Written in 1885 Norway by early feminist Amalie Skram, this is a manifesto of sorts, criticizing the patriarchy, the double standard of sexuality, and the institutions of marriage and religion. The main character, a young woman named Constance Ring, is in a man’s world and resents women’s subservient role in it. She’s also in a religious world, and resents how it makes divorce even in the case of unhappiness or adultery very hard to obtain. She openly questions whether God exists, and points out how often society men have mistresses, often with lower-class women, and just write it off as meaningless physical pleasure. Everyone in society then looks the other way, so much so that Constance exclaims “if this is true and everybody accepts it, why don’t we get rid of this hypocritical institution? Why in the world don’t we practice polygamy openly?”
There are also some political bits here, as the characters span the spectrum from deeply conservative to wildly radical, and I thought it was interesting that the polarization led to the same kind of rhetoric and demonization that we see in today’s America (“Everything the Left wants is fundamentally destructive to society. My God – if they get power…” … my God, didn’t Lindsey Graham just say that?). Skram also touches on the plight of the poor, and through Constance makes it clear that she doesn’t “believe all that rubbish about anyone being able to find work who wants it – not enough to live on, at least.”
I sympathize for Constance, and there is great power when she is repulsed by her husband, an older, boorish man, and when “she didn’t feel, would never feel, it was her duty and her calling to make this fat, self-satisfied man happy, a man who never asked about her feelings, who treated her as if she didn’t have a soul in her body…” On the other hand, she’s so ice cold emotionally, and the combination of being bored with life and disgusted with people all makes for a pretty unlikeable character as the book goes on in its second half, which is also a little melodramatic. At one point she reaches a decision point and can go off and get a job, but decides to marry instead. She soon finds herself unhappy again, and seems caught between hating the conventional order of things and not wanting to embrace free love, or maybe between detesting the hypocrisy of pervasive adultery, and not wanting to admit many men have sexual needs. Even in her reaction to an episode to visiting a slum and helping the poor, when she sees how broken things are and the hypocrisy in others who are helping, she simply withdraws in negativity.
Still, all in all, this is a remarkable work, and Skram deserves credit for how clearly and honestly she puts forth her views, which were incendiary at the time. It’s also a good book to read while touring Norway, and to hear a feminine voice amidst her contemporaries, Ibsen and Bjørnson, who we hear so much more about.
Just one more quote, on adultery:
“The horror of being an unfaithful wife was so ingrained in her. Adulteress – whore. Oh, those words were unspeakable! There were better ways to describe this. ‘A woman only belongs to the man she loves,’ Mrs. Gyllembourg had written. And even if…Suppose Lorck were in love with a woman who wanted him as well. Would he think twice about it? Not for a minute. Not him, nor any of the other married men she knew. Why should women have all these scruples? Measure for measure – that was life’s only valid principle.”