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The Complete Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: 3 Books in One Volume
This carefully crafted ebook: “The Complete Adventures of Robinson Crusoe – 3 Books in One Volume (Illustrated)” is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents.
The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe relates the story of a man's shipwreck on a desert island and his subsequent adventures. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character —a castaway who spends thirty years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers, before ultimately being rescued. The story has been perceived to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called "Más a Tierra", now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966.
The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe describes how Crusoe settled in Bedford, married and produced a family, and that when his wife died, he went off on further adventures. Crusoe first returns to his island, and after that, circumstances take him off to Madagascar, then to Southeast Asia and China, and finally to Siberia. The story is speculated to be partially based on Moscow embassy secretary Adam Brand's journal detailing the embassy's journey from Moscow to Peking from 1693 to 1695.
Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe is a collection of essays on spiritual and ethical subjects, written supposedly by Robinson Crusoe in his old years as he contemplates on the story of his life. Though sometimes noticeably dreary, it is quite interesting at some points, as it reveals some Defoe's ideas about morality and religion.
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), was an English writer, journalist, and spy, most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is noted for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, and he is considered one of the founders of the English novel.
The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe relates the story of a man's shipwreck on a desert island and his subsequent adventures. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character —a castaway who spends thirty years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers, before ultimately being rescued. The story has been perceived to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called "Más a Tierra", now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966.
The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe describes how Crusoe settled in Bedford, married and produced a family, and that when his wife died, he went off on further adventures. Crusoe first returns to his island, and after that, circumstances take him off to Madagascar, then to Southeast Asia and China, and finally to Siberia. The story is speculated to be partially based on Moscow embassy secretary Adam Brand's journal detailing the embassy's journey from Moscow to Peking from 1693 to 1695.
Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe is a collection of essays on spiritual and ethical subjects, written supposedly by Robinson Crusoe in his old years as he contemplates on the story of his life. Though sometimes noticeably dreary, it is quite interesting at some points, as it reveals some Defoe's ideas about morality and religion.
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), was an English writer, journalist, and spy, most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is noted for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, and he is considered one of the founders of the English novel.
530 pages, Kindle Edition
First published January 1, 1719
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About the author
Daniel Defoe
5,681 books1,994 followersDaniel Defoe was an English novelist, journalist, merchant, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts, was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted him.
Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of business journalism and economic journalism.
Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of business journalism and economic journalism.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 66 reviews
September 15, 2025
ADVENTURE, SOLITUDE AND SIGNATURE STRENGTHS
An attempt to look at Robinson Crusoe from a Positive Psychology perspective
Instead of a spoiler alert, I dare you to read a note on Crusoe, which looks at the famous Solitaire from a different angle.
I have read some months ago a wonderful book of positive psychology- The Happiness Formula, written by an extraordinary German neuroscientist - Stefan Klein. This is translated in Romanian as Formula Fericirii, at Humanitas.
In it, Stefan Klein talks about a very large array of subjects, ranging from the famous Notre Dame nun’s study, to a research made in a community of Italians who lived way longer than their habits predicted. In The Happiness Formula we find Rosa Luxembourg and her shockingly blissful happiness while spending a sentence in…jail. We also have…Robinson Crusoe and his positive psychology approach to being shipwrecked on an island. Robinson made a list with what happened to him, looking at the sad and bright aspects:
- Negative- I am thrown on this land in the middle of the ocean
- Positive- I am alive
- Negative- everybody is dead
- Positive- except myself!
- Negative- all my clothes are gone
- Positive- it’s so hot I do not need any clothes
With this list, Robinson Crusoe does two psychological exercises without which we can’t be sure what would have happened to the sanity of his mind.
First of all, he detached himself somewhat from the tragic aspects of the misfortune which he suffered with the members of his crew. Sonja Lyubomirsky has written about this in her book, The How of Happiness and it is elaborated on, in the chapter on Coping With Adversity and Trauma- Happiness Activity No 6.
Robinson Crusoe boosts his morale by looking at the bright side. Even if alone on an island, he is alive, as opposed to his comrades. There are no clothes left, but hey…he does not need them. I will file this under the chapter on Gratitude. Doctor Martin Seligman, Professor Tal Ben-Shahar from Harvard and many others have written about the importance of gratitude.
There is an astonishing amount of research that proves the huge impact that gratitude makes on the life satisfaction of people who express it- be it in the form of a letter, daily exercises.
Without knowing about all this, the lonely man made his life better by writing down The Good, The Bad and The Ugly.
This brings me to the last positive psychology connection that I made while reading again Robinson Crusoe- the extreme danger of Solitude.
Isolation is terrible for our psychological well being. So much so that soon there will be signs advertising it. No smoking is already kind of obsolete- all that needed to know that already do, and those who choose to ignore the warning and smoke will do so indifferent to the size of the campaign. We could put signs all over the sky and it would be all to no good.
But few people know that Isolation is Twice as Dangerous as smoking. People who live like Robinson are at tremendous risk of dying, no matter how (mistakenly) appealing the adventure of escaping from it all on an island seems when we are stuck in traffic, or endure the ordeal of the urban jungle.
We are all much better off in society, than outside it. As social animals we would not resist on an island. Crusoe is the outlier, the exception.
It is true that people showed up. The first he saw however were…cannibals.
Robinson has been with me for a large part of my life…he still recalls memories, look – I have read an adaptation of the book for the nth time…n may be just three, come to think of it. The last time I read it, the other day- I skipped through parts of it as they seemed boring. Oh how we age- this was the most adventurous, fascinating story ever when I was a teenager and now it has lost much, if not most of its appeal.
Some of the events, even a song from one of the movie inspired by the book – have been inscribed with a hot iron in my memory;
- We are going to fly
- To the island of Friday
- Like the eagle…
The film was called Man Friday, as it places more emphasizes on the partner- slave. Peter O’Toole the magnificent was playing Robinson Crusoe.
This goes to prove that even reading again a book destined for a younger generation, there still are some useful conclusions to be drawn.
An attempt to look at Robinson Crusoe from a Positive Psychology perspective
Instead of a spoiler alert, I dare you to read a note on Crusoe, which looks at the famous Solitaire from a different angle.
