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Les Quatre Évangiles #1

Les Quatre Evangiles: Fécondité

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Après les Rougon-Macquart et la série les Trois villes, Emile Zola (1840-1902) se lance dans une oeuvre plus ambitieuse; les Quatre Evangiles. Il ne s'agit plus de faire le procés d'une société ou d'en examiner les moeurs, mais de fonder une "religion nouvelle" reposant sur la Fécondité, le Travail, La Vérité et la Justice (ce dernier roman reste à l'état de notes...). Les Quatre évangiles sont volontiers lyriques, mais toujours soucieux d'honorer un point de vue moral sur les relations humaines. Longtemps "introuvables", il était urgent de les rééditer afin de connaître le zola de la maturité et de l'espérance.

769 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1899

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About the author

Émile Zola

2,769 books4,513 followers
Émile Zola was a prominent French novelist, journalist, and playwright widely regarded as a key figure in the development of literary naturalism. His work profoundly influenced both literature and society through its commitment to depicting reality with scientific objectivity and exploring the impact of environment and heredity on human behavior. Born and raised in France, Zola experienced early personal hardship following the death of his father, which deeply affected his understanding of social and economic struggles—a theme that would later permeate his writings.
Zola began his literary career working as a clerk for a publishing house, where he developed his skills and cultivated a passion for literature. His early novels, such as Thérèse Raquin, gained recognition for their intense psychological insight and frank depiction of human desires and moral conflicts. However, it was his monumental twenty-volume series, Les Rougon-Macquart, that established his lasting reputation. This cycle of novels offered a sweeping examination of life under the Second French Empire, portraying the lives of a family across generations and illustrating how hereditary traits and social conditions shape individuals’ destinies. The series embodies the naturalist commitment to exploring human behavior through a lens informed by emerging scientific thought.
Beyond his literary achievements, Zola was a committed social and political activist. His involvement in the Dreyfus Affair is one of the most notable examples of his dedication to justice. When Captain Alfred Dreyfus was wrongfully accused and convicted of treason, Zola published his famous open letter, J’Accuse…!, which condemned the French military and government for corruption and anti-Semitism. This act of courage led to his prosecution and temporary exile but played a crucial role in eventual justice for Dreyfus and exposed deep divisions in French society.
Zola’s personal life was marked by both stability and complexity. He married Éléonore-Alexandrine Meley, who managed much of his household affairs, and later had a long-term relationship with Jeanne Rozerot, with whom he fathered two children. Throughout his life, Zola remained an incredibly prolific writer, producing not only novels but also essays, plays, and critical works that investigated the intersections between literature, science, and society.
His legacy continues to resonate for its profound impact on literature and for his fearless commitment to social justice. Zola’s work remains essential reading for its rich narrative detail, social critique, and pioneering approach to the realistic portrayal of human life. His role in the Dreyfus Affair stands as a powerful example of the intellectual’s responsibility to speak truth to power.

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Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews
Profile Image for Seher.
186 reviews39 followers
January 1, 2021
Döl Bereketi Zola'nın Dört İncil serisinin ilk kitabı. Zola'yı çok sevmeme rağmen benim için zor bir okuma oldu. İlk sayfalarda ekşi sözlükte sıkça rastladığım "Zenginler bir çocuk yaparken fakirler neden bu kadar çok çocuk yapıyor?" polemiği ile karşılaştım. Sanki entryler karakterlerin ağzından dile gelmişti. Kitapta işlenen konular çok kapsamlı ve yorucu. Evlilik, çocuk sahibi olma, miras, emzirme, süt annelik, korunma, ahlaki yozlaşma ve daha sayamayacağim nice konu. Zola'nın bir mottosu var ve kitap boyu okuyucuya bunu işliyor. Döl Bereketi okunması gereken bir eser fakat yazarla tanışmak için çok daha iyi bir seçenek olduğunu düşünmüyorum. Eğer daha önce hiç Zola okumadıysaniz Rougan-Macquart dizinden bir kitapla başlamanızı öneririm.
Bir de kitabın puntosu çok küçük, okuma hızını epey sekteye uğratıyor.
November 17, 2017
Τώρα σοβαρά όντως αυτό το βιβλίο είναι γραμμένο από τον Ζολά; Είναι όντως ο Ζολά αυτός που έγραψε αυτό το αίσχος; Τι διάολο στροφές μπορεί να πήρε το μυαλό του και συνέλαβε αυτό το έκτρωμα; Τόσο ηλίθιες, σεξιστικές και εθνικιστικές απόψεις μέσα σε ένα βιβλίο, θέλει ταλέντο για να μπορέσεις να τις χωρέσεις. Ας τα πάρουμε από την αρχή.

