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Insurrections: Critical Studies in Religion, Politics, and Culture

Colère et Temps : Essai politico-psychologique

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While ancient civilizations worshipped strong, active emotions, modern societies have favored more peaceful attitudes, especially within the democratic process. We have largely forgotten the struggle to make use of thymos, the part of the soul that, following Plato, contains spirit, pride, and indignation. Rather, Christianity and psychoanalysis have promoted mutual understanding to overcome conflict. Through unique examples, Peter Sloterdijk, the preeminent posthumanist, argues exactly the opposite, showing how the history of Western civilization can be read as a suppression and return of rage. By way of reinterpreting the Iliad, Alexandre Dumas's Count of Monte Cristo, and recent Islamic political riots in Paris, Sloterdijk proves the fallacy that rage is an emotion capable of control. Global terrorism and economic frustrations have rendered strong emotions visibly resurgent, and the consequences of violent outbursts will determine international relations for decades to come. To better respond to rage and its complexity, Sloterdijk daringly breaks with entrenched dogma and contructs a new theory for confronting conflict. His approach acknowledges and respects the proper place of rage and channels it into productive political struggle.

320 pages, Mass Market Paperback

First published September 1, 2006

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 37 reviews
Profile Image for Anna Carina.
683 reviews344 followers
pausiert
December 13, 2024
Auf Seite 97 streiche ich vorerst die Segel. Muss mir noch überlegen, ob ich das irgendwann weiter lese.
Für Philosophie und Politik-Dummies ist das zu anspruchsvoll. Er wirft viel Nietzsche und andere Denker rein, die er nur assoziativ anspricht. Er führt seine Gedanken und Argumente nicht präzise und ausführlich genug aus, um als Nichteingeweihter verstehen zu können, wovon er spricht.
Für mich liest sich das wirr und wenig kohärent im Gedankengang. Dazu kommt noch reichlich Bildungssprache und Fachvokabular.
Insgesamt ein für mich schwer zugänglicher Text, für den mir zu viel Wissen fehlt. Die Art und Weise wir er den Text strukturiert, würde einen zu großen Arbeitsaufwand mit sich ziehen, für den ich nicht die Energie habe.

Ich würde schon sagen, dass er in seiner provokanten Art und wie er versucht Film und Literatur in seine Gedanken einzuweben, Zizek ähnelt, nur dass dieser deutlich ausführlicher und verständlicher versucht seine Gedanken zu formulieren.
Profile Image for Philippe Malzieu.
Author 2 books137 followers
March 6, 2014
Sloterdjik is one of the most exciting philosopher in the world. The title obviously makes us to think to "Sein und zeit" (being and time) of Heidegger. It is also an ontological project. But it's quite different. At the beginning of Illiade, there is anger, menis in Greek : "Tell us goddess Achille's anger." With the construction of the sentence in Greek, menis is at the beginning. Sloterdjik sees a sign there. This anger is directed against the Gods, the other men and even him. It is the base of human condition. Sloterdjik sees anger as the principal engine of occidental civilization. He demonstrates brilliantly this mechanisms and particular the character easy to manipulate this anger. Selected historical examples confirms his thesis.
However, I do not share his conclusion. He announces the advent of a world without resentment. It is as if the men gave their anger at an institution which would have the monopoly de facto of it. I am less optimistic.
Profile Image for Hagar.
191 reviews47 followers
August 8, 2025
INCREDIBLE. I had some contentions at the end, but the overall idea of erotic vs. thymotic impulses is incredibly enlightening. 4.5/5
Profile Image for Javier Avilés.
Author 9 books141 followers
October 17, 2018
Nunca había leído a Sloterdijk por miedo a encontrarme con textos farragosos y prácticamente ilegibles como ocurre con muchos escritos filosóficos.
(Probad a leer a Gustavo Bueno, por ejemplo)
Pero la sorpresa es que Sloterdijk es claro y diáfano la mayor parte del tiempo.
Es, algo que no sé si va en demérito o es algo que no debería destacarse de los escritos de un pensador, legible y fluido.

Otra cosa es que comulgue con sus ideas o que no vea las fisuras de su discurso.

La tesis que propone es el de la ira como motor de la historia. La ira, inherente al ser humano y plasmada desde el primer texto narrativo, La iliada, ha sido para Sloterdijk el canal por el que dos grandes movimientos han primado en ciertos momentos históricos: El cristianismo, con su ira aplazada al juicio final y el comunismo, con la ira canalizada a la lucha de clases.

Es muy interesante como desarrolla su teoría.
Lo que ya no lo es tanto es las consecuencias a las que nos dirige, ni el sesgo partidista que adopta.

Supongo que parte de ser un pensador famoso proviene de la provocación.

Sesgado y con una visión demasiado eurocentrista, demasiado occidental. Pero muy certero casi todo el tiempo.
Profile Image for ….
71 reviews21 followers
February 17, 2025
Am begging everyone to read Sloterdijk
Profile Image for Olea.
292 reviews37 followers
December 27, 2022
Și cum spuneam după ce am citit Internationala mea. Cronica unei vieti “atenția mea este acum încordată spre cunoașterea și încercarea de a înțelege un filozof ca Peter Sloterdijk, care în fruntea unui grup de intelectuali germani a putut să conceapă (și chiar să confere cel puțin unui om) Ordinul Mîșkin”.

Așa am ajuns să citesc această carte, în care autorul ne prezintă o alternativă la erotodinamismul clamat de psihanaliza secolului XX (adică faptul că impulsurile erotice determină viața individului) și anume aceea a încărcării thymotice a individului (adica importanța, cel puțin egală cu a erosului, a afectelor precum ambiția, mîndria, dorința de afirmare, cutezanța, stima de sine, simțul dreptății, al onoarei și al demnității, propensiunea spre indignare etc.). De la bun început – eeextraordinar de interesant...

Introducerea studiului este destinată conceptului de thymos (focarul de excitare a sinelui mîndru) și a doctrinei sale, din antichitate pînă la creștinism. Aici Sloterdijk își ia ca suport reflecții din operele lui Platon, Nietzsche, Leo Strauss, Francis Fukuyama, Alexandre Kojève.

