This was one of those great books that articulates something I've felt or suspected but not been able to express: that defining happiness in psychological rather than political terms benefits the powerful.
"Since the 1960s, Western economies have been afflicted by an acute problem in which they depend more and more on our psychological and emotional engagement . . . forms of private disengagement, often manifest as depression and psychosomatic illnesses, do not only register in the suffering experienced by the individual . . . . evidence from social epidemiology paints a worrying picture of how unhappiness and depression are concentrated in highly unequal societies with strongly materialist, competitive values . . . . positive psychology and associated techniques then play a key role in helping to restore people's energy and drive. The hope is that a fundamental flaw in our current political economy may be surmounted, without confronting any serious political-economic questions" (9).
At the same time, new technologies are allowing much more widespread monitoring and tweaking of happiness ("experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks")
He outlines the paradoxical ways in which market research -- finding out what people want -- gets subverted by the assumption/bias/requirement that whatever states/desires are discovered can be filled through products/purchases (103).
He works to avoid cynicism by using the unhappiness of many contemporary people as a catalyst for political-social-economic reform: "If capitalism is being ground down by the chronic, unspecifiable alienation of those it depends on, then surely solving that problem may also open up possibilities for political reform? The hard economic costs that ennui now places upon employers and governments means that human misery has shown up as a chronic problem that elites cannot simply shove aside. The question of what type of work, and what type of workplace organization, might generate a real sense of commitment and enthusiasm on the part of workers should not be abandoned altogether." (109)
This was fascinating -- the degree to which competition and unequal outcomes breed depression: "More equal societies, such as Scandinavian nations, record lower levels of depression and higher levels of well-being overall, while depression is most common in highly unequal societies such as the United States and the United Kingdom" (142; cites The Spirit Level: It is a well-established fact that in rich societies the poor have shorter lives and suffer more from almost every social problem. The Spirit Level, based on thirty years of research, takes this truth a step further. One common factor links the healthiest and happiest societies: the degree of equality among their members. Further, more unequal societies are bad for everyone within them-the rich and middle class as well as the poor. The remarkable data assembled in The Spirit Level exposes stark differences, not only among the nations of the first world but even within America's fifty states. Almost every modern social problem-poor health, violence, lack of community life, teen pregnancy, mental illness-is more likely to occur in a less-equal society.).
More specifically, studies have demonstrated connections between those who participate in competitive sports and depression (143). He then argues that neo-liberalism, since the 1970s, has embedded this ethos of competition and moving from "better" to "more" into the culture in the US and Britan (146). He outlines the Chicago School of Economics view that restricted choices are acceptable because they "produce more utility overall." There is no good beyond allowing competition free rein: "to anyone complaining that today's market is dominated by corporate giants . . . go and start a future corporate giant yourself. What is stopping you? Do you not desire it enough? Do you not have the fight in you? If not, perhaps there is something wrong with you, not with society. This poses the question of what happens to the large number of people in a neoliberal society who are not possessed with the egoism, aggression and optimism of a Milton Friedman or a Steve Jobs." -- those people need to be medicated.
Outlines the history of defining depression as a disease in the DSM. "Henceforth, a mental illness was something detectable by observation and classification, which didn't require any explanation of why it had arisen" (174).
And the connections between depression and neoliberalism: Bentham's utilitarianism was a communal measure: one person's happiness could be impeded for another person's benefit. "The depressive-competitive disorder of neoliberalism arises because the injunction to achieve a higher utility score -- be that measured in money or physical symptoms - becomes privatized. Very rich, very successful, very healthy firms or people could, and should, become even more so . . . . authority consists simply in measuring, rating, comparing and contrasting the strong and the weak without judgement, showing the weak how much stronger they might be, and confirming to the strong that they are winning, at least for the time being . . . . this condemns most people to the status of failures, with only the faint hope of future victory to cling onto" (179).
There was a fair amount of either complicated or a vague stuff about the ways in which notions of social capital/generosity/altruism are in fact being harnessed to the capitalist project, touted most for their benefits to the practitioner rather than the community.
