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English, Russian (translation)

318 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1981

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About the author

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

490 books125 followers
Mikhail Saltykov was born on 27 January 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol (modern-day Taldomsky District of the Moscow Oblast of Russia) as one of the eight children (five brothers and three sisters) in the large Russian noble family of Yevgraf Vasilievich Saltykov (1776—1851) and Olga Mikhaylovna Saltykova (née Zabelina) (1801—1874). His father belonged to an ancient Saltykov noble house that originated as one of the branches of the Morozov boyar family. According to the Velvet Book, it was founded by Mikhail Ignatievich Morozov nicknamed Saltyk (from the Old Church Slavonic word "saltyk" meaning "one's own way/taste"), the son of Ignaty Mikhailovich Morozov and a great-grandson of the founder of the dynasty Ivan Semyonovich Moroz who lived during the 14-15th centuries. The Saltykov family also shared the Polish Sołtyk coat of arms. It gave birth to many important political figures throughout history, including the Tsaritsa of Russia Praskovia Saltykova and her daughter, the Empress of Russia Anna Ioannovna.

Saltykov's mother was an heir to a rich Moscow merchant of the 1st level guild Mikhail Petrovich Zabelin whose ancestors belonged to the so-called trading peasants and who was granted hereditary nobility for his handsome donation to the army needs in 1812; his wife Marfa Ivanovna Zabelina also came from wealthy Moscow merchants. At the time of Mikhail Saltykov's birth, Yevgraf was fifty years old, while Olga was twenty five. Mikhail spent his early years on his parents' large estate in Spasskoye on the border of the Tver and Yaroslavl governorates, in the Poshekhonye region.

"In my childhood and teenage years I witnessed serfdom at its worst. It saturated all strata of social life, not just the landlords and the enslaved masses, degrading all classes, privileged or otherwise, with its atmosphere of a total lack of rights, when fraud and trickery were the order of the day, and there was an all-pervading fear of being crushed and destroyed at any moment," he remembered, speaking through one of the characters of his later work Old Years in Poshekhonye. Life in the Saltykov family was equally difficult. Dominating the weak, religious father was despotic mother whose intimidating persona horrified the servants and her own children. This atmosphere was later recreated in Shchedrin's novel The Golovlyov Family, and the idea of "the devastating effect of legalized slavery upon the human psyche" would become one of the prominent motifs of his prose. Olga Mikhaylovna, though, was a woman of many talents; having perceived some in Mikhail, she treated him as her favourite.

The Saltykovs often quarrelled; they gave their children neither love nor care and Mikhail, despite enjoying relative freedom in the house, remembered feeling lonely and neglected. Another thing Saltykov later regretted was his having been completely shut out from nature in his early years: the children lived in the main house and were rarely allowed to go out, knowing their "animals and birds only as boiled and fried." Characteristically, there were few descriptions of nature in the author's works.

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Displaying 1 - 15 of 15 reviews
Profile Image for Orçun Güzer.
Author 1 book57 followers
May 20, 2018
Daha önce, “Bir Kasabanın Tarihi” adlı kara mizah klasiği olan romanını İngilizce çevirisinden okuduğum Saltikov-Sçedrin’in bir hiciv ustası olduğunu biliyordum; nitekim, “Büyüklere Masallar”da da hayal kırıklığına uğramadım. Sçedrin, 1883-1886 yılları arasında yazdığı bu masalımsı hikâyelerde, fabl türünün içinde bulundurduğu “ibret” öğesini modern bir hiciv silahı olarak kullanmış ve edebiyat içinde kalarak yapılabilecek en ilginç sosyal ve siyasal eleştirileri ortaya koymuş – bazen insanları, bazen hayvanları kullanarak. Okuru gülümsetirken düşündürmeyi başarıyor, ama bu gülümseme her zaman bir burukluk içinde kalıyor; hatta hicivden trajediye geçişler de oluyor. Mazlum Beyhan’ın önsözünden, Sçedrin’in biraz da şartların dayatmasıyla, Çarlık Rusyası’nın sansüründen sıyrılmak için fabl türünü benimsediğini anlıyoruz; yani yazarın kıvrak zekâsına da iyi bir örnek oluşturuyor. Son olarak, Sçedrin’in bir Ambrose Bierce olmadığını, fabllarındaki eleştirelliğin sinizmle değil, hümanizmle beslendiğini belirtmem gerek: Kurduğu alegorilerin temelinde, ezenlere, sömürenlere, özgürlükleri kısıtlayanlara ve sömürülmeyi, güdülmeyi kabullenenlere karşı öfkesini hissetmek mümkün…