Partea I conține o analiză a mîniei în general (energetic, temporal și pragmatic) și a formelor ei – ura (mînia în stare conservată), răzbunarea (mînia în formă de proiect), revoluția (ca bancă a mîniei).

Pe tot parcursul studiului scriitorul ne plasează în puncte de vedere extrem de incomode, dar plauzibile la limită, care dau posibilitatea unor observații nebanale, chiar incitante. De exemplu, în analiza mîniei ne îndeamnă să ne reprimăm reacțiile obișnuite și să punem deoparte evaluările morale și modelele de interpretare învățate; ne sugerează să vedem conceptul de “distrugere” exclusiv ca pe un fenomen metabolic, dincolo de laude (cum că ar putea fi privit ca făcînd loc noului) și dincolo de reproșuri (mai evident). Nici tendința mîniei de a se descărca fără preocupare de viitor nu trebuie să ne indigneze cumva.

În partea a II-a studiul plonjează în cercetarea religiilor monoteiste, cu accent pe creștinism, ca prima forma de organizare a mîniei în istoria omenirii. Dupa cum avertizează și autorul: “trebuie să ne așteptăm ca în cursul cercetării noastre să ni se deschidă perspective nu tocmai banale asupra funcției și a modului de construire a religiilor monoteiste.”

Aici se referă la perspectiva asupra religiilor monoteiste ca organizatoare ale mâniei, în principal, în sensul promovării unei etici bazate pe amânarea răzbunării umane, în avantajul răzbunării divine de la sfîrșitul veacurilor cînd “dreptatea divină va avea grijă să rectifice bilanțurile morale.” În schimb, cum se pare că pertinent a analizat Nietzsche, prețul cerut de această etică “a constat în generalizarea unui resentiment ascuns ... Osândirea pe veci a trufașilor a devenit o condiție pentru modul ambiguu în care oamenii bine intenționați o scot la capat într-o situație vitregă. Efectul secundar a fost că oamenii buni și umili au început să tremure în fata a ceea ce le rezervaseră chiar ei celor răi si trufași.”

E de înțeles că lectura cărții este nerecomandată credincioșilor monoteisti convinși, din cauza pericolului de deprimare, înfuriere sau a sentimentului de pierdere a timpului. Credincioșii care-și mai pun încă întrebări însă, pot găsi răspunsuri care să-i faca să avanseze pe drumul clarificării.

Sfera convingerilor zdruncinate, dacă nu chiar răsturnate, de scriitor în urma unor argumente solide trece dincolo de cele religioase. De exemplu:
“Cultele memoriei de orice natură, indiferent dacă se prezintă ȋn veșminte religioase, civilizatoare sau politice, trebuie privite... cu neȋncredere și asta fără excepție: sub pretextul unei comemorări purificatoare, eliberatoare sau fie și numai numai fondatoare de identitate, ele dau inevitabil apă la moară unei tendințe ascunse de repetare și repunere ȋn scenă. ... măsurile de stingere sau de domolire a flăcării mocnite cu care ard amintirile suferințelor trebuie să facă parte din regulile de ȋnțelepciune ale oricărei civilizații.”

Ce diferență față de opinia “cine își uită trecutul îl va retrăi”, avertisment cu care trăim de la schimbarea de regim din 1989...

Celălalt mod de organizare și gestionare a mîniei din istoria omenirii, studiat în partea a III-a, este experimentul politic al instaurării comunismului în răsăritul Europei, în secolul XX. China lui Mao este și ea analizată, concluzia fiind că, dacă în Rusia a fost o lovitură de stat, ce și-a atribuit ulterior numele de revoluție, în China a fost un război țărănesc, magistral condus de un general al țăranilor.

Partea a IV-a se ocupă de analiza islamului politic drept candidat la colectarea globală a mîniei în era postcomunistă; concluzia filozofului este că așa ceva nu este posibil, cu un sistem de argumente între care acela că islamismul este prea “desincronizat de modernitate”, “fundamental paseist”. Aici, realitatea recentă vine cu date noi, plasîndu-ne într-unul din scenariile luate în considerare în studiu, dar – vai - nu în cel preferat de filozof. Cartea a fost scrisă în 2006 avînd drept concluzii referitoare la “arma demografică” a islamiștilor, teza potrivit căreia nu trebuie confundată “cultura cu biomasa” și că singura șansă a islamului politic, în condițiile în care nu găsește soluții de expansiune și migrare, este să caute soluții sa iasă din înapoiere. 10 ani mai tîrziu, în 2016, se pare ca s-au găsit soluții pentru expansiune (califatul) și pentru migrare (în Europa)...

Concluzia studiului nu este încă infirmată, dacă va fi vreodată. Și anume, în viziunea lui Sloterdijk mînia nu se va mai putea concretiza în colecte universale ci doar în acumulări regionale. În condițiile globalizării nici o politică vizînd compensarea la scară mare a suferințelor umane nu va mai fi posibilă dacă se bazează pe resentimentul provocat de o nedreptate din trecut, indiferent dacă este prezentată ca mîntuire a lumii sau ca mesianism social or democratic. Inteligența trebuie deconectată de resentiment și de venin și pusă să construiască o meritocrație urmărind în permanență echilibrul. Și așa sfîrșim prin a înțelege și preocuparea lui Sloterdijk, în fruntea grupului de intelectuali germani, de a concepe și oferi unui om Ordinul Mîșkin.

***

În privința stilului scriitorului aș observa că, deși este deosebit de captivant, cu note de umor sau chiar sarcasm, uneori îmi pare ca depistez incoerențe sau chiar depistez afirmații de care mă îndoiesc serios.

De exemplu, deși expresia “înflorire” este folosită ușor peiorativ în fraza “mișcarea socialistă, în perioada ei de înflorire – dacă ne e permisă această expresie horticolă – n-a putut fi lipsită complet de trăsături thymotice ofensive”(p.48), ulterior ea apare foarte frecvent scuturată de sensul peiorativ; să fie o inconsecvență a autorului sau o stîngăcie de traducere (de exemplu, prin folosirea cuvîntului “înflorire” într-un mod insuficient diferențiat)? Nu am de unde să știu, dar discordanța mi s-a impus.

