review of Lewis Yablonsky's Robopaths by tENTATIVELY, a cONVENIENCE - March 14, 2008
This isn't, necessarily, a GREAT bk. Yet, I give it a 5 star rating & recommend it to everyone. Published in 1972 when I was 18 & 19, this describes the world I grew up in as perfectly as anything I've ever read. The filmic companion to it cd be Peter Watkins' "Punishment Park". I'll be making a short movie called "Robopaths" wch excerpts text from the bk. [May 1, 2014 interpolation: I actually made a feature-length movie (1:48:20) that I finished in May, 2012. More info can be found about that by looking at entry 369 here: http://idioideo.pleintekst.nl/tENTMov... . Despite at least 5 tries to screen it somewhere I've been unsuccessful as of 2 yrs later.] Below are a few of those quotes from early in the bk:
Paradoxically, although it is increasingly a distinct possibility, the final outcome of people versus their technological robots may not be the total physical annihilation of people. People may in a subtle fashion become robot-like in their interaction and become human robots or robopaths. This more insidious conclusion to the present course of action would be the silent disappearance of human interaction. In another kind of death, social death, people would be oppressively locked into robot-like interaction in human groups that had become social machines. In this context, the apocalypse would come in the form of people mouthing ahuman, regimented platitudes on a meaningless dead stage. The relationship between potential social death and imminent megamachine wars that cause physical death is complex. A fact that can not be ignored is that it is after all the masses of people who ultimately permit their energies and financial resources to be heavily spent on ecologically suicidal technology and doomsday machines. If a majority of people in a society permit, or desire, this condition to exist they must be relatively devoid of compassion and humanistic values; or, to take a more charitable view, they have become so out of touch with reality, and have become so powerless, that they no longer exert any control over their elected acompassionate robopathic leaders. Whatever the reasons, the people in power are actually developing the technological machinery for "a world wired for death," and a majority of people in contemporary societies are socially dead, living a day-to-day robopathic existence.
- page xiii, Robopaths - People As Machines: Preface, Lewis Yablonsky, 1972
Robopaths enact ritualistic behavior patterns in the context of precisely defined and accepted norms and rules. Robopaths have a limited ability to be spontaneous, to be creative, to change direction, or to modify their behavior in terms of new conditions. They are comfortable with the all-encompassing social machine definitions for behavior. Even the robopath's most emotional behavior is ritualistic and programmed. Sex, violence, hostility, recreation are all preplanned, pre-packaged activities, and robopaths respond on cue. The frequency, quality, and duration of most robopaths' behavior is predetermined by societal definition.
- page 7, Robopaths - People As Machines: Robopaths, Lewis Yablonsky, 1972
In a robopathic-producing social machine, conformity is a virtue. New or different behavior is viewed as strange and bizarre. "Freaks" are feared. Originality is suspect.
- page 8, Robopaths - People As Machines: Robopaths, Lewis Yablonsky, 1972
As a child a strong attempt was made to impose a completely robopathic regimen onto me: I was expected to mow the lawn regardless of whether the grass had grown to the height of the cutting blades, I wasn't allowed to sit on the furniture in the living room, there was a certain routine for putting butter on bread that was to be strictly followed, it went on & on. Naturally, I was in trouble a fair amt.
Yablonsky differentiates between sociopaths & robopaths by explaining that sociopaths commit their victimizations outside of the rules of society & that robopaths commit them w/in. B/c of this latter, no matter how heinous the effects of a robopath's behavior, it's all well & good & sanctioned by society. The robopaths can even be self-righteous about it. War? Genocide? No problem. All approved by the robopathic society, the social machine.
This book depressed the hell out of me and put me in a rather funky mood in its first half. It caused a great deal of personal reflection. I am, after all, a second generation military brat raised in the south. I can remember wanting to kill myself as a fifth grader, it took many years to understand, or manage rather, that overwhelming sensation of existential dissonance and helplessness. Though my resistance and rebellion growing up occasionally was poetic (i was an intuitive culture jammer at times) I had a few time periods in my life of getting caught in the wrong river currents, so to say, and allowing myself to be carried by them. I imagine, conveyor belt would have been a more fitting metaphor. Regardless, things seem much more (and increasingly) open-minded and properly attacked from multiple lines of perspective for my existence these days.
This isn't my usual sort of reading. I actually snagged a copy of this thinking it was a dystopian sci-fi thriller type. WRONG. This is a heavy dose of the real dystopian societal shifts and momentums of the book's times (published 1972). It's well articulated, depressingly prophetic, and good for making tactile complex social subjects/themes/concepts that can be very slippery.
I felt a little beaten over the head and exhausted at times. It also doesn't help that I can't seem to escape an atmosphere of stoners, drunks, and volatile professional sports enthusiasts while reading this.
A lot has changed in the 42 years since this book was published, though, a lot hasn't either. It's sobering that "The Revolution" Yablonsky frequently speaks of as fresh, living, and reason for optimism, is now its own mechanical corpse, rebranded and controlled by its enemies. The revolutionary blow has largely been absorbed; its assimilation into the machine now a valuable element of the systematic backlash in action now. Dissenting is carefully curated and well within parameters deemed acceptable and it would seem even a great rumble to the status quo would more quickly fade away from memory/attention in our current world than 1972.