Η «Γονιμότητα» είναι το πρώτο μέρος μιας ημιτελούς τετραλογίας με γενικό τίτλο: «Τα Τέσσερα Ευαγγέλια». Οι γιοι του Πιερ Φρομέν που είναι ο κεντρικός ήρωας της προηγούμενης τριλογίας με γενικό τίτλο «Τρεις Πόλεις» έχουν τα ονόματα των τεσσάρων ευαγγελιστών. Μάρκος, Λουκάς, Ιωάννης, Ματθαίος. Εδώ έχουμε λοιπόν, την ιστορία του Ματιέ που είναι παντρεμένος με την Μαριάν. Κάνει περιουσία καλλιεργώντας τη γη και σπέρνει παιδιά. Όσοι δεν κάνουν παιδιά σύμφωνα με το μυθιστόρημα είναι καταδικασμένοι να υποστούν «τιμωρία» (σοβαρά, έτσι ακριβώς το αναφέρει στο μυθιστόρημα) και να έχουν κακό τέλος. Αλλά δεν είναι μόνο αυτοί καταδικασμένοι. Κι όσοι κάνουν λίγα παιδιά ή μόνο ένα πάλι είναι καταδικασμένοι να αφανιστούν. Επίσης όσες γυναίκες αποφασίσουν να κάνουν έκτρωση, φευ, τις περιμένει ο χάρος ή η τρέλα.

Η κεντρική ηρωίδα, η Μαριάν, είναι μια στωική αγελάδα. Γεννάει και θηλάζει. Αυτό. Σοβαρά. Αυτό μόνο. Οι γυναίκες είναι καλές μόνο γι’ αυτό και για βοηθητικές εργασίες, καμία δεν κάνει καριέρα, δεν είναι ανεξάρτητη και δεν μπορεί να σταθεί εκτός οικογένειας. Μέσα στις άλλες κοινοτυπίες, τα παιδιά χωρισμένων γονιών αλλά και όσα έχουν μεγαλώσει σε ορφανοτροφείο καταλήγουν να γίνουν αποτυχημένοι και εγκληματίες, και όσες μητέρες μεγαλώνουν τα παιδιά τους με νταντάδες κάνουν λάθος γιατί οι νταντάδες είναι κακές και θα χαλάσουν τα παιδιά και θα κλέψουν το σπίτι.

Συνεχίζοντας τον ποταμό της πηχτής ηλιθιότητας αναφέρει πως η αποικιοκρατία είναι καλό πράγμα γιατί οι πολιτισμένοι πρέπει να βάλουν στη θέση τους άγριους της Αφρικής, όλοι οι μουσουλμάνοι είναι κακοί και πρέπει να εξοντωθούν, οι κινέζοι είναι επικίνδυνοι, γιατί έχουν μεγάλο πληθυσμό και θα κατακτήσουν τον πλανήτη και άλλες τόσες σάχλες.

Πέρα από το περιεχόμενο, και ο χρόνος που τοποθετείται το έργο, είναι εντελώς παρανοϊκός. Αφού ο πατέρας Πιερ Φορμέν έζησε κάπου στα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα, λογικά ο γιος, ο Ματιέ, έρχεται στον κόσμο στις αρχές του 20ου. Κι αφού ζει ως 90 χρόνια και βάλε, άρα κάπου στα 1920 ξεκινάει η κοινή του ζωή με την Μαριάν και φτάνει τουλάχιστον ως τα 1990. Θα μπορούσε να είναι πιο δημιουργικός λοιπόν αλλά και πιο περιγραφικός αναφορικά με την εικόνα του μέλλοντος, το μυθιστόρημά του, το τοποθετεί στο μέλλον χωρίς καμία φουτουριστική διάθεση. Σε κάποιο σημείο αναφέρει κάτι λίγα για την δοκιμή ενός ηλεκτρικού αυτοκινήτου κατά τα άλλα τίποτα. Στο τέλος σε μια οικογενειακή γιορτή που υποτίθεται τοποθετείται λογικά στα 1990 αναφέρει πως χρειάστηκαν έξι άμαξες για να μαζευτεί όλο το σόι.