În ridiculizarea alegerii secerii si ciocanului ca simboluri ale revoluției bolșevice, argumentul că secera nu mai era folosită la 1917 de proletariatul rural nu mă convinge (“proletariatul rural nu mai pusese demult mâna pe o seceră.”- p.181)

În lipsa unei culturi politice solide, și în prezența unui cercetător atit de informat și bun captator de atenție și interes, drept să spun nu știu ce lipsește sau este omis în acest studiu, ce nu este suficient subliniat sau, dimpotrivă, ce este excesiv accentuat. În mare parte, copleșitoare chiar, la mine argumentele filozofului țin și, în consecință, simt cum mă mobilez interior cu convingeri. Celelalte argumente eventual mi-au adăugat noi întrebări pentru care trebuie să găsesc răspunsuri.

În afară de convingeri și de întrebări deschise, lectura acestei cărți a plantat în grădina mea culturală (ca să mă exprim horticol :p) noutăți, cum ar fi folosirea conceptului de bancă nonmonetară - de afecte, cunoștințe științifice, opere de artă, credințe – care, atingînd un grad ridicat de acumulare trece de la tezaur la capital, cu consecințe absolut similare capitalului economic, și evidențierea erosului ca un afect mai complex decit instinctul care face obiectul psihanalizei secolului XX (erosul inferior), incluzînd dorința de a avea, de a poseda bunuri materiale sau de a te afla în preajma lor.

Și ar mai fi de completat această lectură, cel puțin, cu următoarele:
1. Jean Delumeau - Frica în Occident (Sec XIV-XVIII): o cetate asediată
2. Gilles Kepel - Dumnezeu își ia revanșa
3. Jacques Le Goff - Nașterea Purgatoriului
4. James Joyce - Portretul artistului la tinerețe ("monument dedicat atrocității metafizice zugrăvind întilnirea supliciului cu infinitul")
5. Ernst Nolte - Războiul civil european
6. Peter Sloterdijk - Derrida, un egiptean
7. Seneca - De Ira (Despre mînie) ("breviar al controlului stoic al afectelor, care a constituit un model pentru morala creștină si umanistă" - p.10)
Profile Image for Owlseyes .
1,805 reviews305 followers
October 14, 2025
RAGE:
Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage,
Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks
Incalculable pain, pitched countless souls
Of heroes into Hades' dark,
And left their bodies to rot as feasts
For dogs and birds, as Zeus' will was done.
Begin with the clash between Agamemnon--
The Greek warlord--and godlike Achilles.
In: The Iliad, Book I
By Homer

https://imgur.com/a/koXidyO
https://imgur.com/a/b48R5BJ
https://imgur.com/a/Ge2ykyo

"Heidegger never fully understood the logical and systematic implications of the concept of revolution" Page 66

Yeah, but who's managing this "bank of rage" of the multitudes? One may wonder, in revolution times, about the wisdom of the crowd, or its madness, as well. Things can easily get out of hand. In fact, it was messy under Lenin, and under Mao, and in other situations.
Profile Image for Kuszma.
2,852 reviews288 followers
September 14, 2019
Sloterdijk nagyívű munkája arra tesz kísérletet, hogy a történelmünket mint a tervezett haragirányítás kialakulását ábrázolja. Képzeljük el egy pillanatra, hogy egy személyben valami testi vagy lelki fájdalom hatására nagy mennyiségű harag halmozódik fel. Képzeljük el továbbá, hogy ez a személy diszharmóniát érzékel a világban, mert azt látja, mások nem részesültek arányos mértékben a fájdalomból. Ebben az esetben az ominózus személy késztetést érez arra, hogy haragot zúdítson rájuk, így állítva helyre a vágyott egyensúlyt*. Természetesen ez a magányos haragvó csak korlátozott mértékű indulattal rendelkezik, így erősen korlátozott az a fájdalom is, amit okozni tud – ám ha akadnak társai, akkor indulataikat összehordva nagyon komoly haragtőkét tudnak létrehozni. És itt jön be a képbe Sloterdijk káprázatos analógiája a harag világbankjairól. A haragvilágbank olyan szervezet, ahová az egyének, mint folyószámlára a pénzt, „befizetik” a haragjukat, amivel aztán ez a csoport „gazdálkodni” kezd: különböző objektumokra fókuszál vele, projektekbe fekteti be, vagy esetleg konzerválja egy alkalmasabb pillanatra. Így válik a harag olyan erővé, ami nem pusztán helyi jellegű pogromok lebonyolítását teszi lehetővé, hanem komplex, nagy erejű, országhatárokon átívelő folyamatokat is elindíthat. Ennek a haragvilágbanknak menedzserei és bürokratái vannak, akik befektetőknél határozottabb elképzelésekkel rendelkeznek arról, mit is kéne kezdeni a felgyülemlett tőkével. Másfelől csakúgy, mint korunk hitelintézetei, szeretnének minél több kuncsaftot magukhoz csábítani – és persze meg is tartani őket –, ezért mindent megtesznek, hogy elhitessék az ügyféllel: haragja náluk van a legjobb helyen, mert ők képesek biztosítani a legtekintélyesebb hozamot.

Fejtegetései mellé a szerző történelmi áttekintést is mellékel. Kezdi a kereszténységgel, ami a haragvó Isten koncepciójával és a Pokol elképzelésével megteremtette a korszerű haraggazdálkodás alapjait. Ám egy idő után már képtelen volt megszolgálni ügyfelei bizalmát, mert az egyházak a befektetett haragot kincsként kezelték, vagyis olyan összegként, amit őrizni, nem felhasználni kell – és egyre népszerűbben lettek azok a konstrukciók, akik a haragot tőkeként, vagyis forgatható-mozgatható aktív vagyonként kívánták felhasználni. Ezek közül a legsikeresebb a bolsevizmus lett, amely a burzsoá osztály iránt érzett gyűlöletet valami elképesztő hatásfokkal volt képes egy internacionális rendszerben áramoltatni. Ám ennek a sikertörténetnek is vége lett, a posztmodern kor pedig változást hozott: a haragvilágbankok kora látszólag lejárt, az indulat ismét csak „molekuláris polgárháborúkban” tudja kitombolni magát – a korszak intézményei már inkább az emberi irigységet próbálják tőkésíteni, imigyen magyarázva a szeretettörvényt: szeresd a tárgyakat, amiket felebarátod szeret, sőt vegyél belőlük mindjárt kettőt**.

