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Foundations of Mormon Thought and Practice

Feeding the Flock: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Church and Praxis

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Feeding the Flock, the second volume of Terryl L. Givens's landmark study of the foundations of Mormon thought and practice, traces the essential contours of Mormon practice as it developed from Joseph Smith to the present. Despite the stigmatizing fascination with its social innovations (polygamy, communalism), its stark supernaturalism (angels, gold plates, and seer stones), and its most esoteric aspects (a New World Garden of Eden, sacred undergarments), as well as its long-standing outlier status among American Protestants, Givens reminds us that Mormonism remains the most enduring--and thriving--product of the nineteenth-century's religious upheavals and innovations.
Because Mormonism is founded on a radically unconventional cosmology, based on unusual doctrines of human nature, deity, and soteriology, a history of its development cannot use conventional theological categories. Givens has structured these volumes in a way that recognizes the implicit logic of Mormon thought. The first book, Wrestling the Angel, centered on the theoretical foundations of Mormon thought and doctrine regarding God, humans, and salvation. Feeding the Flock considers Mormon practice, the authority of the institution of the church and its priesthood, forms of worship, and the function and nature of spiritual gifts in the church's history, revealing that Mormonism is still a tradition very much in the process of formation.
At once original and provocative, engaging and learned, Givens offers the most sustained account of Mormon thought and practice yet written.

416 pages, Hardcover

Published July 3, 2017

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About the author

Terryl L. Givens

39 books211 followers
Terryl L. Givens was born in upstate New York, raised in the American southwest, and did his graduate work in Intellectual History (Cornell) and Comparative Literature (Ph.D. UNC Chapel Hill, 1988), working with Greek, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and English languages and literatures. As Professor of Literature and Religion, and the James A. Bostwick Professor of English at the University of Richmond, he teaches courses in Romanticism, nineteenth-century cultural studies, and the Bible and Literature. He has published in literary theory, British and European Romanticism, Mormon studies, and intellectual history.

Dr. Givens has authored several books, including The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy (Oxford 1997); By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion (Oxford 2003); People of Paradox: A History of Mormon Culture (Oxford 2007); The Book of Mormon: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2009); and When Souls had Wings: Pre-Mortal Life in Western Thought (2010). Current projects include a biography of Parley P. Pratt (with Matt Grow, to be published by Oxford in 2011), a sourcebook of Mormonism in America (with Reid Neilson, to be published by Columbia in 2011), an Oxford Handbook to Mormonism (with Phil Barlow), and a two volume history of Mormon theology. He lives in Montpelier, Virginia.

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Displaying 1 - 19 of 19 reviews
Profile Image for Connie.
383 reviews17 followers
February 1, 2025
Terryl L. Givens is Professor of Literature and Religion at the University of Richmond. Feeding the Flock is the second book in a two-part series studying the foundations of the doctrine and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As a professor and a member of this church himself, he approaches this in a highly academic manner with great objectivity yet without lacking faith, in my opinion. This volume focuses on the practices including the institution of the church, priesthood, worship, and spiritual gifts.

After reading the first of this series many years ago, I’ve been meaning to read this second book for a while. I find Dr. Givens' perspective on “Mormon” theology fascinating. I appreciate how thoroughly he treats this subject and found the academic writing style to enhance the experience. I’m not super familiar with concepts of theological study. However, since the subject interests me, it wasn’t too difficult to follow along. It was interesting to learn some of the concepts surrounding theology, such as ecclesiology, soteriology, and orthopraxy. The addition of “Mormon” theology in the larger perspective of early Christian and Jewish thought was enlightening.

