One of Coleridge’s donations to romanticism is the overture and use of medieval elements in poetry. Convinced as he is that distance lends charm to the view he takes the setting and circumstances away from the present and places them in the Middle Ages in order that the ordinary and the usual become glamorous and highly appealing, in ‘Christabel’ Coleridge uses medieval elements in such a subtle and exquisitemanner that they succeed in leaving a deep impression on our mind.
In this poem the setting is definitely medieval in appearance. In the midst of the wood is situated a castle where the chief events of the poem take place. It is surrounded by a deep defensive ‘moat’ beyond which stands a big gate ironed within and without’, so wide that an army in battle array could march easily out of it. The gate again, has a small door fixed in its middle. Beyond the gate there lies a court most probably for the holding of tournaments. The actual castle consists of a hail with a fire-place and a clock to announce hours the Baron’s room.
The poem presents a medieval atmosphere characterized by loneliness eerieness and mystery on the one hand and incantation (words used in magic) use of spell and supernaturalism on the other.
The action of poem begins at midnight. The night is chilly but not dark. The moon is at the full phase but mysteriously looks ‘both small and dull’. The thin grey cloud ‘covers but not hides the sky’. The owl screeches and surprisingly the cock also drowsily crows. Hearing the sound of the clock the ‘toothless mastiff bitch’ gives ‘sixteen short howls not over loud’ in the wood the trees have become bare. There is a huge old oak tree without a trace of green on it.
What is mysterious is that the tree is left with only one red leaf that amazingly turns round and round although there is no wind to make it do so. The loneliness of the place is deepened by a solitary woman found kneeling underneath the oak.
The atmosphere becomes charged with eeriness when all of a sudden and apparently without any cause a moaning sound comes from the other side of the oak. Geraldine’s sinking on the floor for a number of times apparently without sufficient cause is also mysterious and amazing.
Spell is made use of when Geraldine by touching Christabel’s naked body with her bare bosom activates this special power on her as a result of which her spell becomes the controller of her voice and makes her unable to forget the horrible ‘sight’ whose witness she has unwillingly become. Her use of incantation is found when she tries and is able to drive away the invisible spirit by repeatedly crying ‘with (a) hollow voice’: ‘Off, woman, off! This hour is mine.’
In this milieu we may also bring to mind her curse to the spirit: ‘Off, wandering mother! peak and pine!’
Supernaturalism is found in a number of cases such as the mastiff’s making of an ‘angry’ yell while she lies ‘fast asleep’, the dying brands’, sudden production of ‘a tongue of light’ and ‘a fit of flame’ as Geraldine goes past them, the appearance of the ghost of Christabel’s mother as soon as she wishes for her presence. her strenuous fight with the mother resulting in the wiping of ‘her moist cold broty’, the revelation of the exceedingly beautiful woman’s bosom disfigured with mark of shame and seal of sorrow and Christabel’s lying asleep with ‘open eyes’ and ‘dreaming fearfully’ in a trance induced by Geraldine’s spell.
These supernatural elements without a doubt go well with the superstitious thoughts and beliefs of the medieval times.
In the poem we also observe the presence of characters that are medieval to the bone. Of them we want to mention, first, the owner of the castle, Sir Leoline, ‘the Baron rich’ and ‘of a noble line’. There is a reference to the Lady of the castle who died while giving birth to her child, a common medical problem of the medieval age.
Then there is Christabel who, in the absence of her mother, comes forward to play in the role of a true hostess by assuring shelter to Geraldine. She is betrothed to a knight who has gone far in search of adventure. Her hostess-like courtesy is revealed when she requests her guest to allow herself to sleep for the night only on ‘her’ coach which is actually hers.
Christabel assures Geraldine that her father will gladly send their ‘stout chivalry’ together with friends who would ‘guide and guard’ a forlorn lady like her safe to her ‘noble father’s hall’. There is also a reference to the friar, a familiar figure of the age, before whom Christabel’s mother while on death-bed, expressed her wish to be present when the castle-bell would strike twelve on her daughter’s wedding-day.
The principles, practices and conventions, peculiar to the medieval times are also present in the poem. The belief in witches and ghosts was real for which we find in the poem the presence of a witch like Geraldine and a ghost like Christabel’s mother.
The superstitious belief that dogs can smell the presence of a ghost is made use of in the old mastiff’s seeing of ‘mv lady’s shroud’.
Another superstitious belief that ‘evil spirits may not enter a house without help from a mortal’ is utilized in the case of Geraldine’s access in to the castle made possible through Christabel’s cooperation.