Összességében Sloterdijk munkája izgató konstrukció, és nagy gyönyörűséget szerzett nekem a Typotex vele. Nem hibátlan: zavart például, hogy teljes elméletét a baloldali totalitarizmusra építette fel, és a jobboldali totalitarizmus szinte csak lábjegyzetszerűen jelenik meg benne. Hiányolom azt is, hogy a koncepcióban nincs szó a populizmusról***, amelynek pedig szintén akadnak elemei, amelyek szinkronban vannak Sloterdijk elmélkedéseivel – de hát biztos nem ismeri a közép-kelet-európai helyzetet (mondjuk konzultálhatott volna velem előtte, és akkor nem követi el ezt a hibát). Ám, ha egy pillantást vetünk az alcímre, látjuk, hogy ez egy „Politikai-pszichológiai kísérlet”, amiben a politikai-pszichológiai kitétel azt jelenti, hogy ez nem történelmi munka, nem geopolitikai jóslat, de nem is szigorúan vett filozófia, a kísérlet meg azt jelenti, hogy előre is elnézést, de lehet velem vitatkozni. És hát kísérletnek valóban nagyszabású. Arról nem is beszélve, hogy Sloterdijk szarkazmustól sem mentes prózája olyan irodalmi minőséget képvisel, hogy még Goethe is megnyalná utána mind a tíz ujját.

* Természetesen az, akire a haragot zúdítja majd, nem szükségszerűen az, aki a haragot okozta. De hát így megy ez.
** A lezárásban Sloterdijk kitér még arra is, hogy vajon az iszlám képes-e átvenni a klasszikus haragvilágbankok szerepét – és arra jut, hogy igazából nem. Meg kell jegyeznem, ezek a passzusok különösebben nem nyerték el a tetszésemet, mert a szerző meglehetősen leegyszerűsítően nyilatkozik az iszlámról – a Koránt például olyan szövegnek tartja, ami a történelmi kontextustól függetlenül agresszivitásra hív fel. Ezzel pár oldallal később ellentmondásba kerül, amikor megjegyzi, hogy az iszlám a 13. századig toleráns vallás volt – ám ha addig toleráns volt, és utána fedezték fel benne az agressziót, akkor mégis van értelme történelmi kontextusról beszélni, nemdebár?
*** Ez ellen fel lehet hozni, hogy a populizmus nem feltétlenül haraggal, hanem inkább irigységgel és félelemmel gazdálkodik, és ennek vizsgálata egy másik tanulmányt igényelne. Ugyanakkor tudjuk, hogy a harag sem homogén elem, maga is tartalmaz bizonyos mennyiségű irigységet és félelmet – bár Sloterdijk nem tesz erőfeszítéseket arra, hogy ezeket elkülönítse, de az olvasó nyilván tisztában van ezzel.
Profile Image for Richard.
267 reviews
April 5, 2015
RAGE and TIME, in English, on a Kindle.

Sloterdijk sees the development of rage, the first word of the ILIAD, and resentment over world history as a vital factor in the development of rights and the establishment of democracies. His history moves from THE ILIAD to the PSALMS and onward; interestingly, one of his texts is THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO which he sees as a revenge story against the bourgeois capitalists who had schemed against the Count and had him imprisoned.

The argument carries forward to the collapse of the USSR, and the disappearance of any vital force to make Western capitalists treat their workers well and to sustain the welfare state. He sees 1979 as a key year with the ascension of Margaret Thatcher and Khomenei and Russia's entrance into Afghanistan, loosing the forces which plague the world today: 1) a capitalism unbridled by a social and political threat such as the one the USSR provided and 2) a rising Islamist chaos that cannot be managed by its own states, which faces an explosive growth that cannot be satisfied within or without, and which gives the capitalist nations a permanent "war" against terrorism, a nice conjunction of forces of control.

He also notes that the repositories or rage and revenge such as those that energized the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions have petered out. I had noticed a reference elsewhere to a new volume, THE AGE OF ACQUIESCENCE, that, in the title at least, captures the present predicament of the citizens of democratic states as Sloterdijk describes it.

I think this an important perspective to attend to, one that shores up my own misgivings about the situation of young people in the US, made vulnerable by the insatiable greed of the capitalist system which, ultimately, is entirely a system of power relationships that operates without moral or spiritual consciousness.
Profile Image for Aung Sett Kyaw Min.
344 reviews18 followers
March 16, 2023
The book kind of goes downhill after the introduction and Chapter 1. I don't buy Sloterdijk's conclusion that both transcendent despotic and immanent managerialist modes of accumulative-expenditure of rage (the Biblical settling of earthly debts via the wrath of God and the Communist revolution to transform the state of the affairs in the here and now via the wrath of the proletariat) have outlived their usefulness and should be relegated to the dustbin of history. This conclusion in a way actually betrays Sloterdijk's own progressive sympathies. Also he neglects to distinguish how the Fascistic utilization of accumulated rage specifically differs from the communist utilization and instead lumps them together in the epithet 'left-fascism'. And who else is the originator of this hybrid monstrosity but Herr Lenin himself, asks Sloterdijk. Pace, Sloterdijk I dare say we should flip the formula--no rage reforms without a rage revolution.



Profile Image for D.
27 reviews28 followers
August 16, 2020
"Class thinking ranks far above race thinking when it comes to the release of genocidal energies in the twentieth century."