Unfortunately, I think the academic nature of this writing makes this a work unlikely to be picked up by many. The general LDS population would find the writing style off-putting, I think. The people most likely to read this are scholars and students of theology. This is a shame, since there really is great value here.
Profile Image for Sharman Wilson.
370 reviews17 followers
October 8, 2018
I suppose I am not likely the intended audience for this book. I believe it was written primarily for non-Mormons who are interested in Mormon studies. This is the second volume of Terryl Givens' history of Mormon thought, the first being Wrestling the Angel. Whereas the first volume dealt with the key theological concepts of the nature of God and man and the relationship between them, this volume lays out the history of Mormonism's ecclesiastical structure and religious practices. Such a topic might seem dull to a born and bred Mormon--a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints--who is well-acquainted with such things, but I happen to love the study of religion, including my own tradition. I like to read what respected scholars--both insiders and outsiders--have to say. I appreciate the perspective of this particular author because he places Mormonism within the broader context of Judeo Christian history. He takes Christian church practices, organizational structures, and the theology behind them and traces them from their early roots in Judaism to early Christianity. He follows the often heated debates that led to the Reformation and modern sectarianism. Mormonism can be seen as a response to this splintering of the Christian church into bitter competing sects. Established in 1830 as the restoration (as an ongoing process) of the "true and living" church of Jesus Christ by the founder, Joseph Smith, and his followers, it centers on the Christ of the New Testament, but with twists that other Christians deem heretical. Many of the twists go back to Old Testament concepts and practices. Givens compares and contrasts Mormon practices as they developed over time with those of Judaism and different Christian sects. I love getting the big picture!
83 reviews2 followers
March 15, 2021
Terryl Givens’ Wrestling the Angel and Feeding the Flock are an investigation of “the essentials of Mormon teaching” in the historical and theological context of Western Christianity (WTA, xi). Given the church’s restorationist claims, such an investigation can bring up uncomfortable questions: if the doctrines of the church are simply a mashup of beliefs that circulated Joseph Smith’s environment, can the church’s narrative of a long apostasy and restoration really be true?
Sometimes, our beliefs are not as unique as I have thought they are.
The famous verse of “O My Father” written by Eliza R. Snow that references Heavenly Mother has rhetorical similarities in a Shaker preacher’s poem:
To whom does woman owe her birth?
Did she originate
From nothing but her mother earth,
In her primeval state?
Can any one suppose she was,
From Adam’s rib alone,
Without a corresponding cause,
From the eternal throne?
The Church’s teachings on spiritual gifts and miracles seem somewhat consistent with Joseph Smith’s peers’ teachings. Early Protestant thinkers were skeptical of Catholic claims of miracles, relics, exorcisms, and visions. Spiritual gifts therefore were not part of many early Protestant churches. The Second Great Awakening in America was characterized by a rejection of this early Protestant tendency, and Shakers, Methodists, and Presbyterians had dramatic manifestations of spiritual gifts. Mormonism’s embrace of spiritual gifts actually seems restrained when compared to its early American context.
Joseph’s revelation on the kingdoms of glory contradicted the then common notion that “hell was . . . a more popular venue than heaven” (WTA, 241). But Joseph was not alone in this countercultural crusade; in fact, some of his notions align with Universalist teachings, which Joseph would have been exposed to through his paternal line (his grandfather Asael was a Universalist). The Universalist Charles Beecher (of legendary Beecher family fame!) taught that “the offers of salvation are made to men after death” and that “God, to affect men, overstates the reality of future punishment” (WTA, 245). These statements align with what is taught in Doctrine and Covenants (see Doctrine and Covenants 138:28-32, and Doctrine and Covenants 19:4-12).
Where Joseph does vary from Universalists is in his emphasis on ordinances and priesthood. Vicarious ordinances for the dead were practiced in the 2nd century and then by a short-lived 300-person eccentric religious community in the 18th century in Pennsylvania before the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began the practice (FTF, 163). Given the strong anti-Catholic sentiments of Joseph’s environment, this was an unpopular development, but the concept of priesthood is deeply embedded in Joseph’s early revelations (see Joseph Smith History 1:38). Authors and preachers would demean Mormonism and Catholicism in the same breath.
Givens portrays Mormon doctrine on the fall of Adam and Eve as quite unique in Christianity. There was a tradition of a “fortunate fall,” but, as Givens writes, “the fall is fortunate insofar as the human sin of infinite hubris called forth the unspeakable gift of Christ’s infinite grace . . . The fall is divinely mitigated disaster, but it is first and foremost a disaster. Not so in Mormonism . . . The fall itself is fortunate, insofar as it unleashes not the triple scepter of sin, death, and depravity but the possibilities of human incarnation and the educative processes of mortality” (WTA 184-185). In Joseph’s retelling of Adam and Eve, both Adam and Eve look back on the partaking of the fruit of knowledge of good and evil and their expulsion from Eden as a positive development for humankind (Moses 5:10-11).
Givens does not use his research to comment on the church’s narrative of apostasy and restoration. That allows space for the reader to consider an overview of Christian teaching alongside teachings of the Church and reach their own conclusions, but it does mean that the books lack a central argument that might make the books more readable. Seeing Joseph Smith’s ability to draw from different aspects of his environment, go against popular opinion, and articulate doctrines that were innovative or had been dormant for hundreds of years did reinforce my belief that he was a remarkable and inspired man. As Wrestling the Angel and Feeding the Flock are dense, not plot or argument-driven books, it may be difficult to read them through. However, these books are thorough and encyclopedic in their overview of Mormon teaching and would be highly valuable on a consult-by-topic basis, and I anticipate referencing them again.
191 reviews
February 19, 2018
I looked forward to reading this since finishing "Wrestling the Angel." This second volume focuses on church practice. I appreciate how he introduces each idea by first relating the historical/biblical context and changes over time, relating it to other Christian practices, and finally explaining the Mormon historical context. He shows that practices are evolving and changing over time.

