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353 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1983
[T]hroughout the Crusades, the Arabs refused to open their own society to ideas from the West. And this, in all likelihood, was the most disastrous effect of the aggression of which they were the victims. For an invader, it makes sense to learn the language of the conquered people; for the latter, to learn the language of the conqueror seems a surrender of principle, even a betrayal.Such stagnation, coupled with the destruction of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, pushed the Middle East into a morass from which it has not emerged - expect for material wealth gained through petro-dollars in the oil-rich countries.
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Although the epoch of the Crusades ignited a genuine economic and cultural revolution in Western Europe, in the Orient these holy wars led to long centuries of decadence and obscurantism. Assaulted from all quarters, the Muslim world turned in on itself. It became over-sensitive, defensive, intolerant, sterile—attitudes that grew steadily worse as world-wide evolution, a process from which the Muslim world felt excluded, continued. Henceforth progress was the embodiment of 'the other’. Modernism became alien.
In a Muslim world under constant attack, it is impossible to prevent the emergence of a sense of persecution, which among certain fanatics takes the form of a dangerous obsession. The Turk Mehmet Ali Agca, who tried to shoot the pope on 13 May 1981, had expressed himself in a letter in these terms: I have decided to kill John Paul II, supreme commander of the Crusades. Beyond this individual act, it seems clear that the Arab East still sees the West as a natural enemy. Against that enemy, any hostile action—be it political, military, or based on oil—is considered no more than legitimate vengeance. And there can be no doubt that the schism between these two worlds dates from the Crusades, deeply felt by the Arabs, even today, as an act of rape.This, I feel, is the reason for most of the terrorism emanating from the Islamic world. Addressing its historical and psychological roots may be the only hope for long-term peace. But in a world currently filled with national leaders whose mentality is not much different from the rape-and-plunder mentality of the crusaders, this remains but a pipe-dream.








Tous les Roum furent tués ou dépouillés, relate l'historien de Mossoul. Quelqu'uns de leur notables tentèrent de se réfugier dans la grande église qu'ils appellent Sophia, poursuivis par les Franj. Un groupe de prêtres et de moines sortirent alors, portant des croix et des évangiles, pour supplier les attaquants de préserver leur vie, mais les Franj prêtèrent aucune attention à leurs prières. Ils les massacrérent tous puis ils pillèrent l'église.
On raconte aussi qu'une prostituée venue avec l'éxpédition franque s'assit sur le trône du patriarque en entonnant des chansons paillardes, tandis que des soldats ivres violaient les nonnes greques dans les monastères voisins.
All the Roum [the people of Constantinople] were killed or robbed, recounts the historian of Mossoul. Some of their leading citizens tried to take refuge in the great church they called Sophia, pursued by the Franj [the Frankish invaders] A group of priests and monks came out, bearing crosses and holy books, to beg the attackers to spare their lives, but the Franj paid no attention to their prayers. They killed them all and then pillaged the church.
It is also said that a prostitute who had come with the Frankish expedition seated herself on the Patriarch's throne singing filthy songs, while drunken soldiers raped the Greek nuns in the adjoining monastery.