I have read some months ago a wonderful book of positive psychology- The Happiness Formula, written by an extraordinary German neuroscientist - Stefan Klein. This is translated in Romanian as Formula Fericirii, at Humanitas.
In it, Stefan Klein talks about a very large array of subjects, ranging from the famous Notre Dame nun’s study, to a research made in a community of Italians who lived way longer than their habits predicted. In The Happiness Formula we find Rosa Luxembourg and her shockingly blissful happiness while spending a sentence in…jail. We also have…Robinson Crusoe and his positive psychology approach to being shipwrecked on an island. Robinson made a list with what happened to him, looking at the sad and bright aspects:
- Negative- I am thrown on this land in the middle of the ocean
- Positive- I am alive
- Negative- everybody is dead
- Positive- except myself!
- Negative- all my clothes are gone
- Positive- it’s so hot I do not need any clothes
With this list, Robinson Crusoe does two psychological exercises without which we can’t be sure what would have happened to the sanity of his mind.
First of all, he detached himself somewhat from the tragic aspects of the misfortune which he suffered with the members of his crew. Sonja Lyubomirsky has written about this in her book, The How of Happiness and it is elaborated on, in the chapter on Coping With Adversity and Trauma- Happiness Activity No 6.
Robinson Crusoe boosts his morale by looking at the bright side. Even if alone on an island, he is alive, as opposed to his comrades. There are no clothes left, but hey…he does not need them. I will file this under the chapter on Gratitude. Doctor Martin Seligman, Professor Tal Ben-Shahar from Harvard and many others have written about the importance of gratitude.
There is an astonishing amount of research that proves the huge impact that gratitude makes on the life satisfaction of people who express it- be it in the form of a letter, daily exercises.
Without knowing about all this, the lonely man made his life better by writing down The Good, The Bad and The Ugly.
This brings me to the last positive psychology connection that I made while reading again Robinson Crusoe- the extreme danger of Solitude.
Isolation is terrible for our psychological well being. So much so that soon there will be signs advertising it. No smoking is already kind of obsolete- all that needed to know that already do, and those who choose to ignore the warning and smoke will do so indifferent to the size of the campaign. We could put signs all over the sky and it would be all to no good.
But few people know that Isolation is Twice as Dangerous as smoking. People who live like Robinson are at tremendous risk of dying, no matter how (mistakenly) appealing the adventure of escaping from it all on an island seems when we are stuck in traffic, or endure the ordeal of the urban jungle.
We are all much better off in society, than outside it. As social animals we would not resist on an island. Crusoe is the outlier, the exception.
It is true that people showed up. The first he saw however were…cannibals.
Robinson has been with me for a large part of my life…he still recalls memories, look – I have read an adaptation of the book for the nth time…n may be just three, come to think of it. The last time I read it, the other day- I skipped through parts of it as they seemed boring. Oh how we age- this was the most adventurous, fascinating story ever when I was a teenager and now it has lost much, if not most of its appeal.
Some of the events, even a song from one of the movie inspired by the book – have been inscribed with a hot iron in my memory;
- We are going to fly
- To the island of Friday
- Like the eagle…
The film was called Man Friday, as it places more emphasizes on the partner- slave. Peter O’Toole the magnificent was playing Robinson Crusoe.
This goes to prove that even reading again a book destined for a younger generation, there still are some useful conclusions to be drawn.
November 17, 2018
4 stars
This children’s book is my first reading of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. It was intriguing and clean. I would recommend it to anyone who loves a great adventure. It made me want to read the full adult version of the classic. Not sure when I’ll get to that, but it’s definitely on my list now.
This children’s book is my first reading of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. It was intriguing and clean. I would recommend it to anyone who loves a great adventure. It made me want to read the full adult version of the classic. Not sure when I’ll get to that, but it’s definitely on my list now.
June 12, 2022
My favorite book I’ve read in this series.
February 28, 2022
COLONIALISMO INGLESE
Uno di quei classici che, nella vita, prima o poi vanno letti; probabilmente uno dei primi romanzi d’avventura che siano stati mai scritti. Non ci si possono certo aspettare i ritmi moderni, né quei colpi di scena da mascella spalancata che piacciono tanto oggi ai fruitori di romanzi d’intrattenimento e serie tv. Robinson Crusoe è un figlio del suo tempo, di una forma romanzo ancora agli albori e che è un po’ lo specchio della società inglese in cui Daniel Defoe viveva.
All’interno del romanzo, infatti, non ci vengono descritte solo le disavventure dello sfortunato naufrago Robinson Crusoe, ma anche quella che è l’uomo del Settecento soprattutto in Inghilterra, dove il colonialismo è ormai diventato una realtà consolidata, quasi onnipresente nella vita sociale; un periodo in cui cominciano a vacillare le certezze e comincia ad affermarsi l’individualismo, la voglia dei componenti della classe medio borghese di fare un salto in alto e di affermarsi. Robinson è uno di questi “ribelli”: che rifiuta la propria condizione agiata che la sua famiglia vorrebbe regalargli per ritagliarsi uno spazio nel mondo; accantona quelli che sono i valori (soprattutto religiosi) che erano peculiari delle masse di quella specifica classe sociale e cerca, all’inizio quasi trascinato soltanto da un’irrequietezza giovanile, la propria posizione nel mondo.
Il percorso di Robinson è un percorso di redenzione, che lo porta dall’irrequietezza giovanile e alla voglia di ribellarsi, di nuovo verso quei valori dai quali era fuggito e, in particolare, alla religione e a Dio. In seguito alle sue disavventure, si pente della propria condotta e riconosce nuovamente quelli che sono i vecchi valori, i pensieri paterni, sebbene continui nel suo animo a insinuarsi il dubbio che è preludio di un cambiamento inevitabile, solo rimandato. Il naufragio non è che l’inizio di un percorso che porterà Robinson a costruire sé stesso: egli è infatti il cosiddetto self-made man, quell’uomo che si è fatto da solo. Egli è viva dimostrazione del fatto che, in condizione di estrema difficoltà, l’uomo è in grado di tirar fuori capacità che non riteneva nemmeno di avere, sebbene il nostro caro Robinson sia stato aiutato in maniera piuttosto consistente da quella che forse noi chiameremmo Fortuna ma lui identifica con la Provvidenza. Eh sì, la Provvidenza, che in Robinson Crusoe ha una centralità quasi manzoniana e che viene contemplata seriamente proprio nel momento in cui, a causa della malattia, Robinson guarda in faccia alla morte. La malattia rappresenta il momento della conversione, il momento di riconoscimento di quel Dio che fino ad allora non era stato nemmeno contemplato e che adesso sarà il vero pilastro di riferimento di Robinson che, bisogna dirlo, non ha altro.