NOT: Bir Kasabanın Tarihi de Türkçe’ye çevrilsin artık!
Profile Image for Atreju.
202 reviews15 followers
April 20, 2022
Raccolta interessante, magari una mezza stelletta in più se la merita anche. A tratti divertente, nello stile satirico di Saltykov-Schedrin. Lui è un maestro di queste situazioni, è uno dei campioni della satira russa. Camuffa con le parole e con artifizi letterari le sue critiche sferzanti e feroci, in modo da essere più sfuggente agli artigli censori. Queste favole costituiscono un vero e proprio serraglio satirico, i protagonisti sono per lo più (ma non solo) animali (orsi, lepri, volpi, pesci, uccelli e via discorrendo). La tematica sottostante è ben evidente, politico-moraleggiante (la sottomissione forzata di molti alla forza bruta e al potere). Messa così, avrebbe forse potuto appassionarmi un po' di più, ma il testo mi è parso un po' troppo datato.
Profile Image for Sergey Barsamyan.
55 reviews18 followers
October 29, 2010
Highly allegoric, deeply impressive tales... so much truth in them. I wish Saltykov-Shchedrin tales were must-read in junior school.
Profile Image for Trounin.
2,092 reviews45 followers
November 3, 2025
Говоря о творчестве Салтыкова, читатель обязательно упомянет иносказательную манеру писателя. Расскажет и про неуместность такого изложения для будущих поколений. Отчасти это является правдой. Другое дело, если Михаил брался повествовать открыто, сказав, будто бы пишет для детей. А ежели так, то и сюжет его произведений воспринимается за сказочный. И в это охотно веришь, видя в повествовании не глупость кого-то конкретно, а такое, что можно приписать едва ли не всему человечеству. В начале 1869 года Салтыков задумал цикл «Для детей», начав его публиковать в «Отечественных записках». Но три произведения из него Михаил впоследствии включит в сборник со сказками. Поэтому с той поры рассказы «Повесть о том, как один мужик двух генералов прокормил», «Пропала совесть» и «Дикий помещик» читатель воспринимает в качестве именно сказочных сюжетов, тогда как прочие рассказы из цикла «Для детей» не вспоминает вовсе.

Чем же Салтыков задумал обрадовать своего юного читателя? Насколько бы странным и абсурдным не воспринимался данный вопрос. Поведать совсем уж о неправдоподобном. Вместе с тем, Михаил отсылал к прошлому, когда подобное возможно могло иметь место быть, особенно во времена крепостного права. Некогда баре не могли ничего делать самостоятельно, поскольку их кормили, одевали и обеспечивали им досуг подчинённые под их власть люди. Им оставалось только проснуться, скоротать очередной день и заснуть. Так неспешно протекала жизнь в окружении сельских пейзажей, в случае нахождения в поместных владениях. Не совсем понятно, насколько такими же могли быть армейские генералы. Но по Салтыкову получается — вполне себе могли.

Поместил Михаил двух генералов на остров, и по их просьбе дал им мужика. Стали те генералы глупые свои суждения высказывать, ни в чём не способные понять тщетность собственного бытия. Они и потом ничего не поймут, когда покинут остров. Столь же странная ситуация возникнет в случае обратной реализации желания помещика, решившего вовсе избавиться от мужиков. Ему-де мешал спёртый воздух, дышать стало нечем. Что по итогу? Ничего не делается, никто не обеспечит досуг, но он, как и в случае с генералами, понять причину того не сможет. Совести у них нет — скажет любой здравомыслящий человек. Или назовёт таких людей олухами. За что Богом им только была дана власть над людьми? Пусть дети сами решат, где в рассказанных историях была спрятана суть. Благо, времена крепостничества прошли, помещики успели вдоволь хлебнуть горя от неумения самостоятельно налаживать быт.

Читатель может делать любые выводы на основе прочитанного. Скажет, словно не имелось прежде разума на Руси, измельчавшего после Петра до полной его утраты, а теперь, в век перемен, начавшего возвращаться назад. Так подумает читатель, ещё не знающий о будущей трансформации мысли у самого Салтыкова, в горьких рассуждениях должного выработать точку зрения о невозможности исправить ситуацию к лучшему. Какими люди были, такими им и предстоит быть. Останутся точно такие же генералы и помещики, пусть названные как-то иначе. Над ними будут точно таким же образом потешаться, выражая горечь от невозможности исправить ситуацию к лучшему. Этого действительно не произойдёт! Иначе почему годы идут, а сказочные сюжеты, как и басенные, переписываются из поколения в поколение, практически не претерпевая изменений? Именно потому! Пока же предлагается на время остановить ход измышлений о бренности бытия, сообщаемого для юного читателя. Михаил ещё не думал писать много сказок — а вот лет через десять твёрдо решится написать целый сборник.

