The author is a young lawyer who was born in Pakistan but now lives and works in the US representing Muslim victims of domestic violence. She has been heavily criticised in the US, and in Egypt while on a cultural exchange, for not wearing a veil or headscarf, accused by other Muslims of not therefore being a true Muslim. She responds that her interpretation of her faith does not consider the practice necessary.
Zakaria argues that the two entities, the veil and its wearer, have become synonymous, have morphed into one object that has become permissible or impermissible. The veil has consequently become more than an item of clothing. It can be seen as a partition, a boundary between the woman and the public sphere, or its wearing can be seen as a rebellion, a reclamation or choice, to retreat into a feminine space. The fissure created by the veil, by the moral scale attached to its avowal and disavowal, is the core obstacle that confronts Muslim feminism...".
The author cites a few of the many court cases where an argument has arisen over a witness or defendant being allowed to appear veiled. The conclusion is generally that if a court cannot see a person's face, they cannot tell if they are being truthful or not. Veils become barriers to the truth. Research has shown that the opposite holds true, however. Someone listening to a woman who is veiled will concentrate on the facts and substance of what is being said which, the author argues, is surely a better indicator of truthfulness than facial expressions or demeanour.
Many countries (e.g. France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Bulgaria) have imposed a ban on wearing full face veils in public. In Switzerland, where this became law in 2016, anyone flouting this ban will be fined the huge sum of €9200. The arguments there and elsewhere range from security issues, to the right of others to see with whom they are sharing the public sphere, to the argument that the burka is not a requirement of Islam. In Switzerland, there is a particular aversion to "the aesthetic transformation of the public sphere" by the wearing of such a garment. This is also demonstrated by the 2009 ban on the future construction of minarets in Switzerland. It is not only in Europe that legislation has been implemented. In 2017, Morocco enforced a ban on the manufacture, sale and wearing of full face veils in public and the Egyptian parliament is currently debating it.
Latterly, particularly in light of Trump's anti Muslim rhetoric and actions, the veiled woman may be seen not as submissive but subversive. There is no interest in the West in the ambiguities of the veil. "The refusal of the veiled woman to be visible is poised against security imperatives delineated by the Western state to protect its citizens", with the veiled woman's reconstruction as "the subversive, the potential or actual terrorist" serving to justify surveillance regimes.
"The veil as object appears now accompanied and offset by other veils: the veils of ignorance and bigotry, the veils of prejudice and hatred, of xenophobia and racism. These veils cannot be seen as easily as the veil that is the subject of this book, but they enable their own subterfuge, taking from all those caught in their folds the ability to see."
This is a timely, if not altogether original, work. I found it interesting to look at the veil from many different perspectives, aesthetic, social, political and religious. At times, the tone is angry rather than measured and it may be that a little editing would be wise. I was always taught that the one to lose his temper was the one to lose the argument. It's easy to understand why this is such an emotive subject however, and Zakaria's arguments have given me a lot to ponder.
With thanks to NetGalley and Bloomsbury Academic for an ARC.