Oltre all’aspetto religioso, come dicevamo, viene fuori anche quella mentalità coloniale tipica dell’Inghilterra del tempo: una volta stabilitosi in maniera sicura sull’isola, infatti, Robinson si considererà una sorta di “governatore” della stessa, considerandola come una proprietà privata. All’arrivo di colui che poi diventerà suo servitore, Venerdì, quest’aspetto si farà ancor più palese: la prima cosa che gli insegnerà sarà infatti a chiamarlo “padrone”, per poi insegnarli la lingua inglese. Infine, tenterà di convertirlo alla devozione per Gesù Cristo, concludendo il cerchio di quelle che sono le caratteristiche del colono perfetto.
Robinson Crusoe è un romanzo non semplice da leggere, carico di dettagli fin quasi a sfiancare, ma rappresenta uno di quei pilastri con i quali prima o poi un buon lettore deve confrontarsi, oltre a essere un eccellente specchio dell’epoca e della società in cui l’autore ha vissuto.
“E poi mi rimproverai la mia natura ingrata, e di aver pianto per il mio stato solitario; e ora che cosa non avrei dato per essere di nuovo a riva laggiù! Cosí noi non vediamo mai qual è il nostro vero stato finché non ci viene illuminato dal confronto con uno stato contrario; né sappiamo apprezzare il bene di cui godiamo se non quando ci manca.”
Uno di quei classici che, nella vita, prima o poi vanno letti; probabilmente uno dei primi romanzi d’avventura che siano stati mai scritti. Non ci si possono certo aspettare i ritmi moderni, né quei colpi di scena da mascella spalancata che piacciono tanto oggi ai fruitori di romanzi d’intrattenimento e serie tv. Robinson Crusoe è un figlio del suo tempo, di una forma romanzo ancora agli albori e che è un po’ lo specchio della società inglese in cui Daniel Defoe viveva.
All’interno del romanzo, infatti, non ci vengono descritte solo le disavventure dello sfortunato naufrago Robinson Crusoe, ma anche quella che è l’uomo del Settecento soprattutto in Inghilterra, dove il colonialismo è ormai diventato una realtà consolidata, quasi onnipresente nella vita sociale; un periodo in cui cominciano a vacillare le certezze e comincia ad affermarsi l’individualismo, la voglia dei componenti della classe medio borghese di fare un salto in alto e di affermarsi. Robinson è uno di questi “ribelli”: che rifiuta la propria condizione agiata che la sua famiglia vorrebbe regalargli per ritagliarsi uno spazio nel mondo; accantona quelli che sono i valori (soprattutto religiosi) che erano peculiari delle masse di quella specifica classe sociale e cerca, all’inizio quasi trascinato soltanto da un’irrequietezza giovanile, la propria posizione nel mondo.
Il percorso di Robinson è un percorso di redenzione, che lo porta dall’irrequietezza giovanile e alla voglia di ribellarsi, di nuovo verso quei valori dai quali era fuggito e, in particolare, alla religione e a Dio. In seguito alle sue disavventure, si pente della propria condotta e riconosce nuovamente quelli che sono i vecchi valori, i pensieri paterni, sebbene continui nel suo animo a insinuarsi il dubbio che è preludio di un cambiamento inevitabile, solo rimandato. Il naufragio non è che l’inizio di un percorso che porterà Robinson a costruire sé stesso: egli è infatti il cosiddetto self-made man, quell’uomo che si è fatto da solo. Egli è viva dimostrazione del fatto che, in condizione di estrema difficoltà, l’uomo è in grado di tirar fuori capacità che non riteneva nemmeno di avere, sebbene il nostro caro Robinson sia stato aiutato in maniera piuttosto consistente da quella che forse noi chiameremmo Fortuna ma lui identifica con la Provvidenza. Eh sì, la Provvidenza, che in Robinson Crusoe ha una centralità quasi manzoniana e che viene contemplata seriamente proprio nel momento in cui, a causa della malattia, Robinson guarda in faccia alla morte. La malattia rappresenta il momento della conversione, il momento di riconoscimento di quel Dio che fino ad allora non era stato nemmeno contemplato e che adesso sarà il vero pilastro di riferimento di Robinson che, bisogna dirlo, non ha altro.
Oltre all’aspetto religioso, come dicevamo, viene fuori anche quella mentalità coloniale tipica dell’Inghilterra del tempo: una volta stabilitosi in maniera sicura sull’isola, infatti, Robinson si considererà una sorta di “governatore” della stessa, considerandola come una proprietà privata. All’arrivo di colui che poi diventerà suo servitore, Venerdì, quest’aspetto si farà ancor più palese: la prima cosa che gli insegnerà sarà infatti a chiamarlo “padrone”, per poi insegnarli la lingua inglese. Infine, tenterà di convertirlo alla devozione per Gesù Cristo, concludendo il cerchio di quelle che sono le caratteristiche del colono perfetto.
Robinson Crusoe è un romanzo non semplice da leggere, carico di dettagli fin quasi a sfiancare, ma rappresenta uno di quei pilastri con i quali prima o poi un buon lettore deve confrontarsi, oltre a essere un eccellente specchio dell’epoca e della società in cui l’autore ha vissuto.
“E poi mi rimproverai la mia natura ingrata, e di aver pianto per il mio stato solitario; e ora che cosa non avrei dato per essere di nuovo a riva laggiù! Cosí noi non vediamo mai qual è il nostro vero stato finché non ci viene illuminato dal confronto con uno stato contrario; né sappiamo apprezzare il bene di cui godiamo se non quando ci manca.”