"It is not an exaggeration to identify the flight of the radical left to 'antifascism' as the most successful maneuver of language politics in the twentieth century."
Profile Image for Lucri Ion.
49 reviews33 followers
April 1, 2022
O idee la care subscriu “A fi suveran înseamnă a alege de ce vrei să te lași copleșit”. A nu depinde de nimeni și nimic, nici chiar de necesitate. Ciprian Mihali spunea că a fi suveran, conceptual vorbind, înseamnă a lua în considerare posibilitatea de după realizarea tuturor posibilităților, tocmai pe cea imposibilă. Fiind, în cele din urmă, ceva mai mult decât liberul arbitru, deoarece nu presupune simpla alegere liberă ci este “liberă de rațiune”.

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Sloterdijk spune la un moment dat că era previzibil ca oamenii eliberați de comunism să prezinte, de-a lungul unei “perioade critice, o vulnerabilitate mai mare în fata iluziilor produse sintetic”. Iar asta explică sistemul de investiții Caritas, tentativa de îmbogățire rapidă cu ajutorul schemei Ponzi, jocul piramidal MMM în Rusia, și cele din Albania anilor 1994-1997.

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Regimurile colectiviste ale secolului XX au inventat un “sadism al ingesuirii oamenilor” prin cruzimea lagărelor, în forma pe care le-au dat-o Stalin, Lenin, Hitler și Mao. Lagărul se sprijină pe intuiția potrivit căreia “infernul sunt ceilalți de îndată ce oamenii se forțează reciproc să-și accepte prezența inoportună” care duce la “ostilitate indusă” contra alor săi apropiați. Astfel omul e redus la statutul de “viață nudă”.

“Numai sfinții pot face față condițiilor de lagăr fără să se dezumanizeze. “Lagăr” nu e decât un nume pentru focarele moderne ale mizantropiei.”

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El susține că omul modern trăiește, de fapt, în “situația istorică a îndepărtării de Dumnezeu”. Nu în sensul că aceștia ar fi departe de el dar prin modul de a fi al religiosului care se definește prin jenă și sensibilitate religioasă în vremurile prezente. Discursul despre Hristos surprinde neplăcut publicul de azi, fiind, dincolo de sminteală sau nebunie, definit de o starea de diconfort.

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Pe final, las aici o idee cu care nu sunt întru totul de acord. Tot el susține că există și astăzi o adevărată “spaima de efect” cauzată de refularea afectelor de după cel de-al II-lea Război Mondial când s-a încercat o “neutralizare și o protejate a omului printr-o intoleranță față de ura”.
Profile Image for Pieter.
388 reviews65 followers
October 10, 2019
Duitse filosofen hebben niet bepaald de naam eenvoudige werken te schrijven. Daarbij worden ze geholpen door een taal die hen toelaat ad libitum zelf nieuwe woorden samen te stellen. Het Duits onvoldoende machtig, las ik dit werk in de Nederlandse vertaling. Ode aan de vertalers die zowel het inhoudelijke als het heldere taalgebruik in stand hielden. Sloterdijk wenst in dit boek een historisch-filosofische beschouwing geven van het begrip 'woede'. Al in het prille begin van de Ilias beschrijft Homeros de woede van Achilles, de oerkracht die hem tot stommiteiten en heldendaden verhief. Ook het Oude Testament kent de toornige Jahweh, voor wie het joodse volk vaak rilt. Vanaf Plato leert de burger dat woede dient ingetoomd, tenzij het dient om een rechtvaardige zaak te dienen of de wraak van de goden betreft. Woede heeft volgens Plato te maken met de mens die zichzelf in de spiegel kijkt en afkeurend vaststelt hoe hij niet aan de maatschappelijke eisen voldoet. Een zekere thymos zet hem aan tot opstandigheid. Ook Aristoteles, de meester van het sublieme midden, ziet in dat woede ook als motor kan dienen voor moed. In tegenstelling tot de moderne kunst (literatuur, film) is de antieke literatuur wars van wraakromantiek. Een figuur zoals Black Mamba (Kill Bill) was de oude Grieken en Romeinen vreemd. Met een overheid die geweldsmonopolie claimt en de eindeloze spiraal van eerwraak, is een held die het heft in eigen handen neemt op het eerste zicht sympathiek, maar bij nader inzien het openen van de doos van Pandora.

Het christendom bedacht als oplossing het verdagen van de wraak naar het hiernamaals. Wie het toch waagde in dit eeuwige tranendal werd extra gestraft met zwaardere wraak. Woede werd één van de zeven hoofdzonden en Dante toonde aan hoe het wraakzuchtigen in de hel vergaat. Onder paus Johannes Paulus II werd daarentegen het positieve voorbeeld gepropageerd. Een hele resem zalig- en heiligverklaringen toonden de gelovige dat liefde en het goede op aarde wel degelijk mogelijk zijn.

Het communisme bracht het materialisme, maar ook de jaloezie op het politieke toneel. 19e eeuwse anarchisten richtten hun wraak tegen de machthebbers via terroristische eenmansacties. Sloterdijk merkt trouwens op dat in een postmoderne context Sartre en Negri met vuur spelen wanneer ze oproepen om zomaar het recht in eigen handen te nemen (zie eerder: de moderne held als ridder van de wraak). Anarchisme blijft steken in Schiller's "Die Räuber": slechts focus op vernieling, sympathie voor de misdadiger, maar geen sociale reconstructie. Lenin en Mao zagen in dat het beter is om het systeem woedend te maken, zich te laten vervolgen door de staat en door woede te cumuleren als geld bij een spaarbank deze te verzilveren op het uur van de revolutie. Anarchisme dacht het systeem omver te werpen door koningen te doden, het communisme greep echter zelf de macht en kreeg er de dode koning (tsaar Nicolaas II) er voor niets bij. Het vergt echter handige leiders die de woede kunnen coördineren en kanaliseren om louter expressief tumult of blinde vernieling te vermijden. De communistische stokebranden in Rusland, China, Viëtnam zagen dat de woedebank van de arbeiders te klein was en reikten daarom ook de veel grotere boerenbevolking de revolutionaire hand door hen landverdeling te beloven. Het regime zou zichzelf vanbinnen opvreten om twee redenen. Vooreerst omdat de drijfveer van het communisme niet altruïsme is (of liefde, zoals in het christendom), maar haat en afgunst tegenover de hedendaagse rijken. Niet egalitarisme, maar zelfbevoordeling (zie de datsja's voor Sovjetleiders) was het gevolg. Ten tweede was de communistische retoriek sterk in het appeleren naar het "volk" en te spreken in naam van de mensheid. Het wierp zich op als de verdediger van de mensenrechten, maar verklaarde elke vermeende vijand van de arbeider meteen tot vijand van de mensheid. Koelakken, geleerden, ouderen (Mao), diegenen die Frans spraken (Pol Pot),... Nooit raakte men de revolutie tot bij het aardse paradijs, waardoor nieuwe slachtoffers nodig waren om de vlam van de revolutie eeuwig te doen branden. Stalin kocht wat tijd door tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog mee te strijden tegen het nationaal-socialisme. Sloterdijk merkt daarbij terecht op dat het een bizarre redenering is het communisme te vergoelijken omdat het een al even verwerpelijke ideologie bekampt.