What positive psychology ultimately does, Davies argues, is reduce relationships to "what am I getting out of this"/psychological pleasures. "As an endless stream of grandiose spectacles, Face book makes individuals feel worse about themselves and their own lives" (Ethan Kross et al., "Facebook use predicts decline in subjective well-being in young adults", PLOS One 8:8, 2013). "Relationships are there to be created, invested in and -- potentially -- abandoned, in pursuit of psychological optimization" (210).
Fascinating example of the healing powers of Growing Well, a cooperative vegetable growing public benefit organization in which anyone can volunteer, founded by a person who had done his masters on the benefits of participatory business practices (co-ops). "It [may be] precisely the behaviourist and medical view of mind -- as some sort of internal boidly organ or instrument which suffers silently -- that locks us into forms of passivity associated with depression and anxiety in the first place. A society designed to measure and manage fluctuations in pleasure and pain . . . may be set up for more instances of 'mental breakdown' than one designed to help people speak and participate" (249).
"Treating the mind (or brain) as some form of decontextualized entity that breaks down of it sown accord, requiring monitoring and fixing by experts, is a symptom of the very culture that produces a great deal of unhappiness today. Disempowerment is an integral part of how depression, stress and anxiety arise . . . and occurs as an effect of social, political and economic institutions and strategies, not of neural or behavioural errors." (250)
Research traditions that share this focus on disempowerment
community psychology, US 1980s, individuals can only be understood in social contexts
David Smail
Mark Rapley: "allied to a critique of capitalism, these pscyhologists have offered alternative interpretations of psychiatric symptoms, based on a more sociological and political understanding of unhappiness" (250)
social epidemiology, Carles Muntaner in Canada, Richard Wilkinson UK, tries to understand how mental disorders vary across different societies and different social classes, correlating with different socioeconomic conditions
"Once the critical eye is turned upon institutions, and away from the emotion or mood of the individual who inhabits them, things start to look very different indeed. Among wealthy nations, the rate of mental illness correlates very closely to the level of economic inequality across society as a whole, with the United States at the top . . . unemployment exerts a far more negative effect on people psychologically than the mere loss of earnings would suggest [studies show that $250K annually would be required to make unemployed people psychologically whole] . .. . employee well-being is higher in employee-owned companies, where decision-making is more participatory and authority more distributed . . . David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu have [documented precise ways in which austerity policies lead to deteriorating mental and physical health and ways in which recessions can be an opportunity for improvements in public health]. people find work more fulfilling in not-for-profit organizations than in private businesses, leading to lower stress levels." (252). Materialism and loneliness are correlated and mutually reinforcing.
"What it all comes down to is the question of how power is distributed in society and in the economy. Where individuals feel buffeted by forces over which they have no influence - be that managerial discretion, financial insecurity, images of bodily perfection, relentless performance measures, the constant experiments of social media platforms, the diktats of well-being gurus -- they will not only find it harder to achieve contentment in their lives, but they will also be at much greater risk of suffering some more drastic breakdown. As Muntaner's research has shown, those at the bottom of the income scale are most vulnerable in this respect. Trying to maintain a stable family while income is unpredictable and work is insecure is among the most stressful things a person can do. No politician should be permitted to stand up and talk about mental health or stress without also clarifying where they stand on the issue of economic precariousness of the most vulnerable people in society.
"Why does this critical discourse not achieve more political bite? . . . in the long history of scientifically analyzing the relationship between subjective feelings and external circumstances, there is always the tendency to see the former as more easily changeable than the latter. As many positive psychologists now enthusiastically encourage people to do, if you can't change the cause of your distress, try and alter the way you react and feel instead. This is also how critical politics has been neutralized.
"Altering social and economic structures is not easy. It is frustrating, unpredictable and often deeply disappointing. What is hard to deny, however, is that it becomes virtually impossible ot do in any legitimate way once institutions and individuals have become so precoocupied by measuring and manipulating individual feelings and choices." (250-255).
"Psychology is a door through which we pass on the way to political dialogue, rather than . . . the Benthamite and behaviorist traditions which view psychology as a step towards physiology and/or economics, precisely so as to shut the door on politics." (267).