October 31, 2025
A nice adaptation and great audiobook narration.
Yesterday my done sent me a text that read: "im excited for this unit", referring to his next English unit through our HS district home hospital schooling program. "Which one?" I asked. "Robinson Crusoe."
I offered to read it along with him and he said yes and asked if I could find an audio for it. I found one on Librivox, and were both listening to it separately. After the first chapter, I wanted a good overview so I knew where the story would be going as I was only slightly familiar with the plot (limited to "shipwrecked guy on an island"). So I checked out the audiobook for the Classic Starts retelling which is a good introduction for hi-lo readers, ESL learners, or for children who want to read classics but aren't ready to tackle them yet.
Robinson Crusoe appears to be a cautionary tale of sorts, with an appeal to adventure. I jokingly summed up the beginning to my kids: "Dad, I want to go to sea." "No." "But I really want to." "No." "But Dad, please..." "Still no. Why don't you consider education?" "Mom, I want to go to sea." "What did your father say?"
(sigh)
(Goes to town on errands, sees a friend going to sea with his dad and joins up.) His poor parents. (Storm.) (He's scared) Friend: "That wasn't a bad storm." BAD storm. "We're all going to die!!!" Boat breaks. Rescued, back to England. Friend's dad says "that's a sign for you. Don't go to sea anymore."
Does Robinson listen? No. More sea voyages, pirates, capture, slavery, escape, rescue, MORE sea voyages. Plantation. ONE MORE sea voyage. Oops.
Shipwreck. Island. 20+ years...
Moral of the story: listen to dad, get an education. If not, make sure you're a boy scout and have survival skills down pat.
Yesterday my done sent me a text that read: "im excited for this unit", referring to his next English unit through our HS district home hospital schooling program. "Which one?" I asked. "Robinson Crusoe."
I offered to read it along with him and he said yes and asked if I could find an audio for it. I found one on Librivox, and were both listening to it separately. After the first chapter, I wanted a good overview so I knew where the story would be going as I was only slightly familiar with the plot (limited to "shipwrecked guy on an island"). So I checked out the audiobook for the Classic Starts retelling which is a good introduction for hi-lo readers, ESL learners, or for children who want to read classics but aren't ready to tackle them yet.
Robinson Crusoe appears to be a cautionary tale of sorts, with an appeal to adventure. I jokingly summed up the beginning to my kids: "Dad, I want to go to sea." "No." "But I really want to." "No." "But Dad, please..." "Still no. Why don't you consider education?" "Mom, I want to go to sea." "What did your father say?"
(sigh)
(Goes to town on errands, sees a friend going to sea with his dad and joins up.) His poor parents. (Storm.) (He's scared) Friend: "That wasn't a bad storm." BAD storm. "We're all going to die!!!" Boat breaks. Rescued, back to England. Friend's dad says "that's a sign for you. Don't go to sea anymore."
Does Robinson listen? No. More sea voyages, pirates, capture, slavery, escape, rescue, MORE sea voyages. Plantation. ONE MORE sea voyage. Oops.
Shipwreck. Island. 20+ years...
Moral of the story: listen to dad, get an education. If not, make sure you're a boy scout and have survival skills down pat.
June 22, 2025
Great book for young grandsons to listen to while driving for several hours.
March 13, 2017
My son is a 3rd-grader and he teacher was recently reading "The Sign of the Beaver" to his class. The classic story "Robinson Crusoe" was referenced a few times in the readaloud and my son was curious as to what this story was about. I gave him a very short summary (not having ever read the story myself) and my son wanted to read it. I chose it for our next bedtime readaloud book and oh.my.goodness it was painful. I think we got through the first four chapters. It was a tedious and choppy ready filled with sooo many extra words. Classic or not-this nearly 300-year-old book would have taken us forever to get through. Neither Gus nor I are fans of abridged books but this edition was a lifesaver and so much for pleasant to get through. And the original story will always be there in case he wants to give it another go when he's older. Abridged FTW in this case!
November 10, 2012
This is a recount of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719). Robinson is dreaming of an adventure, he wants to become a sailor and travel the world but his parents are against the idea warning him that it’s far too dangerous. Going against his parents’ wishes Robinson chooses to join a voyage to Africa. After a terrible storm at sea Robinson sets ashore on a deserted island where he lives alone for the next twenty-five years. The story describes Robinson’s adventures on the island and his survival methods until he helps a captured prisoner escape who has been taken to the island by natives. The two men live together on the island a further five years until they are finally rescued by an English ship and sail back to England.
I have read the original Robinson Crusoe and really enjoyed it, however, I think that the children’s version is more of a summary and lacks detail. It also misses out some key parts form the original which I feel could have been adapted for children.
However, I’m currently reading this book with a guided reading group in a high ability year six class and so far they are enjoying it. Although the first three chapters the children were not very interested but once Robinson reached the island they were eager to read on. The book has lots of language features which are great for discussions during guided reading (such as metaphors and rhetorical questions), it is also great for comprehension as different types of questions can easily be created for each chapter. There are also lots of worksheets and activities available on the internet for the book which are great for using for homework.
I have read the original Robinson Crusoe and really enjoyed it, however, I think that the children’s version is more of a summary and lacks detail. It also misses out some key parts form the original which I feel could have been adapted for children.
However, I’m currently reading this book with a guided reading group in a high ability year six class and so far they are enjoying it. Although the first three chapters the children were not very interested but once Robinson reached the island they were eager to read on. The book has lots of language features which are great for discussions during guided reading (such as metaphors and rhetorical questions), it is also great for comprehension as different types of questions can easily be created for each chapter. There are also lots of worksheets and activities available on the internet for the book which are great for using for homework.