Op de puinhopen van het communisme heeft zich geleidelijk een nieuwe breuklijn geplaatst, of beter een conflict terug belicht: de eeuwenlange vete met de islam. Op microniveau verwijst Sloterdijk naar de de banlieues die woedebanken vullen uit onvrede en een gevoel van overbodig zijn. Op wereldvlak vormt de islam een snelgroeiende wereldgodsdienst die dankzij een aantal troeven (olie, demografie) zich dreigend opstelt langs haar grenzen, maar ook intern verdeeld is (het conflict tussen soennieten en sjiieten). Sloterdijk relativeert het islamgevaar tegelijk door te wijzen op haar atechnische instelling en loutere blik op het verleden.

De schrijver stelt dat het kapitalisme uiteindelijk enkel zichzelf te vrezen heeft. Hij kijkt uit naar een wereldcultuur gebaseerd op de principes van Locke (recht op vrijheid, eigendom en leven), respect voor de mensenrechten, meritocratie en normbesef. Intussen is het verzet tegen dit model breder geworden dan enkel de islam. China en Rusland zijn geopolitiek herrezen en zowel links als rechts stellen populistische bewegingen onder andere de globalisering in vraag. De toekomst zal aantonen of eerdergenoemden een duurzaam alternatief voor het kapitalistische model kunnen formuleren en in hoeverre ze (blijvend) kunnen samenwerken om dat alternatief breed ingang te doen vinden.
Profile Image for Alejandro Velasco.
9 reviews1 follower
March 19, 2024
Sloterdijk, por lo general sumamente agudo, no es muy interesante cuando escribe sobre política. Este es un ensayo «psicopolítico», según nos dice; la idea inicial es interesante, especialmente como crítica a la reducción psicoanalítica del principio del placer como único principio de acción. Sin embargo, conforme avanza el libro, Sloterdijk se esfuerza más por encajar sus argumentos en figuras bancarias ("tesaurización de la ira", "banco mundial comunista de la ira", etc.) que en hacerlos convincentes. Algunos pasajes del libro son interesantes, especialmente el estudio sobre la ira de Dios y el surgimiento de la escatología cristiana. Tomado como un todo, está muy lejos del mejor Sloterdijk.
Profile Image for David.
108 reviews10 followers
March 5, 2023
Lenin war der Erfinder des Faschismus, gell?
Profile Image for Public_enemy.
81 reviews27 followers
April 8, 2017
Rage and Time deals with quite important topics how to understand our own urges as well as these manifested in political ways. Our unconscious psyche consists roughly of erotic and thymotic energy fields; and the latter seems more powerful and dominant, or at least more dangerous! While erotic desires strive for what we lack, thymotic strive in opposite direction: from us towards the environment. Namely, we project outwards our need for identity, recognition and self-esteem (which is anthropogenic, non biological will, the will to power, a meaning of life - fixed orientation provides meaning for everything we are to do). When the environment doesn't meet these needs, "ressentiment" arises. Redundant amounts of accumulated rage can now be canalized, mobilized or invested in various social or political ways (by the elites) which promise hope, renewal of wounded pride and revenge! It goes all the way to - if I can't enjoy justice, then it's enough that others are there to suffer, too. This allows auto-destructive deeds of people and societies: the will that cannot will above and any more, directs itself to an outburst explosions. Alluding to Heidegger's masterwork Being and Time, Sloterdijk here metaphysically divide Being of rage in 2 regions according to understanding of time (either as eternity or common historical time). Difference is in tendency of the old world to postpone revenge in another world, while in modern times we have lost this patience and people rather act now and here. Gradual rise of trade and industrial revolution have lead people of the West to think they have power over the nature and consequently over their destinies, and that they are able to change them. From today's point of view, the old fixed world collapsed for good, but modern times destroyed new high hopes as well. There have never been so much bloodshed and tragedies then in the last "secular" and profane centuries. After dozens of pages dedicated to ancient, christian and communist banks of anger, according to Sloterdijk we have now entered in the so called - time of the Middle, where rage energies are more or less wasted, localized or replaced by neoliberal eroticism (sex, food, health, free time activities, speculative profit - everything unspecific, enabled by capitalistic abundance) (His interesting notion is that neoliberalism starts with 1979, when the western elites realized they are not really blackmailed by the week communism anymore; so they could buy social peace less expensively, at least for some time before they find a new enemy. Migration threats are enough to reduce wages for domestic people, if not steal jobs from them completely. Direct fear from another rage can lead to seek protection rather then social rights or higher receivings. This notion I connect with some other thoughts that I have regarding current situations in the world, which I obtained by reading various authors, especially neglected Oswald Spengler, or Paretto.) This book is full of interesting and erudite insights. It explores everything about this phenomenon of rage. What one can feel week in this book is not analyzes but rather suggestions, predictions, proposed solutions and thoughts of the end of the history. Actually, they are okay, but some of them seem to optimistic or solvable. Easy to ignore, and it can't reduce the final grade. One could wish more about radical Islamic terrorism and relation of it to the Time; even if he talks about it only in several pages, those insights are more then correct. Sloterdijk proposes to go beyond ressentiment (to transform current capitalism to gift-giving motivational type of system in order to achieve self-esteem and provide it to others and to everything) as the solution to the constant world history of paranoia and revenge. That, or repeating the old, the same, and the criminal! Nietzsches's hopes about it (overmen) is a cession to modernity (another great narrative, yet another ultimate kind of the will to power, or freedom) and is contrary to his main idea of eternal recurrence of the same, so I'm less optimistic.
69 reviews2 followers
July 29, 2020
Ondanks de wat moeilijke schrijfstijl is dit toegankelijke filosofie. Het opzet lijkt om het menselijk subject te duiden niet alleen vanuit een verlangend perspectief naar de wereld maar evenzeer vanuit een controlerend. Met dit laatste zitten we bij een centraal begrip in het boek dat als thymotisch ( afgeleid van thymus dat de woede, trots, eerzucht en geldingsdrang behartigt) wordt aangeduid. Sloterdijk gaat terug in de tijd om de grote thymotische projecten diepgaand toe te lichten vanuit een religieus tot een politiek perspectief. Hij behartigt hoe het katholicisme dit heeft belichaamd vanuit de dreiging van het hellevuur, hoe daaropvolgend het nazisme, het communisme en het maoisme dit hebben verwezenlijkt vanuit een racistisch perspectief en resp een klassenstrijd. Centraal in zijn betoog staat dat hedendaagse thymotische verschijnselen, het onbehagen in de cultuur zoals de frans banlieues en de indignados uitingen zijn van miskenning en woede tegen het systeem( hoewel dit soms ook omslaat in fatalisme), maar dat er geen bundeling meer is van deze krachten, dat er geen inspirator gevonden wordt. Een en ander valt te verklaren vanuit een eenzijdige gerichtheid op het verlangen met dus een vingerwijzing naar het neoliberalisme en consumentisme. Daarnaast is er het verhaal van een islamitische woede die zich daardoor opwerpt als de nieuwe en nodige vijand van het westers kapitalisme. Dit lijkt vooral vruchten af te werpen en Sloterdijk ziet dit niet al te somber in. Conclusie van Sloterdijk lijkt vooral te zijn dat het kapitalisme zichzelf dient om te bouwen naar een vorm waarbij weldoeners vanuit zingeving de tomeloze begeerte van het “altijd meer” dienen af te remmen. Meer nog lijkt Sloterdijk de woede op de kaart te willen zetten als een fenomeen dat onze samenleving voortdrijft...
Profile Image for Ermina.
318 reviews2 followers
January 7, 2022
I ova se knjiga, kao i mnoge druge, vukla nepotrebno dug period vremena. Blame it on the Filozofski fakultet i obaveze!
Sve u svemu, prvi dio jako interesantan i većinom teorijski, dok je drugi dio dosadnjikav, jer Sloterdijk teoriju primjenjuje praktično (nažalost historijski, što je meni uvijek dosadnjikavo)