Richard Bentall: even quite severe forms of mental illness, usually treated with psychiatric medications, can be alleviated through a "careful form of engagement with the sufferer and their life history . . . listening and talking will not 'cure' them, because they are not 'treatments' in the first place. But behind the symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia there are stories and emotional injuries which only a good listener will discover . . . it may now be more radical to highlight precisely the ways in which ordinary people do know what they're oding, can make sense of their lives, are clear about their interests . . one of the most important human capacities rediscovered by the sociological psychologist is the ability of the speaker to offer a critical judgment. To describe a critique or a complaint as a form of 'unhappiness' or 'displeasure' is to bluntly misunderstand what those terms mean . . .. the attempt to drag all forms of negativity under a single neural or mental definition of unhappiness (often classed as depression) is perhaps the most pernicious of the political consequences of utilitarianism generally.
"If we understand concepts such as 'critique' and 'complaint' properly, we will recognize that they involve a particular form of negative orientation towards the world, that both the critic herself and her audience are aware of . . . . notions such as 'critique' and 'complaint' mean nothing without also appreciating that people have the unique power to interpret and narrate their own lives . . . . recognizing that people get angry, critical, resistant and frustrated is to understand that they have reasons to feel or act in these ways . . . there are good reason to accept the narratives that people offer about their own lives. If someone is invited to express her feeling (rather than instructed to correctly name or quantify it), she makes it into a social phenomenon. Once people are critical or angry, they can also be critical or angry about something which is external to themselves . . . . this is already a less lonely, less depressive, less narcissistic state of affairs than one in which people wonder how their minds or brains are behaving, and what they should do to improve them" (27)
some interesting philosophical stuff on the power of listening in a world system based on the power to observe and visualize (268)
"Businesses which are organized around a principle of dialogue and co-operative control would be another starting point for a critical mind turned outwards upon the world, and not inwards upon itself. One of the advantages of employee-owned businesses is that they are far less reliant on the forms of psychological control that managers of corporations have relied on since the 1920s. There is no need for somewhat ironic HR rhetoric about the 'staff being the number one asset' in firms where that is constitutionally recognized. It is only under conditions of ownership and management which render most people expendable that so much 'soft' rhetorical effort has to be undertaken to reassure them that they are not [LOL *how* many times have I thought this at work!]
"Any faintly realistic account of organizations must recognize that there is an optimal amount of dialogue and consultation, between zero at one end (the Frederick Taylor position) and constant deliberation. Arguing for democratic business structures cannot plausibly mean the democratization of every single decision, at every moment in time. But it is not clear that the case for management autarchy still works either, even on its own terms. If the argument for hierarchies is that they are efficient, cut costs, get things done, a more nuanced reading of much of the research on unhappiness, stress, depression and absence in the workplace would suggest that current organizational structures are failing even in this limited aim.
"Consultation or dialogue which is purely there to make employees feel valued is useless and repeats the same error yet again. The goal is not to make employees feel valued, but the rearrange power relations such that they are valued, a state of affairs that will most likely influence hwo they feel as a side effect." (273)
democratic dialogue is a skill that can be developed: "This is the real power of institutions, that they actively teach particular ways of feeling, and it is at once evidence that we have not nearly enough institutions which practically teach democracy. Examples of successful co-operatives confirm the truth in Williams's insight: over time, members become more skilled in deliberating about the collective and less likely to use democratic structures as vent for their private grievances and unhappiness . . . It is a telling indicator of how our political culture has changed in the past half century, that the contemporary equivalent of Williams's suggestion is that we teach resilience and mindfulness: silent relationships to the self, rather than vocal relationships to the other.
"Stress can be viewed as a medical problem, or it can be viewed as a political one . . . it arises in circumstances where individuals have lost control over their working lives . .. markets are not necessarily the problem; indeed they can be part of an escape from pervasive psychological control [have *so* seen this with the point system in our house]. Traditional paid work has a transparency around it which makes additional psychological and somatic management unnecessary. In contrast, workfare and internship arrangements which are offered as ways of making people feel more optimistic or raising their self-esteem replace exchange with further psychological control, often coupled to barely concealed exploitation" (274),