October 27, 2017
Before you read this I want you to now that this may be the best review I’ve written yet and please like: thank you 🙂🙂
Robinson Crusoe was a real person well was a real person and now dead 💀 but I can tell you what the book was about. So Robinson Crusoe got shipwrecked, and now is deserted on a island and has to find a way to adapt to the island life. In the beginning of the book 📖. In the middle of the book he has to survive he found Berries,🍓fruits and he planted wheat as used in the book Barley🌾 (if you live in the country you probably have it in your yard) and with the Barley he used to make Bread 🥖 but to go along with the bread he used the foods and drinks 🍹 there was milk 🥛 to so that’s how he survived. In the end of the book he saved a prisoner that was gonna be trapped there for life so then he became his servant to years he was stuck there and then they built a boat 🚣 and Built it high enough for no water to get into and returned to Europe
Robinson Crusoe was a real person well was a real person and now dead 💀 but I can tell you what the book was about. So Robinson Crusoe got shipwrecked, and now is deserted on a island and has to find a way to adapt to the island life. In the beginning of the book 📖. In the middle of the book he has to survive he found Berries,🍓fruits and he planted wheat as used in the book Barley🌾 (if you live in the country you probably have it in your yard) and with the Barley he used to make Bread 🥖 but to go along with the bread he used the foods and drinks 🍹 there was milk 🥛 to so that’s how he survived. In the end of the book he saved a prisoner that was gonna be trapped there for life so then he became his servant to years he was stuck there and then they built a boat 🚣 and Built it high enough for no water to get into and returned to Europe
March 22, 2014
La prima parte, cioè le Avventure, la cui storia più o meno conosciamo tutti è quella che mi è piaciuta di più, anche se a volte si poteva riassumere in un lungo elenco di cose fatte, cucinate, seminate, accatastate, etc. Trovavo R.C. divertente nel suo essere completamente un personaggio.
Le ulteriori avventure, non erano alla pari delle precedenti e nonostante si svolgessero in giro per il mondo, addirittura in Cina, e non fossero stanziali, le ho trovate un po' troppo prolisse e poco avvincenti.
Le serie riflessioni mi hanno fatto venire il latte alle ginocchia, anche perchè ampiamente delineate nei due libri precedenti, quindi direi che il voto scarsino è dato da una media dei tre libri, che nella mia edizione italiana sono stati accorpati in uno solo.
Le ulteriori avventure, non erano alla pari delle precedenti e nonostante si svolgessero in giro per il mondo, addirittura in Cina, e non fossero stanziali, le ho trovate un po' troppo prolisse e poco avvincenti.
Le serie riflessioni mi hanno fatto venire il latte alle ginocchia, anche perchè ampiamente delineate nei due libri precedenti, quindi direi che il voto scarsino è dato da una media dei tre libri, che nella mia edizione italiana sono stati accorpati in uno solo.
June 18, 2017
A fun and easy read to be one of the first ever English novels! It is a simple adventure that is easy to read and has been copied by many writers since. It is a good picture of 1600's adventure concepts from pirates to being a castaway. I also tried reading the sequel novel, "The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," and did not like it as well and quit reading it.
Last year I read the English version of the first Spanish novel, "Don Quixote," and liked Robinson Crusoe much better or at least it was easier to read and less complicated in the character development.
I recommend reading Robinson Crusoe!
Last year I read the English version of the first Spanish novel, "Don Quixote," and liked Robinson Crusoe much better or at least it was easier to read and less complicated in the character development.
I recommend reading Robinson Crusoe!
September 26, 2017
L'unico motivo per cui si dovrebbe ancora oggi conoscere il "Robinson Crusoe" è per il forte impatto che ebbe su scrittori e pensatori successivi. Romanzo simbolo dell'imperialismo inglese e portatore di ideologie classiste e borghesi, lo condannarono fortemente diversi personaggi, tra cui Marx e Joyce.
Eppure, grande peso culturale ebbe ed evidentemente tuttora ha, dato che molti scrittori postcoloniali si servono ancora oggi della riscrittura del "Robinson" quasi come mezzo di emancipazione dal colonizzatore inglese (vedasi, ad esempio, il caso del "Foe" di Coetzee).
Eppure, grande peso culturale ebbe ed evidentemente tuttora ha, dato che molti scrittori postcoloniali si servono ancora oggi della riscrittura del "Robinson" quasi come mezzo di emancipazione dal colonizzatore inglese (vedasi, ad esempio, il caso del "Foe" di Coetzee).
July 21, 2019
Thoroughly enjoyable, other interests kept me from finishing this book in days rather than weeks. Having lived outside for close to six months, I found it easy to identify w/ the title character. Highly recommended!
April 30, 2020
Robinson Crusoe es considerada como la primer novela inglesa. Es una novela de aventuras narrada por su personaje principal. Es una de las primeras veces donde el personaje debe trabajar para obtener aquello que necesita para su vida y en la cual, si bien la religión es algo importante, no es el centro de atención de la historia. Crusoe vive mil desdichas y aventuras entre las que incluye quedarse náufrago en una isla desierta, durante 26 años se encuentra allí sólo y aprende a subsistir por su cuenta haciendo de agricultor, ganadero, artesano, sastre, constructor entre otros oficios. Luego de esos 26 años rescata de los salvajes "caribes" a quien se convertiría en su siervo, Viernes (el lo nombra, le enseña su idioma y creencia, es decir lo coloniza). Luego comienzan a llegar mas personas a la isla y al cabo de un total de 28 años regresa a Inglaterra.
Si bien la historia es un clásico y es del género de aventuras, su calificación u un poco mi descontento fue que es una novela muy lenta y demasiado descriptiva. Se me hizo algo pesado leerla pero la disfruté. Aunque también lo que me pareció poco justo es el hecho que dedicara tan poco a hablar de su esposa y sus tres hijos, de los cuales ni siquiera tenemos nombres. Es una lectura que recomiendo pero que no es tan ágil de leer
Si bien la historia es un clásico y es del género de aventuras, su calificación u un poco mi descontento fue que es una novela muy lenta y demasiado descriptiva. Se me hizo algo pesado leerla pero la disfruté. Aunque también lo que me pareció poco justo es el hecho que dedicara tan poco a hablar de su esposa y sus tres hijos, de los cuales ni siquiera tenemos nombres. Es una lectura que recomiendo pero que no es tan ágil de leer
March 3, 2021
This book really impressed me. Like others, after hearing some of this translated-for-modern-audiences version, I am now curious to see how Dafoe's original novel (written in 1719, six months after Blackbeard's death--I just thought the timing was cool). The plot is moving. I didn't realize how much of the story is a build-up to the shipwreck, or how very long Crusoe stays marooned on this island.