Profile Image for Razvan Zamfirescu.
534 reviews81 followers
April 23, 2015
636 reviews176 followers
April 26, 2023
An abstract, meandering account of the role of thymos in contemporary politics, that is, the role of intensified emotions, and specifically rage. Sloterdijk has clearly become completely uneditable in his old age, as he wanders from a half-baked assessment of Nietzsche, to rather limp adoption of Hegel's politics of recognition, with a quick drive-by of Derrida's reading of Fukuyama. As always with Sloterdijk, there are amusing asides ("interest in fine arts is usually only the Sunday mask of greed"), gratuitous digs at the left, and games of intellectual footsie with dodgy right-wing positions — though with unclear final payoff. The only worthwhile point he really makes is that Nietzsche's critique of the politics of resentment was really misdirected in being targeted at Christianity, which even in his own age was clearly on the wane, and insufficiently attentive to the way that the politics of resentment would be adopted in secular terms of political entrepreneurs of various sorts (some of them, notably, citing Nietzsche himself). Sloterdijk likes to think of himself as someone who thinks dangerously, but at this point he seems mainly to be thinking baggily.
Profile Image for Manuel A. Crespo-Rodríguez.
Author 29 books15 followers
August 7, 2016
This controversial philosopher never ceases to amaze me. His psycholopolitical inquiry on rage is so pertinent today more than ever. I thought he would dedicate more on what he calls "political islam". Nevertheless, his chapters on left politics and God's rage compensated my need for more islamic inquiry.
Profile Image for Anne.
10 reviews1 follower
Currently reading
September 12, 2013
I am head banging my way through this. I don't know if it the translation or what, but it has been slow going. Or maybe I am just not that smart.
Profile Image for CR.
87 reviews2 followers
November 18, 2016
Prescient and incisive. An important read.
Profile Image for Tom M (London).
226 reviews7 followers
December 26, 2022
This is nothing but personal ramblings. In this book, Sloterdijk attempts to posit his theory that all the significant acts of rebellion of the past, notably the French Revolution, Communism, and Fascism, were "engineered" attempts to orchestrate a generic moral outrage that (he thinks) people feel in the face of perceived injustice; and that these "engineered" attempts were based on "banking" that outrage and channelling it. Unfortunately for him, his own lengthy denunciations of Leninism, Maoism, etc., are themselves seething with rage so overwhelming that he fails to see the mistakes and flaws in his own half-baked thinking- based partly on his linguistic shortcomings.

He believes (for instance) that Margaret Thatcher's right-wing ideology was developed for her by someone called "Joseph Keith". He also believes that Thomas Paine published a book entitled "Human Rights" (on which he then digresses at length, having failed to understand that Paine was not talking about "human rights" but about "The "Rights of Man", which are quite a different thing).

These are not merely typographical or translator's errors: they are emblematic of Sloterdijk's superficial, careless pontificating, which having failed to define the "Rage" embodied in the title of the book, ultimately loses itself in an extraordinary coda about "The Count of Monte Cristo" that I found completely inexplicable.