Τι χάλι μαύρο ήταν αυτό; Πού πήγε ο καλός Ζολά του Ζερμινάλ; Εδώ κατηγορεί την εργατική τάξη επειδή είναι φτωχοί και δεν μπορούν να θρέψουν τα παιδιά τους. Το ότι δεν υπήρχε τότε κοινωνική ασφάλιση και ιατροφαρμακευτική περίθαλψη, δημόσια δωρεάν εκπαίδευση και βρεφονηπιακοί σταθμοί για να μπορούν να ζουν με αξιοπρέπεια οι εργαζόμενες, είναι κάτι που δεν μπορεί να το συλλάβει. Σοβαρά. Κατηγορεί τους φτωχούς για την φτώχεια τους. Επαινεί μόνο τους μεγαλοαστούς που δημιουργούν απλά φιλανθρωπικές οργανώσεις για να πετάνε ψίχουλα στους εξαθλιωμένους. Ποιος; Ο Ζολά!

Όσο για την αποικιοκρατία που ανέφερα παραπάνω, πραγματικά μιλάμε για παραλήρημα (αναφέρεται στις Γαλλικές αποικίες στην Αφρική):

"Επιπλέον υπάρχει και το πρόβλημα των Ιθαγενών, οι περισσότεροι είναι ήσυχοι, αλλά κάποιοι είναι άγριοι εγκληματίες, και ο θρησκευτικός φανατισμός τους προκαλεί προβλήματα στις κατακτήσεις μας. Μέχρι να λυθεί το πρόβλημα του Ισλάμ θα πρέπει συνέχεια να συγκρουόμαστε με αυτό [...] Από σήμερα μια Νέα Γαλλία έχει γεννηθεί εκεί, μια νέα αυτοκρατορία. Και χρειάζεται το αίμα μας".

Το μυθιστόρημα αυτό εκδόθηκε στα 1899. Την ίδια χρονιά που μαινόταν ήδη ο ιμπεριαλιστικός πόλεμος των Μπόερς. Πού διάολο ζούσε ο Ζολά, σε σπήλαιο;

Τελοσπάντων μόνο αν κάποιος κάνει έρευνα για τον Ζολά προτείνω να το διαβάσει. Οι υπόλοιποι πραγματικά μην κάνετε τον κόπο. Από τα πιο αποτυχημένα έργα του, κρίμα στο τόσο ταλέντο. Ο Ζολά ως φιλόσοφος είναι γελοίος. Μακάρι να μην είχε μπει σε αυτό το ηθικιστικό μονοπάτι και να συνέχιζε ως απλός, καλός νατουραλιστής.
Profile Image for Antje Schrupp.
362 reviews112 followers
December 22, 2018
Eines der skurrilsten Bücher, das ich je gelesen habe. 1899 geschrieben, die Geschichte eines Paares, das am 158 Kinder, Enkel und Urenkel in die Welt gesetzt hat und dessen Nachkommenschaft, nachdem sie ganz Paris und Umgebung dominiert, nun auch anschickt, Afrika zu besiedeln. Natürlich interessant die zeitgeschichtliche Schilderung von Versuchen, Schwangerschaften zu verhindern usw. Aber literarisch eine Katastrophe (eigentlich mag ich Romane des 19. Jahrhunderts), voller Schwulst und Pathos, Klischees und - eigentlich so krass, dass man fast nicht meinen kann, es wäre ernst gemeint.
Profile Image for Laura.
7,136 reviews606 followers
April 18, 2022
Free download available at Project Gutenberg

Dagny and I are smooth-reading this book and Project Gutenberg will re-publish it.

“FRUITFULNESS” is the first of a series of four works in which M. Zola proposes to embody what he considers to be the four cardinal principles of human life. These works spring from the previous series of The Three Cities: “Lourdes,” “Rome,” and “Paris,” which dealt with the principles of Faith, Hope, and Charity. The last scene in “Paris,” when Marie, Pierre Froment’s wife, takes her boy in her arms and consecrates him, so to say, to the city of labor and thought, furnishes the necessary transition from one series to the other. “Fruitfulness,” says M. Zola, “creates the home. Thence springs the city.
Profile Image for Orion.
396 reviews31 followers
November 17, 2012
Emile Zola was a novelist as famous in France as his contemporary Charles Dickens was in the UK. He wrote novels about how social conditions, heredity, and environment were inescapable forces in shaping human character. He called this Naturalism, and his first major work, Thérèse Raquin, written in this style, was a major success. Encouraged, Zola launched into the major project of his life, the 20 volume Rougon-Macquart series, which traced members of a family through 4 generations and made him well-off and famous.