I do think this is an important book and praise its plea for empathetic interaction between people.
I first read this book back around 1972 or 1973, shortly after it was first published. In a nutshell, Yablonsky's thesis is that the pressures and demands of modern life have created a "class" of people who are divorced from their feelings and from morality in general. There is no argung with this, I believe, but it's rather humorous that as a solution he points to the hippies: connected to the earth and to their feelings, and inclined to reject the "plastic" world of their parents. The book is of course dated, but is still an interesting read. It has a strong impact on me as a young an, and in the course of reading it I had a dream one night of an extraterrestrial world entwined with electronics and vat-grown human soldiers, where nations came to fight wars so as not to damage Earth's ecosystem. I wrote this dream down and expanded it somewhat, and it ended up being published as "War Baby," in FANTASTIC in 1974. It was my first published short story. So, I have rather a soft spot for this book. (Plus, something about the cover, which you see here, fascinates me. I don't know why.)
De essentie van robopaten is dat mensen meer en meer als robots zouden leven en dit heeft allerhande gevolgen voor individuen, maatschappij en de mens als soort. Je kan robopaten herkennen omwille van een aantal kenmerken zoals ritualisme, gericht op verleden, conformisme, imago gericht, afwijzing van medemenselijkheid, vijandigheid, vervreemding en eigengerechtigheid. Primair voorbeeld van dergelijke figuren, Eichmann en William Laws Calley Jr. officier in de vietnam oorlog en betrokken bij de my Lai slachtpartij. Die twee aspecten, nazi duitsland en Vietnam komen veelvuldig voor in het boek en dat is begrijpelijk gezien de Vietnam oorlog nog woedde en Eichmann in deze periode zijn grote proces had met Hannah Arendts befaamde "banaliteit van het kwade" theorie. Dat brengt mij tot mijn eerste grote kritiek, Ik weet niet of dit normaal is voor sociologen maar Yablonsky doorspekt zijn werk met zoveel citaten en hele segmenten van van anderen dat de vraag zich stelt wat nu precies zijn bijdrage is aan het debat.
Een tweede bemerking is dat de poging om zijn stempel te drukken direct vraag opwierpen hoe anders ze zijn; De robopaten maatschappij lijkt niet veel anders dan alle andere kritieken op de moderne industriële samenleving. Vervreemding van productie processen, fetish van het product ja ok dat heeft Karl Marx als in de jaren 1860 en 70 in kapitaal beschreven. Bovendien kon ik mij ook niet van mij afzetten wanneer die omslag die hij zo resoluut en overtuigd beschrijft, zou plaatsgevonden moeten hebben. Is de industriële maatschappij een maker van robopaten of hebben robopaten die maatschappij net gemaakt?
Gezien zijn eerdere werk met bendes en hippie counterculture, kan ik mij niet afzetten van het idee dat dit werk een gevolg is van de vraag; waar zetten die jongeren zich nu precies tegen af? Een soort antwoord miss voor ouders die zich afvroegen waar ze mis waren gegaan? Dat kan dan wel met degelijk veldwerk gepaard gegaan zijn, maar tot zeker de helft komt er amper of geen theorie dan wel bombardement van zogenaamde harde feiten op je af. Opnieuw, vraag ik mij af of dit de normale stijl is voor sociologen (toen?) om zo zonder twijfel te schrijven zonder evenwel degelijk te onderbouwen. het boek begint al met een kloefer van een boutade " het geautomatiseerde slagveld is de ware omwentelig die er uit de vietnam oorlog zal voortkomen" daar is wel iets voor te zeggen maar wacht ik dacht dat dit over individuen ging gaan die als robots waren, maar dan gaat het vaak diep over oorlog, dan politici dan gaat het weer over ouderschap en welke beroepen je makkelijker een robopaat maken. Het ratjetoe is vermoeiend en geeft het boek een aura van diepgaande oppervlakkigheid.
Ik ben zeker dat zijn werk met hippies en bendes voor zijn tijd waardevol inzicht gaven en miss ook wel nog gebruikt worden, maar ik betwijfel of dit boek en het idee van robopaat nog resonantie heeft. Verderop bladerend lijkt het antwoord te zijn lessen te leren van hippies bedacht ik mij de ideeën van Von Gennep en zijn liminaliteit alsook Habermas en diens ideeën rond civil society. Ik denk persoonlijk bovendien dat "de banaliteit van het kwade" meer inzicht geeft in de stappen van een Eichmann dan Yablonsky doet alsook dat "de spiral of silence" van noelle neumann een beter inzicht geeft in de werking en nuances van hoe conformeren werkt in een maatschappij dan de pathos neurotische ziektebeeld dat Yablonsky ons brengt. Zo ook bedacht ik mij dat Foucaults' werk over gevangenis als keurslijf voor de maatschappij alsook "bowling alone" van Putnam concretere beelden neerzetten dan de echt wel her en der springende Yablonsky.