The book's premise was almost certainly based off the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish mutineer who spent 4 years in solitary on an island. Dafoe originally published the first edition in such a way so that people thought this book was written by a real "R. Crusoe." Also, it has a sequel. Some of these facts I knew before I listened to this audiobook.
But I didn't know that the titular character does a great job of treating the island natives and his friend and companion he names Friday in a respectful way that does not smack of colonial or imperialist justifications. Much more in keeping with Dafoe's Christian or "penitent" views. This was a much easier story line to follow than Moll Flanders, another seeming-autobiography that left a bad taste in my mouth of the protagonist's irresponsibilities. Crusoe is resourceful, intrepid, and superhumanly tireless in his pursuit of freedom.
The book's premise was almost certainly based off the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish mutineer who spent 4 years in solitary on an island. Dafoe originally published the first edition in such a way so that people thought this book was written by a real "R. Crusoe." Also, it has a sequel. Some of these facts I knew before I listened to this audiobook.
But I didn't know that the titular character does a great job of treating the island natives and his friend and companion he names Friday in a respectful way that does not smack of colonial or imperialist justifications. Much more in keeping with Dafoe's Christian or "penitent" views. This was a much easier story line to follow than Moll Flanders, another seeming-autobiography that left a bad taste in my mouth of the protagonist's irresponsibilities. Crusoe is resourceful, intrepid, and superhumanly tireless in his pursuit of freedom.
December 28, 2025
There were a lot of things I rly liked about this book( mostly random preferences lol). First off The character growth was so good compared to the Swiss Family Robinson (because they are pretty similar as expected) because in that book the character growth has already taken place. I really like that he was on the island so long, he was faithful to God in the time he was there and did not sit around doing the very least to get by but was continually improving upon various things. I liked that by the time he returned to civilization he was mature etc. ( I’d be concerned if he wasn’t cause he was like almost 50 or smthng) it was so sad that his dad had died when he went back to England bc I really wanted to hear about their reunion and returned fellowship between them but alas, it is what it is ( I say as if I’m just gonna move on )🤣
December 3, 2020
The book of my childhood, when I was young, I liked reading books so much, but my parents weren’t have enough money for my favorite. Fortunately, I found this book, a very old book with no cover.
I could not described how happened I was. I could feel the taste of the sea, the eggs of turtle on the beach, grapes, lemons, ... so I pretended I was in the isolated island too, it was a small sand pile in front of my house, and I had a great time with full imagination in my mind.
When I was young, I didn’t feel the tired and afraid of the character in this book but the interesting, happened.
Because I didn’t have a lot of books and this book was great so I used to read it several times.
With me, it is always the best book I have ever seen.
I could not described how happened I was. I could feel the taste of the sea, the eggs of turtle on the beach, grapes, lemons, ... so I pretended I was in the isolated island too, it was a small sand pile in front of my house, and I had a great time with full imagination in my mind.
When I was young, I didn’t feel the tired and afraid of the character in this book but the interesting, happened.
Because I didn’t have a lot of books and this book was great so I used to read it several times.
With me, it is always the best book I have ever seen.
February 2, 2023
I read this version of “Robinson Crusoe” when I was younger, and I read it recently to get back into the story (I eventually want to work my way up to the unabridged version). I enjoyed listening to the descriptions of his home on the island and his daily routines. This is an abridged version, but I feel like I have a great grasp of the story and can have a conversation with someone about it. I wonder how much the original delves into more stories or backgrounds…
I read this book in audiobook format, and that format made me select a four star review. The narrator was not a smooth reader, and her narration style full of pauses and odd emphasis on certain words took me out of the story.
I read this book in audiobook format, and that format made me select a four star review. The narrator was not a smooth reader, and her narration style full of pauses and odd emphasis on certain words took me out of the story.
August 27, 2023
“Le ulteriori avventure di Robinson Crusoe” D. Defoe: 1
Ovvero come arricchirsi con scambi commerciali girando il mondo, schiavizzando e/o sterminando selvaggi, inculcando a forza cristianesimo ipocrita a destra e a manca e bruciando idoli pagani.
Ripetitivo, autocelebrativo e noioso, scritto forse sull'onda del successo de "La vita e le straordinarie, sorprendenti avventure di Robinson Crusoe" per battere il più possibile il ferro finchè caldo.
Il libro inizia con la frase : “il lupo perde il pelo, ma non il vizio”. Infatti il nostro Robinson, dopo 35 anni di sballottamento da una parte all'altra dell' Atlantico, un inaspettato ritorno alla sua Inghilterra, un felice sposalizio, 3 figli, una stabilità economica e la morte di sua moglie, nel 1694 riparte con suo nipote alla volta della sua isola. Sentendosi il padrone dell'isola, compra tutta una serie di attrezzi da lavoro, armi, stoffe, animali da fattoria, letti e altri oggetti utili e difficilmente fabbricabili con i materiali disponibili sull'isola da regalare ai suoi sudditi. Inoltre vi trasporta un tuttofare, un fabbro, un carpentiere, un prete e altre persone raccatta-salvate da una nave in fiamme avvistata durante il tragitto. Arrivato all'isola trova il suo comitato d'accoglienza che gli fa un lungo lungo lungo e lungo resoconto riguardo la vita degli abitanti e i loro dissapori nel lasso di tempo in cui Robinson è tornato e si è stabilito in Inghilterra. Da qui iniziano gli sproloqui religiosi. Robinson, non contento di essere il padrone dell'isola e di tanta riconoscenza da parte dei suoi sudditi iniza a cristianizzare a manetta tutti. Marinai, manigoldi, selvaggi selvagge... tutto ciò che gli capita a tiro!