In 1898 Zola risked his literary career by defending a wrongly-accused Jewish military officer named Dreyfus in a famous essay ”J’accuse” that appeared on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper L’Aurore. The Dreyfus affair divided France deeply between the reactionary army and church and a liberal working class. Zola had to flee to England to avoid jail himself.

It is in England that Zola decided to write a new gospel for the modern world consisting of four novels:

Fruitfulness (1899) - a pro-birth statement about "the eternal battle which life wages against death."

Labour (1901) - a Socialist re-evaluation of work and capital

Truth (1903, published posthumously) - about Jewish scapegoating and anti-Semitism

Justice (unfinished)

He meant this utopian series to replace the original four gospels of a corrupt Christianity, and to be the natural conclusion to all his previous work. On September 29th, 1902, as the third book Truth was about to be serialized in L’Aurore, a Parisian roofer stuffed up Zola’s chimney pipe as he slept, and he was killed by carbon monoxide poisoning. He kept his bedroom windows shut tight and the door locked because he had received many death threats. Although there were rumors that he was murdered, the coroner ruled it death by natural causes, and it was not until 1953 that the true story was told. The roofer's deathbed confession in 1927, stating that the chimney had deliberately blocked then unblocked the next day, went unreported for over 25 years. This final series is not well-known. Yet it appears to be the body of work that got him killed.

Fruitfulness was written while Zola was in exile in England, being hidden by his translator E. A. Vizetelly. In the Translator's Preface, Zola is quoted: "Fruitfulness creates the home. Thence springs the city. From the idea of citizenship comes the fatherland; and love of country, in minds fed by science, leads to the conception of a wider and vaster fatherland, comprising all the peoples of the earth. Of these three stages in the progress of mankind, the fourth still remains to be attained." It was written to address a problem of population stagnation confronting France at the time where the middle class was limiting themselves to one child, and the lower classes couldn't afford to raise children. Today this problem of fertility and birth has been taken up by religious conservatives and is as contentious as it was in Zola's time. He writes of Mathieu and Marianne Froment who, in the face of a society that frowns on large families, proceeds to have a dozen children. As the people around him limit themselves to one or, at most, two children, the Froments throw themselves exuberantly into the flow of Life. Others are sending their unwanted children to the country where they are neglected and die, or having abortions or hysterectomies to prevent further birth.

Beware in reading Vizetelly's translation that he felt that he could not write a publishable translation in England, and only agreed to the job after "recasting some portion of it and sacrificing those matters of form to which exception was taken." As a result we have a book where abortion is only hinted at, and the sexual act is absent. Mathieu and Marianne kiss often and fervently. The one part of fruitfulness that shines forth is the flowing milk of Marianne's breasts that nurture the 12 children who suck at them. This is contrasted with wet nurses who starve children sent to them for care.