Some topics I especially connected to:

-Why church? "Ministering, edifying and teaching...material synergy... At the same time, institutional religion comes at a cost...faith, yearning, love and loyalty become overwhelmed by forms, rules and procedures." But worship lifts the soul from preoccupation with self, centers on the adoration and praise of God within an eternal family relationship, and is a a communal activity.
-"Obviously, salvation is not confined to members of the institutional church...In this view, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a portal of salvation, not the reservoir of the righteous or the domain of the saved."
-My reason for attending church: "In Mormon thought, then, participation in the church, that is, the formal, visible institution, gives one access to knowledge of the full scope of human origins and futures, along with those poses and prerogatives that have the effect of integrating the individual into relationship with Good and into eternal relationship with other humans..." pg 29
-"Mormon sacramentalism is a logical extension of Augustine's belief that 'the lessons of grace is love and the essence of man's salvation that he should become loving.'"
-Women and the priesthood from a historical context. "...Smith vigorously encouraged the women to be more, not less, actively engaged in mirroring their priesthood-holding counterparts..." pg. 139
-Spiritual gifts: "rationality is of course a relative term..." Haha!! History of speaking in tongues, singing in tongues, exorcism, and discernment.
-"From the beginning, women had been as conspicuous as men in exhibiting the spiritual gifts like speaking and singing in tongues, so healing would be no exception." pg. 241
-Mormon scripture and the importance of Enoch..."The Enoch test produced the most emphatic version of a passible deity the Christian world then knew--a God of passions and emotions--the Weeping God of Mormonism."
-Changing importance of the Word of Wisdom over time.

Terryl Givens is not an easy read, but each time I finish a book, I feel a renewed appreciation for my religious practice.
Profile Image for Chad.
461 reviews77 followers
August 2, 2017
I have been looking forward to reading Feeding the Flock ever since I finished Givens’ amazing work on Mormon doctrine, Wrestling with the Angel. Feeding continues what Givens started in Wrestling, but with an emphasis on Church ecclesiology—Church organization and structure.

Following the pattern in Wrestling, Givens typically follows a general pattern when explaining Church doctrine or practice. He will introduce the idea in its biblical context. He will explain how the doctrine has been interpreted in early Christianity and modern Catholic and Protestant settings. He will then introduce the Mormon concept of the doctrine, it’s scriptural basis (including Book of Mormon and D&C) as well as modern interpretations.

Some aspects I found particularly engaging was Givens’ explanation of Reformation-era modifications to Christian doctrine. He cites Calvin, Luther, Wesley, etc and others of whom I am fairly unfamiliar with regarding topics such as the sacrament, original sin, excommunication, etc. I was also surprised to hear of Protestant covenantal theology. Covenants are a huge aspect of Mormon theology. Baptism is largely interpreted as a covenant with God, with further covenants taking place in the temple. I didn’t think covenants were a large portion of other Christian churches, but they do.