Sloterdijk's proposition that the only thinker who understood the inherent value of revolutionary violence for its own sake, without thought for future structures, was the Russian anarchist philosopher Mikhail_Bakunin, fails to take account of Bakunin's elaborate "catechism" in which Bakunin set out, in terrifyingly bureaucratic detail, his plan for exactly what those future structures would look like, specifying exactly how his post-revolutionary Utopia would be organised.

Towards the end of the book we realise that Sloterdijk's purpose is to try to ride the tiger of contemporary rebellion. His attempts, as an outsider and an academic (certainly not as a participant), to understand the street fighting and occupations of recent years, particularly in the Paris suburbs, only leave him bewildered; and his final attempt to suggest that Islamic Fundamentalism (as an attack on the West, whose assumed pre-eminence he never questions) is in some sense an analogue of Communism is simply laughable.

Anyhow, by this point he has abandoned all attempts to define what exactly he means by "rage"; nor is there a single word about (for instance) the West's own attacks on the Muslim world (Bush and Blair) and the *rage* those attacks generated in Muslims and non-Muslims alike.

Certainly, to paraphase Bob Dylan, "something is happening here, but you don't know what it is" Professor Sloterdijk certainly doesn't know what it is, and his rather pathetic attempt to make himself an ideologue of these new struggles only makes him seem to be on the wrong side.
Profile Image for noblethumos.
745 reviews77 followers
January 10, 2023
Rage and Time: A Psychopolitical Investigation is a book written by German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk. It was originally published in German in 2006 under the title Zorn und Zeit, and has since been translated into several languages.

In the book, Sloterdijk explores the concept of "rage" as a driving force in human history. He argues that rage has played a crucial role in shaping political and social systems, and that it continues to be a powerful force in contemporary politics. According to Sloterdijk, rage can be both a destructive and a constructive force, depending on how it is channeled and harnessed.

In addition to its analysis of rage, the book also addresses a number of other related topics, including the nature of power, the role of religion in society, the development of individual and collective identities, and the relationship between history and the present.

The author also develops ideas about the importance of the individual's capacity for self-government and its role in the politics. Furthermore, throughout the book, Sloterdijk draws on a wide range of sources, including philosophy, psychology, sociology, and literature, to build his argument.

Some critics have praised the book for its originality and insights, while others have criticized it for its complexity and dense style.

Overall, Rage and Time is a dense and challenging read, but one that rewards the reader with a unique perspective on the nature of rage and its role in human history and contemporary politics.

GPT
Profile Image for Luke.
924 reviews5 followers
October 19, 2023
Most works I have read on eternal return, including Nietzsche, would be better received as speculative fiction. This is becoming more clear today compared to back when academic institutions had more external reliability. We’re still at no loss of great academics even in America, whose work has internal validity at the expense of its social credibility. But these folks have no mainstream audience. It would be great for these folks, who have so much knowledge about capitalism, to actually have a voice where capitalism speaks loudest.

When he gets really into his analyses I’m particularly listening, like most readers. But most readers like myself will be both interested and skeptical of his interpositions between political parties and independent variables. If we’re really daring to question the narcissism and rage of power then let us distance more thoroughly from the constructs that prop it up. The languages, currencies, and the real that are circulated to and from hegemonic power. Deterritorialization in practice as well as theory. This is how these concepts, which are so important especially today, will be meaningfully heard. Attempting to both prop up academic credibility and question capitalist structures at the same time no longer makes sense upon the late stage.
Profile Image for Pablo.
139 reviews4 followers
September 19, 2024
Sloterdijk es muy Heideggereano con su prosa y su estilo de pensamiento. Lo disfruto mucho, lo recomiendo con cuidado.

La idea central del libro pone a la ira como un hilo conductor oculto, el enano escondido adentro de la máquina de jugar ajedrez de occidente, para usar una imagen de Benjamin. La herramienta conceptual que me llevo es el pensar a las religiones monoteístas y a los grandes sistemas modernos como bancos de ira. Bancos en el sentido literal de una institución que toma depósitos y los invierte estratégicamente para generar ganancias de un tipo particular. No es acá el lugar para entrar en detalle en esa idea, pero es muy útil.

Es muy presciente, el libro es de 2006, y de haberlo leído en el 2006 me hubiera explotado la cabeza y adelantado mi visión del mundo unos años. Leído hoy, el libro se siente útil pero su principal novedad, que es el redescubrir la ira como algo que está en el centro de la vida humana, no causa tanto impacto.

Hay una constelación muy interesante de "Posthumanistas" por descubrir. John Gray y Peter Sloterdijk son exponentes. Buscaré más.
Profile Image for Balazs Fejes.
30 reviews2 followers
March 5, 2023
Sloterdijk offers a new and unique interpretation of European/Occidental history through the lens of "rage economics", the accumulation, storage, and eventual "spending" of rage resources towards certain societal goals. His book touches on the antique origins of a theory of rage, follows it through the Catholicism-dominated centuries and into the gott-ist-tot nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the concluding sections, he even expands his interpretation to study the rise of Islamist fundamentalism and the "migrant-crisis", giving readers plenty of historical and contemporary material to chew on.
Profile Image for Víctor Sampayo.
Author 2 books49 followers
February 25, 2022
Peter Sloterdijk hace una minuciosa exploración de la ira como motor de transformación y progreso, como configuradora de guerras y órdenes políticos, sobre todo para las sociedades occidentales en general, y las europeas en particular. Para ello parte de ese viejo tópico —del cual muchos autores europeos suelen zarpar rumbo a sus reflexiones sobre la actualidad— que es La Ilíada, cuyos primeros versos se refieren precisamente a la cólera del pélida Aquiles y a todo lo que provocó no sólo entre los troyanos, sino entre los propios aqueos, al grado de convertirse en el canto más famoso de la cultura occidental y una de las piedras fundacionales de su identidad. Sin embargo, los ejemplos también acuden a los abrevaderos bíblicos y a diferentes episodios históricos en los que demuestra que la ira, y su consecuente hambre de justicia —o venganza— suelen ser agentes protagónicos en los devenires de la Historia, por lo que advierte que muy probablemente los episodios coléricos que la humanidad vivirá en las próximas décadas se están fraguando en estos momentos sin que nadie pueda hacer nada por detenerlos...
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