Another such belief is expressed in the line ‘Her gracious stars the lady blest’ which alludes to a supposedly lucky or unlucky planet or a sign of the zodiac regarded as permanently influencing or deciding the fate of a person born under it.
We may further point out a belief of the age, superstitious no doubt which states that wicked spirits become most active after midnight and they can even drive out guardian angels during the hour ‘allotted to them.
The poet has also mentioned the religious practices of the time such as crossing oneself or naming Jesu or Maria when faced with danger or seeking protection or after recovery from menace. Another such practice is kneeling and praying for the ‘weal’ (well-being) of the lover (as done by Christabel), and for the recovery of one’s plight (as she does for Geraldine).
There is also the practice of bowing (bending of the head to show deep respect to God) before going to bed (as done by Geraldine).
These religious practices together with the firm faith that ‘saints will aid if men will call’ show the deep piety (piousness) of the age. Among social practices may be mentioned women’s riding on palfrey (saddle-horse) drinking of light wine prepared from wild flowers, wearing of sandals silken robes inner vest and cincture and decking of hair with ‘wildly’ glittering gems.
A trace of medieval architecture can be detected in Christabel’s chamber. Its use in the Gothic style is reflected in the hail that ‘echoes still/Pass as lightly as you will’, in the winding stairs going up ‘now in glimmer and now in gloom’ and in Christabel’s chamber carved ‘curiously’ with ‘strange and sweet’ figures—all from the carver’s brain’— So that they may appear appropriate ‘for a lady’s chamber’. The bedroom has been built so wonderfully that ‘not a moonbeam enters here’ vet there is no difficulty in seeing as ‘light from the sky’ can find free entrance here. Besides there is the silver lamp (tied with double silver chains to an angel’s feet) which can swing to and fro.
The poet has used in the poem some archaic words and phrases in order that they may harmonize with its medieval atmosphere.
Of these we may mention nouns like ‘sire’, ‘naught’, ‘yester morning ‘yester night’ adverbs like’ withal’ be like’ verbs like quoth’ ‘espy’ and phrases like ‘ever and eve’, ‘I wis’, ‘Woe is me ’ and ‘Ah, wel-a-day’.
The poem also presents some of the dark sides of the medieval times such as witchery, banditry and harlotry. Geraldine’s cursing of the spirit of Christabel’s mother with words like ‘Off, wandering mother! Peak and pine!’ clearly indicates the former’s skill in witchcraft.
Attack by bandits on harmless travellers was one of the notable crimes of the age. The report that five ruffians seized Geraldine tied her ‘on a palfrey whit and made her ride off ‘furiously’ is indicative of the brigandage prevalent at that time.
Harlotry was a social vice of the age and women of low character were often branded as a punishment for their mean activities. Her beauty gorgeous dress and fondness for ornament tempt us to take Geraldine as a courtesan whose disfigurement of the bosom through branding does not appear too unlike.
The allegory in the poem works under two layers:
a) Christabel and Geraldine are distinct as women on the one hand, and forces representing good and evil on the other. As a representative of evil Geraldine is so powerful that she requires no assistant to fulfil her purpose.
b) At the same time she suffers from two weaknesses : first, her real self is so horrid that she has to appear in the guise of a very attractive and beautiful woman in order to make herself acceptable to others and to secure the cooperation of the good woman to cause her ruin, and secondly, notwithstanding her remarkable power, it is not permanent but lasts only for a short while.
As an agent of evil she also possesses such other qualities as wickedness, deception and sin. As a representative of good, Christabel’s power is so feeble that she needs to be assisted not only by the spirit of her mother who really serves as her guardian angel’ but also by such lower than mortals as the mastiff bitch and inanimate things as the gate the hall the strands and the lamp.
As an agent of good though Christabel is not so attractive as Geraldine yet she possesses such qualities as loveliness, honesty purity, simplicity and innocence. One cardinal characteristic of good is that no matter however it has to suffer, it never loses faith in divine powers.
As a romantic poet Coleridge’s primary concern in writing the poem ‘Christabel’ is that it should be artistically satisfying and mentally pleasing to readers, The poet himself admitted that the poem ‘pretended to be nothing more than a common fairy tale’ and that it was a fantasia of elusive charm and nocturnal mystery’.
There is nothing to dispute what the poet has said above. Yet he treats the various factors of the poem in such a ‘subtle and complicated’ way that it is too difficult to produce its theme in a short, neat and happy manner. However, as a romanticist he could not deny his attraction for ballad poetry along with allegory that frequently goes with it. Therefore, it would not be unnatural for us to expect the traces of both in his marvellous though fraginenta poem ‘Christabel’. In fact it contains certain allegorical features that are hard to deny.