The book is separated into 11 chapters:

What is the Church and Why is it Necessary?
Covenantal Theology
Sacramental Theology
Priesthood Authority
Ecclesiastical Structure
Sacramental Ordinances—Salvific
Sacramental Ordinances—Non-salvific
Spiritual Gifts
Scripture
Worship
Boundary Maintenance
Profile Image for Carl.
403 reviews11 followers
December 8, 2019
A follow-up to his earlier volume on LDS theology and orthodoxy, this volume focuses on the more worldly and practical matters of orthopraxy and ecclesiology. In the introduction, Givens laments that the nature of this subject means the various categories and topics overlap to a great degree, and reading the book definitely demonstrates that. He follows the various developments of LDS practices from their inceptions (and always with comments on their Christian or Jewish precursors) with his usual astuteness, even if at times it felt to me like he was rushing through the material, even though the book is very thorough and everything gets a more than sufficient treatment. A great read for anybody seeking to understand more about the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from its origins up to the present (or at least up to 2017, when this volume was published, as some things have shifted since then, like the new two hour block and new temple recommend questions, as low-hanging fruit examples).
Profile Image for Tyler.
769 reviews11 followers
October 25, 2021
Like the first book in the duology, Wrestling the Angel, this book was a very well-written and thought-provoking exposition of the doctrines and beliefs of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. I deeply appreciate Terryl Givens' way of framing our beliefs within the larger context of what other Christians believe. His comparisons to Catholicism and various branches of Protestant thought, and his tracing the development of various doctrinal questions and practices over time across various denominations, was a very enriching part of both this book and its predecessor. To me it is so enlightening to understand both the common ground we share with other faiths as well as the significant points of divergence.

This book was a very valuable addition to my personal education of the restored gospel of Jesus Christ, and I highly recommend it.
Profile Image for Mees.
287 reviews
July 16, 2018
I had some quibbles with the book (about how Givens presents non-Mormonism but also whether something can be claimed as a tradition’s theology if it isn’t present locally..trickle down theology is a thing, but this seemed more parallel theology to me sometimes.) but would recommend it to people who want to more substantively engage with Mormon theology—there’s a lot to engage with!
Profile Image for Larry.
376 reviews4 followers
November 6, 2023
Refreshing as Only Truth Can Be

Perspective is the word that comes to mind in attempting to describe my experience with this (and other of Givens’) works.

My faith is enriched and enlivened by an increased understanding of God’s influence, individual and institutional, as humankind in all eras of time has sought and seeks after Him.

God IS good. God IS great.
422 reviews11 followers
December 19, 2017
Givens helps readers understand developments of Mormon practice that were both common and unique in the religious context of their time. I found his focus on covenants, ordinances, and priesthood to be particularly insightful. Great follow-up to the doctrinal-focused Wrestling the Angel.
Profile Image for Terry Earley.
956 reviews12 followers
January 8, 2018
The beginning was very dense and academic.

Once you get through that and get accustomed to the prose, it will be very enlightening and uplifting. I highly recommend this one. Actually, Givens does not disappoint.
Profile Image for Megan.
504 reviews
August 27, 2020
Very interesting, but also very academic in style—especially the first few chapters. The second half was more interesting to me. I liked hearing about how various practices have evolved within my church, and it was great to better understand how LDS thought and practice fits into the larger Christian world. I recommend you read a few of my highlighted passages to get a feel for this and decide whether to read it for yourself.
Profile Image for Ruth.
573 reviews1 follower
November 12, 2018
I'm really enjoying Terry L.Givens, and I want to read more of what he's written.
Profile Image for Danielle.
421 reviews1 follower
November 19, 2018
I love Givens' work and style. He always makes me think, giving me interesting historical context and ideas to consider. Highly recommend.
Profile Image for Alvin.
38 reviews
November 9, 2017
An absolutely amazing overview of the doctrines and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Terryl Givens is a gifted scholar who speaks not only to non-members, but to members with a language that is descriptive and concise. I highly recommend this volume, along with his previous work Wrestling the Angel.
Displaying 1 - 19 of 19 reviews

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