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This stunningly illustrated book provides a rare window into the amazing, varied, and often beautiful world of viruses. Contrary to popular belief, not all viruses are bad for you. In fact, several are beneficial to their hosts, and many are crucial to the health of our planet. Virus offers an unprecedented look at 101 incredible microbes that infect all branches of life on Earth—from humans and other animals to insects, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Featuring hundreds of breathtaking color images throughout, this guide begins with a lively and informative introduction to virology. Here readers can learn about the history of this unique science, how viruses are named, how their genes work, how they copy and package themselves, how they interact with their hosts, how immune systems counteract viruses, and how viruses travel from host to host. The concise entries that follow highlight important or interesting facts about each virus. Learn about the geographic origins of dengue and why old tires and unused pots help the virus to spread. Read about Ebola, Zika, West Nile, Frog virus 3, the Tulip breaking virus, and many others—how they were discovered, what their hosts are, how they are transmitted, whether or not there is a vaccine, and much more. Each entry is easy to read and includes a graphic of the virus, and nearly every entry features a colorized image of the virus as seen through the microscope.
Written by a leading authority, this handsomely illustrated guide reveals the unseen wonders of the microbial world. It will give you an entirely new appreciation for viruses.
256 pages, Kindle Edition
First published September 20, 2016
English country doctor Edward Jenner noticed how certain kinds of people were resistant to the disease - notably milkmaids who had contracted cowpox, a very mild disease, from the cows they milked. Jenner's insight was that cowpox could protect against smallpox, and that injecting people with extracts from cowpox pustules might confer the same immunity to smallpox previously enjoyed by milkmaids. The word "vaccine" comes from "vaccinia," derived from the Latin word for a cow - and a proper name for the infectious agent of cowpox.
Around the same time, French Canadian scientist Félix d'Hérelle reported the discovery of a "microbe" that could kill the bacteria that caused dysentery. He called it a "bacteria phage," meaning a "bacteria eater."
The role of vectors is one of the most important factors in emerging diseases, especially as viruses can acquire new vectors. Chikungunya virus offers a good case history. First described in Tanzania in 1952, it was transmitted by the same species of mosquito that also transmits dengue and yellow fever, and was only a risk to people in parts of Africa. It has now evolved so that it can be transmitted by a closely related species, the Asian tiger mosquito, which has spread from Asia to Europe and the Americas, taking the Chikungunya virus with it.
This process involves the synthesis of salicylic acid, the molecule that is found in high levels in willow bark, which was used by Native Americans for bringing down fever and treating pain. In the late nineteenth century scientists at Bayer developed a synthetic form of the compound that we know as aspirin.
A different system of bacterial immunity, discovered much more recently, is the CRISPR system, which is an acquired immune system with a memory. CRISPR stands for "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats." After a virus infection, small pieces of the viral genome may be incorporated into a specific part of the host genome, where they can later be activated to make small RNAs that then degrade related incoming viruses. This system has some similarities to the small RNA immunity of plants, insects, and fungi, but the details are quite different. The CRISPR system has caused a sensation in the scientific world, as it allows scientists to target any desired DNA sequence in any organism, thus editing its genome.
Aedes mosquitoes breed in standing water and are well adapted to urban environments; their control requires being vigilant about emptying small containers such as flower pots or old tires of their standing water.
It is possible that in the future we may recognize the importance of the human virome (the collection of viruses in the body), just as we now recognize the importance of the microbiome, which usually refers to bacteria.
Robert Koch was a famous German microbiologist who studied a number of bacterial diseases at the end of the nineteenth century. He developed a standard, known as Koch's postulates, that is still the standard to prove that a microbe causes a disease: the microbe must be present in all affected individuals, but not in non-affected individuals; the microbe must be isolated from the affected individual; the microbe must be introduced to healthy individuals and cause the disease; the microbe must be re-isolated from the newly infected individuals.
In 2010 two common brands of vaccine for Rotavirus, which protect children from diarrhea, were found to be contaminated with Porcine circovirus.
Simian virus 40 is a small DNA virus that can cause tumors under specific conditions. The virus is normally dormant in infected animals, and only becomes active if there is some cause of immune suppression. The virus was discovered in some batches of the live attenuated vaccine for polio in 1960. The vaccine was grown in monkey cells in culture, and later it was found that polio cannot replicate in monkey cells without a helper virus. Most people who received the Salk vaccine for polio prior to 1961 were probably also inoculated with Simian virus 40, and the virus may have been in the Sabin vaccine too. Simian virus 40 is found frequently in the human population now, but appears to be latent, although there have been suggestions that it could be involved in some types of human cancerous tumors.
In laboratory experiments aphids that were carrying the virus preferred to feed on uninfected plants, while aphids without the virus preferred to feed on infected plants. The virus manipulates the production of plant compounds that attract aphids, to enhance its spread.
The virus is common in tobacco products and is very stable; it can pass through the human gut and remain infectious. Smokers and other tobacco users can easily transmit the virus by handling plants.
Material scientists have recognized for some time that plant viruses can make very effective nanoparticles, and currently Tomato bushy stunt virus is being developed for use in nanotechnology.
For example, La Crosse virus is a human pathogen that is transmitted by mosquitoes. The virus induces the mosquitoes to bite more frequently, enhancing the spread of the virus.
Crops that originated in the Americas, which includes about 60 percent of the food eaten in the world today, are usually pollinated by bumblebees and other insects, birds, or the wind.
Just before they die, infected larval stages of insects such as the European gypsy moth climb to the tops of the trees, rather than hiding from predators under leaves as healthy insects do. When the larvae die the virus liquefies their entire bodies, and billions of viruses are released and rain down through the tree leaves, providing plenty of virus to be ingested by the next round of insects. Recently a specific gene in the virus was shown to be responsible for changing the insect behavior.
Cells with a nucleus, known as eukaryotic cells, have many copies of a structure originally derived from a bacteria, known as the mitochondria. These are a key component of metabolism, where the energy of the cell is made.
Cyanobacteria, or photosynthetic bacteria, are the most abundant organisms on earth (although viruses are by far the most abundant life form, they are not usually called organisms).