Comunque dopo 25 giorni di resoconti, conversioni, lotte, dispetti, scorribande e matrimoni interculturali, Robinson, suo nipote e Venerdì riprendono il mare verso il Brasile. Circondati da pericolosissimi selvaggi in canoa, subiscono diverse perdite tra cui Venerdì. Ripartono verso Capo di Buona Speranza, poi brevi scambi commerciali con l'infida gente del Madagascar. Qui uno degli uomini della ciurma viola la civile convivenza e stupra una ragazza della tribù senza che nessun altro marinaio intervenga. Nottetempo allora la tribù offesa arriva in spiaggia dove sono accampati gli uomini della ciurma di Robinson e attacca il campo rapendo l'uomo responsabile dello stupro. Altri tre o quattro marinai allora si infiltrano di notte nel villaggio e, trovando ormai morto il loro compare, iniziano a mettere a ferro e a fuoco uomini, donne e bambini e danno fuoco all'intero villaggio. Robinson, accortosi dei tafferugli, si avvicina al villaggio per cercare di calmare gli animi, ma, giunto sul posto, non riesce a far altro se non una blanda ramanzina ai responsabili, cosa che comunque gli costerà l'ammutinamento della ciurma. Alla fine per permettere al nipote di continuare il loro viaggio commerciale si fa lasciare in un'isola nel Golfo del Bengala. Da qui attraverso l'isola di Sumatra, il Siam fino al Suskan conclude diverse vendite profique per poi tornare al Golfo del Bengala. Qui Robinson e socio si fanno fregare comprando da un paio di marinai ammutinati la nave rubata al loro capitano e si ritrovano in men che non si dica la marina inglese, spagnola e olandese alle calcagna. Quindi decidono di dirigersi verso la Cina fermandosi per scambi e riparazioni nel golfo del Siam rischiando di venir derubati di merci e nave. Battaglia a gavettonate di pece, resina e olio bollente e poi via di corsa verso il golfo di Nanchino e da qui al porto di Chinkiang per vendere la nave incriminante. Viaggio a piedi per tornare verso casa criticando ogni singolo aspetto dell'incivile, orgogliosa, zozzona, ignorante e altezzosa popolazione cinese e sfuggendo ai pericolosi tartari (dipinti come un popolo mal armato, bellicoso e un po' stupido).
Tra le città di Argun e Nertsinnskoi trovano degli eretici pagani adoratori di un idolo di legno perciò, per invogliarli a non seguire più il demonio sotto mentite spoglie di un idolo pagano, nottetempo, Robinson e altri allegri cristiani compagnoni assalgono i pagani, li legano, imbottiscono l'idolo di polvere da sparo e lo detonano. Amen. Dopo questa allegra bravata, in stile arancia meccanica, tornano gnorregiando alla compagnia, belli allegri per continuare il viaggio se non chè le tribù che veneravano l'idolo giungono per reclamare giustizia. Qui vengono sviate da un sordido sotterfugio lasciando libera la fuga ai “portatori della vera fede nel mondo” verso l'occidente. Cavalca cavalca arrivano a Tobolsk, capitale della Siberia dove si fermano in compagnia di gentiluomini della corte Russa esiliati. Qui conoscono appunto un esiliato che, riscoperte le gioie di una vita tranquilla, non tornerebbe per nessun motivo ai trighi e alle responsabilità corrompenti della corte Russa. Il gentiluomo dai saldi valori chiede la gentilezza a Robinson di espatriare illegamente suo figlio in Europa. Robinson tutto contento accetta di buon grado e lo smollerà poi ad Amburgo.
Ennesimo incontro/scontro con popolazioni barbare/tartare, fuga provvidenziale, arrivo in Kermazinskoi e da qui cavalcata fino ad Arcangelo. Tappa ad Amburgo, poi via terra all'Aia e poi via nave fino Londra e, dopo un'assenza di 10 anni e nove mesi, il 10/1/1705 finalmente Robinson torna nella sua civile, conformista e tranquillissima Inghilterra per passarci (si spera!) il resto della sua vita senza più infastidire tutte le popolazioni che incontra.
Ovvero come arricchirsi con scambi commerciali girando il mondo, schiavizzando e/o sterminando selvaggi, inculcando a forza cristianesimo ipocrita a destra e a manca e bruciando idoli pagani.
Ripetitivo, autocelebrativo e noioso, scritto forse sull'onda del successo de "La vita e le straordinarie, sorprendenti avventure di Robinson Crusoe" per battere il più possibile il ferro finchè caldo.
Il libro inizia con la frase : “il lupo perde il pelo, ma non il vizio”. Infatti il nostro Robinson, dopo 35 anni di sballottamento da una parte all'altra dell' Atlantico, un inaspettato ritorno alla sua Inghilterra, un felice sposalizio, 3 figli, una stabilità economica e la morte di sua moglie, nel 1694 riparte con suo nipote alla volta della sua isola. Sentendosi il padrone dell'isola, compra tutta una serie di attrezzi da lavoro, armi, stoffe, animali da fattoria, letti e altri oggetti utili e difficilmente fabbricabili con i materiali disponibili sull'isola da regalare ai suoi sudditi. Inoltre vi trasporta un tuttofare, un fabbro, un carpentiere, un prete e altre persone raccatta-salvate da una nave in fiamme avvistata durante il tragitto. Arrivato all'isola trova il suo comitato d'accoglienza che gli fa un lungo lungo lungo e lungo resoconto riguardo la vita degli abitanti e i loro dissapori nel lasso di tempo in cui Robinson è tornato e si è stabilito in Inghilterra. Da qui iniziano gli sproloqui religiosi. Robinson, non contento di essere il padrone dell'isola e di tanta riconoscenza da parte dei suoi sudditi iniza a cristianizzare a manetta tutti. Marinai, manigoldi, selvaggi selvagge... tutto ciò che gli capita a tiro!