This book's simplistic promotion of Fruitfulness and trust in Nature is based on Zola's conception of Science, and is difficult to fit into modern thoughts on this issue. I found it both disturbing and thought-provoking. The Turn of the Century was a time of male, political and racial bias. Even great writers like Zola are a product of their times and it is easy to point out the sexism, racism and colonialist biases of this book. However his underlying faith in Love and Nature is still inspirational.
January 13, 2026
Zola skvělý jako vždy. S vlastním rodičovstvím mi jeho kniha nyní dává daleko větší smysl, současně jsem si uvědomila, že Zola neříká "tohle je správně, tohle je špatně" - prostě nastavuje zrcadlo. Je skvělé, jak poukazuje na věci, s nimiž se setkáváme i v nynější společnosti: někdo děti chce, někdo děti nechce, co kdo dělá pro to, aby je měl/neměl, problematika kojení, problematika uživení dětí, problematika pokračování rodin, ale i dobová problematika porodních babiček, potratů, nechtěňátek odkládaných a zabíjených, problematika pohledu na rodiče a na jejich děti - tohle všechno a ještě víc najdete u Zoly. Ach jo, škoda, že tento literát s velkým L nežije nyní, jak krásně by mohl psát o dnešní kognitivní disonanci společnosti ve vztahu k dětem a k rodičovství! Vychutnal by si to on, vychutnala bych si to já. Navíc jsem opět měla tu možnost přečíst si toto dílo v překladu a vydání z 20. let minulého století, a to je vážení skutečná libůstka. Zola jinak, než pět hvězd prostě nemůže dostat!
Profile Image for Steve Gordon.
372 reviews13 followers
January 29, 2012
Slow at times. Genius at times. I was a bit disappointed by Zola's seeming support of European imperialism in Africa at the end even though, for the most part, he keeps up with his theme of the necessity a socialist brotherhood. The curious thing about this novel is that Mathieu is Pierre Froment's son from the Three Cities trilogy. And as Mathieu lives into his 90's - that would make the novel's ending at least in the 1970s. Funny how much change really occurred...but didn't occur.
478 reviews36 followers
July 5, 2020
Probably the most exhaustingly moralistic book I've ever read. Large swathes of the book are taken up by repetition of the same paeans to fertility, cultivating the land, and the "natural" harmony of things. Yet the book is not even that morally pure, with its rampant belief in colonialism (and colonial superiority), and lack of real attention to class issues beyond relative differences of the aristocracy. I even agree with some of Zola's moral screeds, but the way he presents them is so tiring. None of the characters are all that psychologically compelling, and most of the setting painting is lackluster. I enjoyed some of the sense of the times Zola was able to impart, but most of that came within the first 30 pages. The rest of the book was a slog. I am sure his more famous works are much better, but this did not inspire me to go out in search of them.
Profile Image for Nonethousand Oberrhein.
733 reviews32 followers
March 23, 2021
Un roman du fin XIXème siècle
C’est probablement le roman le plus ancré dans la logique de son temps. L’auteur part avec une thèse à démontrer et il y arrive avec une narration plutôt manichéenne, où il balaye rapidement et d’une manière très naïve les réflexions sociétales et économiques, qui normalement sont à la base de son œuvre. Une lecture donc en demi-teinte, où la prose affiche des tableaux d’un détail et d’une empathie énormes, mais qui se perd dans une intention moraliste dérivée et limitée par l'époque vécue par Zola, appelant in fine à une “conquête par les nombres” de tout terrain exploitable en France et dans le reste du monde, se procurant ainsi une conclusion colonialiste qui sonne creuse en ce XXIème siècle.
Ce n’est pas un délit de résonner avec son temps, mais on attend un peu plus d’un auteur capable d'œuvres éternelles.
Profile Image for Trounin.
2,087 reviews45 followers
August 3, 2017
Все канавы Парижа наполнены трупами младенцев! От нежеланных детей избавлялись любыми доступными способами, невзирая на возможные риски. Дети мешали карьере, ставили перед необходимостью кормить ещё один жадный рот. Матерям оставалось поить новорожденных собственной кровью, либо отдавать их на растерзание мастерам особого свойства, знающим методы безнаказанного убийства. Но находились люди, смевшие надеяться на счастье — их семьи прирастали, давая пример другим, показывая, как проще жить в окружении большого потомства. Золя позволил в краю краха человеческих ожиданий поселиться утопическим представлениям о действительности.

(c) Trounin
Profile Image for Ville.
25 reviews
December 17, 2024
Tylsä juoni, hyvä kuvaus ranskasta. Loppuu nolosti siirtomaavallan ihannointiin
Profile Image for Andypants.
56 reviews4 followers
April 25, 2010
It always seemed odd to me that Zola claimed to be an optimist, given the darkness of his "Naturalist" style. This book, though it dwells mainly on scenes of depression, crime and poverty, is about happy people. I couldn't help but feel he was all stirred up and waxing philosophical at the time of his "J'accuse" letter, making the viewpoint much more personal than his earlier work.

Surely you could trim 80 pages out of this book without losing much. (admittedly a common criticism of mine when it comes to late 1800s literature) Also the book is extremely heavy-handed, where no evildoer escapes without suffering terrible misfortune. Since as an author his strength lies in portraying misfortune, the "good" people only suffer mildly. :)
Profile Image for mevedumjusunp.
48 reviews
Read
June 6, 2023
bir ay boyunca sürüne sürüne okuduğum 600 küsür sayfalık kitap max 3 puanlık çıkınca zoruma gidiyor 😔
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