(c) Trounin
257 reviews
March 31, 2020
Метафоры Салтыкова-Щедрина просты и понятны, но от этого не кажутся слабыми. Даже наоборот: передавать человеческие пороки через качества, традиционно приписываемые сказками животным, - это беспроигрышный ход.
Особенно актуальной в свете последних событий и их влияния на образование показалась сказка "Орел-Меценат". Она обратила внимание читателя на то, что, как бы хорошо ни было образование, если им руководит дурак (консерватор, ретроград, свой вариант), то ничего хорошего из этого не выйдет.
Profile Image for Sergey Barsamyan.
55 reviews18 followers
July 3, 2012
Great, touching fables with deep meanings. Absolute classics!
Profile Image for Sinan Öner.
399 reviews
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January 25, 2022
Rus edebiyatının 19. Yüzyıl'da dünya edebiyatında yaptığı yeniliklerde Saltykov-Shchedrin'in eserleri unutulmaz! "Büyüklere Masallar", Türkçe'de farklı yayınevlerinde çeşitli yıllarda yayınlanmıştır, Saltykov-Schedrin'in öyküleri, Aziz Nesin'den Orhan Kemal'e öykücüleri esinledi, okurları Saltykov-Shchedrin'i unutmadılar, Mazlum Beyhan'ın Türkçesi ile "Büyüklere Masallar" yeniden yayınlandı! Saltykov-Shchedrin, öykülerinde, Rus toplumunu betimliyor, "önyargı"sız bir izlenimcilikle, Rus Halkı'nı günlük yaşayışının koşulları içinde anlatıyor. Ünlü öyküsü "Vicdan Kayboldu"nun da içinde olduğu "Büyüklere Masallar"ıyla Saltykov-Schedrin, Rus toplumunun "köleci"likten, "feodal Çarlık diktası"ndan özgürlüğe, modernliğe, burjuva veya proleter ya da burjuvalarla köylülerin, burjuvalarla işçi sınıfının anlaştığı bir demokratizme, çoğulcu bir politik rejime yönelişinin öykülerini yazıyor. Saltykov-Schedrin, Rusya'da toplumsal bir devrimi öngörüsünü öykülerinde açıklıyor, 19. Yüzyıl'ın bir çok Rus yazarları gibi, Gogol gibi, Puşkin gibi, Belinski gibi, Dostoyevski gibi, Çehov gibi, Turgenyev gibi, Gorki gibi!
Profile Image for Chet.
275 reviews47 followers
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November 19, 2023
Saltykov Shchedrin is widely regarded as one of Russia's greatest satirists. He was a contemporary of Dostoevsky. The two famously feuded in print. I first learned about him through Joseph Frank's biography of Dostoevsky. Then I was reading a travelogue from the USSR written by Lion Feutchwanger wherein he mentions Stalin's penchant for citing the fables of Saltykov Shchedrin in his speeches. That's why I started with these Tales, as opposed to his more well known plays, for example. But I struck out on two counts: the fable Feutchwanger mentions Stalin citing wasn't compiled here (my desire to read the full tale in English left unsatisfied), and this volume itself unfortunately does a poor job contextualizing the fables, such that it's unclear which aspects of Russian society are being targeted and why. This is not true for all the tales but it is true for most of them. I would not recommend this volume as a good English language introduction to Saltykov Shchedrin. Out of further curiosity I will probably read his dramas that are available in English soon.
463 reviews
December 23, 2021
Not subtle, and extremely preachy. I thought Tolstoy was the ruling monarch of beating readers over the head with morals, but Saltykov-Shchedrin can boralize for England.

I must have had to read some of these stories in school, but honestly I didn't remember most of them. I listened to this as an audiobook (thank you, Librivox!) and the reading is by one of my favorite volunteers on there, tovarisch, but even he couldn't redeem the tediousness and obviousness. There is no humor here, and the reader is told what to think about everything at all times. Even the dratted Коняга, which was working okay for a while, eventually ended with "oh and here, dear reader, is the moral of this story, in case you're too stupid to understand metaphors and symbolism."
Profile Image for Olya Neshcheretnaya.
35 reviews
January 19, 2016
Tales of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is perhaps the strangest collection of tales I've ever read. More precisely: depriving words. It's not children's stories. This is a tale with political overtones, revealing the attitudes of different segments of the population, their inequality. Substituting people different animals, the author seeks to show by their example how to do it and don't need based on the modern realities of that time.
Satire of the author is understandable, but at the same time not interesting. The plot of fairy tales is not captured. Maybe just not enough subtleties in ridicule of the man, the man, the evils of....
Profile Image for Evghenii.
123 reviews22 followers
January 24, 2015
Глубокий взгляд в человеческие слабости, чиновничью глупость и реалии современности. Настолько же насущные сегодня как и во времена автора. Политическая сатира к которой необходимо прислушаться для того, что бы мы сегодня не совершали тех же самых ошибок.
Profile Image for Linar.
128 reviews4 followers
December 15, 2016
С сарказмом. Люблю сарказм.
Profile Image for Ivan.
1,013 reviews35 followers
March 21, 2018
Салтыков-Щедрин, несмотря на популярность его, мне не очень нравился из-за его характерной тенденции к ёрничанию.
Profile Image for Eithan.
761 reviews
March 5, 2019
Kind of Animal farm- Saltykov uses animals allegories to lash out at the wrongs of his time, most of the stories are very good
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