Comunque dopo 25 giorni di resoconti, conversioni, lotte, dispetti, scorribande e matrimoni interculturali, Robinson, suo nipote e Venerdì riprendono il mare verso il Brasile. Circondati da pericolosissimi selvaggi in canoa, subiscono diverse perdite tra cui Venerdì. Ripartono verso Capo di Buona Speranza, poi brevi scambi commerciali con l'infida gente del Madagascar. Qui uno degli uomini della ciurma viola la civile convivenza e stupra una ragazza della tribù senza che nessun altro marinaio intervenga. Nottetempo allora la tribù offesa arriva in spiaggia dove sono accampati gli uomini della ciurma di Robinson e attacca il campo rapendo l'uomo responsabile dello stupro. Altri tre o quattro marinai allora si infiltrano di notte nel villaggio e, trovando ormai morto il loro compare, iniziano a mettere a ferro e a fuoco uomini, donne e bambini e danno fuoco all'intero villaggio. Robinson, accortosi dei tafferugli, si avvicina al villaggio per cercare di calmare gli animi, ma, giunto sul posto, non riesce a far altro se non una blanda ramanzina ai responsabili, cosa che comunque gli costerà l'ammutinamento della ciurma. Alla fine per permettere al nipote di continuare il loro viaggio commerciale si fa lasciare in un'isola nel Golfo del Bengala. Da qui attraverso l'isola di Sumatra, il Siam fino al Suskan conclude diverse vendite profique per poi tornare al Golfo del Bengala. Qui Robinson e socio si fanno fregare comprando da un paio di marinai ammutinati la nave rubata al loro capitano e si ritrovano in men che non si dica la marina inglese, spagnola e olandese alle calcagna. Quindi decidono di dirigersi verso la Cina fermandosi per scambi e riparazioni nel golfo del Siam rischiando di venir derubati di merci e nave. Battaglia a gavettonate di pece, resina e olio bollente e poi via di corsa verso il golfo di Nanchino e da qui al porto di Chinkiang per vendere la nave incriminante. Viaggio a piedi per tornare verso casa criticando ogni singolo aspetto dell'incivile, orgogliosa, zozzona, ignorante e altezzosa popolazione cinese e sfuggendo ai pericolosi tartari (dipinti come un popolo mal armato, bellicoso e un po' stupido).
Tra le città di Argun e Nertsinnskoi trovano degli eretici pagani adoratori di un idolo di legno perciò, per invogliarli a non seguire più il demonio sotto mentite spoglie di un idolo pagano, nottetempo, Robinson e altri allegri cristiani compagnoni assalgono i pagani, li legano, imbottiscono l'idolo di polvere da sparo e lo detonano. Amen. Dopo questa allegra bravata, in stile arancia meccanica, tornano gnorregiando alla compagnia, belli allegri per continuare il viaggio se non chè le tribù che veneravano l'idolo giungono per reclamare giustizia. Qui vengono sviate da un sordido sotterfugio lasciando libera la fuga ai “portatori della vera fede nel mondo” verso l'occidente. Cavalca cavalca arrivano a Tobolsk, capitale della Siberia dove si fermano in compagnia di gentiluomini della corte Russa esiliati. Qui conoscono appunto un esiliato che, riscoperte le gioie di una vita tranquilla, non tornerebbe per nessun motivo ai trighi e alle responsabilità corrompenti della corte Russa. Il gentiluomo dai saldi valori chiede la gentilezza a Robinson di espatriare illegamente suo figlio in Europa. Robinson tutto contento accetta di buon grado e lo smollerà poi ad Amburgo.
Ennesimo incontro/scontro con popolazioni barbare/tartare, fuga provvidenziale, arrivo in Kermazinskoi e da qui cavalcata fino ad Arcangelo. Tappa ad Amburgo, poi via terra all'Aia e poi via nave fino Londra e, dopo un'assenza di 10 anni e nove mesi, il 10/1/1705 finalmente Robinson torna nella sua civile, conformista e tranquillissima Inghilterra per passarci (si spera!) il resto della sua vita senza più infastidire tutte le popolazioni che incontra.
April 15, 2020
这是我刚上小学时看的第一本英文的书，此后看了很多不同版本的 Robinson Crusoe ，这本书对我的性格和成长影响都很大。王炎老师在论述洛克与英国教育小说时，分析了笛福如何将洛克的世俗自由观和认识论与清教的精神历程结合在一起。“鲁滨逊从直接感性的经验入手，经过实验和观察，在进行逻辑反思，最终抽象为固定的概念。这种洛克式的经验主义认识论，将宗教话语世俗化了”，它意味着一个矛盾：在强调个体自主性的同时，显然对服从宗教信仰造成了威胁。而笛福将故事的空间设定在荒岛，巧妙地解决了这个问题。Ian Watt在《小说的兴起》认为《鲁滨逊漂流记》之所以是开先河之作，是因为它消灭了传统社会秩序中的各种关系，没有二元式的戏剧冲突，没有反抗与惩罚、忏悔与救赎，而是按照新的自觉模式构成人际关际。
April 6, 2023
While a high stakes book, there wasn’t much going on. It was mostly just Robinson making his island home better.
When he defeats the mutineers, I feel like how he did it was severely lost in this children’s adaptation. I also felt that the original master servant relationship between Robinson and Friday was lost (for the better).
When he defeats the mutineers, I feel like how he did it was severely lost in this children’s adaptation. I also felt that the original master servant relationship between Robinson and Friday was lost (for the better).
February 25, 2020
La historia se me hace muy buena... y como es posible que Robinson aguanta tanto tiempo solo en una isla, realmente me impresiono.
De repente se torna un poco aburrida la trama pero si tiene sus momentos buenos.
De repente se torna un poco aburrida la trama pero si tiene sus momentos buenos.
July 5, 2020
This is a very well done retelling, perfect for the early reader/ elementary reader. It maintains all of the key points of the classic, all of the elements that will draw a kiddo in, while presenting it on their level. I'd say 2-3 grade level? Perfect for the kiddo who is beginning chapter books.
September 24, 2017
A good re-telling of the original story. Very vague about Friday and where he came from.
July 12, 2018
Okay. About a man who shipwrecks and learns to live on the island for 20+ years and saves a man from savages.
July 20, 2020
Abridged addition made simple; I would urge young people to read the un-watered down version to enhance and broaden vocabulary and revel in accomplishing more advanced writing.
May 3, 2021
Read aloud with my kids ages 5-12. Good discussions came from reading about Robinson’s great adventures.
May 1, 2022
TWENTY-NINE YEARS????? SO excruciating!
November 12, 2022
Read this to see if I would enjoy the original. I didn't love it as much as I wanted to.
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