It is a well known fact that the fairy tales which seem so familiar to us, and so much loved by the little ones of today, are not the original tales. Over the centuries they have been retold and sanitised so much, that they are but a shadow of the earlier, frequently grisly and gruesome tales. What’s more, there are many similar tales across different cultures. Many British tales originate here or from somewhere in Europe, but others are common worldwide, and their appropriation is lost in the deep mists of time.
If we want to get to the original, how on earth do we do so? Different cultures are proud of their own versions, and regard them as the standard: the “real one”. Pinning it down on the internet is hopeless. It needs an academic eye, and access to rare texts. Sometimes only one text has been found still extant of the earliest known versions of the folk tales in this collection, jealously protected in a library, with minimal access only to experts in the field. Who would I trust to research this fascinating but specialist subject? There’s only one name that comes to mind—well two in fact—Iona and Peter Opie.
Iona and Peter Opie were folklorists who pioneered the study of childhood culture, past and present, in Britain. Now renowned as the most prominent English folklorists, and world-famous authorities on children’s lore and customs, theirs is not a typical academic background. Both from fairly well to do families, the couple met and married whilst in the armed forces during World War II. However, an accident whilst training ended Peter Opie’s military career. He began a career as a writer, and was quite successful. The couple moved from London to rural England, and enjoyed country walks. On one of these, they both remembered the “Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home”, rhyme from their childhood, and that sparked a life-long interest which altered existing perceptions of children’s street culture and notions of play. They began researching into the origins of that one simple rhyme, they began to collect nursery rhyme books, their interest grew … and the rest is history.
I first came across their work decades later, during the years when I was studying Child Development, and read a few of their books which by then were becoming classics in the field. In 1960, the Opies had been jointly awarded the Coote Lake Medal, the highest honour of “The Folklore Society”, for “outstanding research and scholarship”. First I read the popular “The Puffin book of Nursery Rhymes” (though the two Oxford ones are more complete, and regarded as the definitive ones), then “The Oxford Book of Children’s Verse”, and two books I found fascinating: “Children’s Games in Street and Playground” and “The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren”. Although not in the mainstream of academia, these are scholarly books, with much carefully recorded first hand research. Iona and Peter Opie carried out interviews with school-age children via an increasingly widening network of school teachers in State schools. Over the decades, Iona Opie estimated the number of contributors must be close to twenty thousand. This last book has been seen as revitalising the study of Folklore in post-war Britain, the subject having fallen into relative decline.
Iona and Peter Opie collaborated on about 25 books altogether, and Iona Opie continued to research and publish after her husband’s death. As well as their original research, the couple were were also noted anthologists. The Classic Fairy Tales, another Oxford University Press book, this time from 1974 and around the middle of their career, straddles both disciplines. In The Classic Fairy Tales, 24 of the best known tales are given the exact words they were first published in in English, (or in a few cases, the exact words of the earliest surviving text). These source versions had never before been published together.
However for each one, the authors also provide an historical introduction, showing the development of the story, citing parallels in other countries, and perhaps other centuries. We have all been enchanted, enthralled and even terrified by fairy tales, and it is a rare child who is brought up without learning the story of “Cinderella” or “Little Red Riding Hood”. But do we ever ask: Was Cinderella’s slipper really a glass slipper, or was it made of fur? Was Little Red Riding Hood actually devoured by the wolf, or was she saved? Who was the original Bluebeard? Or How did Southey’s version of “The Three Bears” become the “Goldilocks and the three Bears” we know and love today? (There were competing stories from 1849 and 1858, one saying: “The Village-people called her “Silver-Locks”, because her curly hair was shining”, but the illustrator John Hassall finally decided it with his illustration accompanying the passage: “the little girl had long golden hair, so she was called “Goldilocks””.) We rarely read that the Prince in “Sleeping Beauty” was not the kind, handsome and courageous person we have always supposed, but a rapist who left Sleeping Beauty with two babies. Nor do we remember that the the stepmother chopped off the heels and toes of the “ugly sisters”, in order to fit their feet into the glass slipper. Or that Jack’s father was an ogre, who slit the throats of his seven little daughters. Or … but you get the idea.
The most popular tales have long histories, over which successive editors have not only shortened and sentimentalised them but also slanted them according to the demands of the time. In a general introduction, Iona and Peter Opie look at the realism as well as the enchantment in the tales. They also consider the problems scholars face when they wonder where the tales come from.
Usually it is possible to trace the varying history of a story through several centuries, but with “Jack the Giant Killer” and “Jack and the Beanstalk” for instance, no mention has been found in 16th and 17th century literature. Although there is a strong tradition of giant-killing tales among the hill folk of British descent in the Southern Appalachians, no telling of the tale has been recorded in English oral tradition. Some classic anecdotes seem to have been first put together by a publisher comparatively recently—in 1711. The roots of “Jack the Giant Killer” go back to the Prose Edda, by Snorri Sturluson, written about 1220, and those of “Jack and the Beanstalk” again to the Prose Edda, but in a sense also to Jacob’s ladder, or the Tower of Babel, but the disappearance of the story in these middle centuries makes fixing provenance and earliest versions problematic, and a matter of conjecture.
Iona and Peter Opie describe the collection of tales made in Europe, and also in Asia, long before most of the stories were printed in English. This is a thorough and well researched book, putting into perspective the contributions of Perrault, Madame d’Aulnoy, the Grimm brothers and Hans Christian Andersen.
The book is slightly oversize, with quite small print. The stories and introductions are all generously illustrated, often by the earliest artists found. These include the 18th century wood-engraver Thomas Bewick, as well as 19th century illustrators such as Walter Crane, George Cruikshank, Gustave Doré, Kate Greenaway, Vilhelm Pedersen, Richard Doyle, Alfred Crowquill, as well as turn of the century and early 20th century artists such as Hugh Thompson, Harry Clarke, John Hassall, Kay Nielsen, Arthur Rackham, Edmund Dulac, W. Heath Robinson, Rex Whistler and Mervyn Peake. Altogether there are about 150 illustrations, 40 of which are in colour.
If you want to delve deep into the origins and comparisons of fairy tales, you can’t do better than read this book.
Here are the 24 tales which are included:
The History of Tom Thumb
Jack the Giant Killer
The Yellow Dwarf
Sleeping Beauty
Little Red Riding Hood
Diamonds and Toads (The Fairy)
Bluebeard
Puss in Boots
Cinderella
Hop o’ my Thumb (Little Poucet)
Beauty and the Beast
The Three Wishes
The Three Heads in the Well (The King of Colchester’s Daughter)
Jack and the Beanstalk
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Snow-Drop)
The Frog Prince
The Twelve Dancing Princesses
Rumpelstiltskin
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
The Tinder Box
The Princess and the Pea
Thumbelina (Tommelise)
The Swineherd
Hansel and Gretel