologies (brushing over other renewable energy sources) and is not for the faint of heart.
While I read this more for a general outline of what solar technologies are available and the financial implications associated with them, this book is very economic-dominant. A fantastic source of information if you wish to learn more about renewables, but the money-side of everything can be quite arduous.
As someone with no prior knowledge of economics, I found this book did a very good job to explain more complex ideas of growth and patterns in the economy. Goodall also explored alternative solar technologies, though impractical, to explain why they were so inefficient and would not hold a place in his future where ‘The Switch’ occurs. Overall, an optimistic and realistic take on a green future, if we pursue it correctly.
Written in 2015, this book is a little outdated with its projections due to COVID-19 and commercial use of AI. However, the general story it weaves I found to be encapsulating. This is a deep-dive into what a complete switch to solar energy would look like and the means to achieve it. I repeat, this is a very in-depth coverage of economics and solar technologies (brushing over other renewable energy sources) and is not for the faint of heart.
While I read this more for a general outline of what solar technologies are available and the financial implications associated with them, this book is very economic-dominant. A fantastic source of information if you wish to learn more about renewables, but the money-side of everything can be quite arduous.
As someone with no prior knowledge of economics, I found this book did a very good job to explain more complex ideas of growth and patterns in the economy. Goodall also explored alternative solar technologies, though impractical, to explain why they were so inefficient and would not hold a place in his future where ‘The Switch’ occurs. Overall, an optimistic and realistic take on a green future, if we pursue it correctly.
February 17, 2019
Such an eye opening book to the novelty and the innovation currently happening in the area of energy transitions. Was a wonderful read, I truly didn’t want it to end. My only comment would be that it completely dismisses the use of fossil fuels in the not-so-distant future which I don’t think is realistic as there are many developments in the area of clean combustion and clean fossil in general mainly due to carbon capture whether Mobil or static. But a really great book in general !
September 11, 2018
An optimistic introductory take on the clean energy space and of pushing greater adoption of solar energy production, to realise a future of reduced reliance on fossil fuels.
General overview of constraints and limitations of the current day. Grid & storage feasibility and technology yet to be developed to meet the demands of a typical energy grid.
General overview of constraints and limitations of the current day. Grid & storage feasibility and technology yet to be developed to meet the demands of a typical energy grid.
May 22, 2017
while i disagree with some of the figures and conclusions. worth a read as an introduction to whats happening in the energy markets today with solid analyses and case studies
August 27, 2018
Approached with skepticism but left convinced that progress is possible if there's a will. Who will really listen? We must each make an effort I guess.
January 6, 2022
Great hope for the future
Very interesting tour of what is available to save the human race from climate disaster. A few years old now so could be out of date.
Very interesting tour of what is available to save the human race from climate disaster. A few years old now so could be out of date.
October 7, 2016
Fascinating. The idea that a renewable energy future is tantalisingly within our reach is the central argument of this book, which showcases the different technologies and companies in the vanguard.
This is a read that will fill you with hope and optimism - and should be essential reading for anyone who believes that The Uk's future is in fracking or nuclear.
Tomorrow is here, today. And if we sit on our hands and allow government to be a sop to the fossil fuels lobby, we will be left behind.
Not 5 stars? The pacing and quality of the writing is scientific rather than journalistic - the genuine enthusiasm of the author is clear, but his editor has work to do both on some of the syntax and on the numerous typos and grammatical errors.
Overall - recommended.
This is a read that will fill you with hope and optimism - and should be essential reading for anyone who believes that The Uk's future is in fracking or nuclear.
Tomorrow is here, today. And if we sit on our hands and allow government to be a sop to the fossil fuels lobby, we will be left behind.
Not 5 stars? The pacing and quality of the writing is scientific rather than journalistic - the genuine enthusiasm of the author is clear, but his editor has work to do both on some of the syntax and on the numerous typos and grammatical errors.
Overall - recommended.
January 11, 2019
A good book overall but completely let down by a baffling number of spelling and grammar mistakes, not to mention the many awkwardly phrased sentences and paragraphs.
To expand on the above; I don't think I've ever read a book with this many mistakes in! (Chapter 1 was the most obvious in this regard - I count at least 15). It got to the point where I was reading it with a pencil in hand, marking in the margins yet another typo, spelling or grammar error. I spent a considerable amount of time re-writing sections in my head so they flowed better, to the point where it detracted from the book.
There's no doubt that the author has spent considerable time immersed in the industry and clearly knows what he's talking about. But boy does the book need a through edit of there's ever to be a reprint.
Rated two stars because it's hard to take his evidence and arguments seriously in the face of such sloppy writing (even though I agree with much of it).
To expand on the above; I don't think I've ever read a book with this many mistakes in! (Chapter 1 was the most obvious in this regard - I count at least 15). It got to the point where I was reading it with a pencil in hand, marking in the margins yet another typo, spelling or grammar error. I spent a considerable amount of time re-writing sections in my head so they flowed better, to the point where it detracted from the book.
There's no doubt that the author has spent considerable time immersed in the industry and clearly knows what he's talking about. But boy does the book need a through edit of there's ever to be a reprint.
Rated two stars because it's hard to take his evidence and arguments seriously in the face of such sloppy writing (even though I agree with much of it).
Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews