Hermann und Dorothea is an epic poem written in hexameter in nine songs. It represents an attempt by Goethe to create a genuinely German modern epic in the Homeric mode. Goethe was long a student of Homer's Iliad, which is clearly the principle inspiration for this work, and delved heavily into the German translation by Johann Heinrich Voß that appeared in the 1770s. Voß made his own attempt to write a German Homeric poem in his own "Luise," and some contemporary critics went so far as to accuse Goethe of imitation. However, this criticism was not the prevailing opinion; Goethe's poem was wildly successful, and, along with Götz and Die Leiden des Jungen Werther, it was the most popular publication of his lifetime.
The story is set during the early years of the French Revolution, when French armies displace Germans on the west side of the Rhine, driving them across the river as refugees. Hermann, the son of a well-to-do proprietor of the Golden Lion guesthouse, is charmed when he comes across the beautiful and noble-minded Flüchtling Dorothea while distributing goods to the refugees.
Hermann's father is none to pleased by this development, as he intends his son to marry a wealthy local girl, not some wayward refugee. The family takes council with a priest and apothecary, good representatives of the burgher class, and Hermann's mother acts as a sort of tender-hearted intercessor.
Goethe quite gets the Homeric spirit into his work, and I was impressed by his deep grasp of Homer's poetics. The relationship of action to these periodic confabs, in which speeches are exchanged in dazzling displays of rhetoric, does remind me intensely of the Iliad.
But the real novel insight here is found in Goethe's application of the high epic form to the bourgeois concerns of modern life in a manner that prefigures works such as Joyce's Ulysses and Mann's Der Zauberberg. Goethe persuasively identifies the locus of adventure in modern society in the striving of people to recapitulate the ancient life-giving patterns in the midst of historical upheaval. And indeed, what greater adventure could there be for a young person today than to feel their entire destiny resolve into clarity out of an inchoate cloud of possibility, enticed by the luminous image of a beautiful counterpart who calls to their very depths and whom their heart chooses? It is the very root of life's tree, and Goethe sings it admirably into visible shape.
I cannot comment on the novelty of such an application fully until I have read Voß's work, but it is clear that Goethe was an important precursor to the mythopoetic method, I think to a degree that has largely been overlooked or minimized by the Anglo-Saxon scholarship, to its detriment. Works like Faust, Die Wahlverwandtschaften, and Hermann und Dorothea are obviously major antecedents to the movement.
As a minor note, I was somewhat confused about the dramatic development that dominates the end of the poem, when Dorothea is under the misapprehension that she has been invited to Hermann's home as a servant. I learn from Rüdiger Safranski's biography of Goethe that one of the principle sources for the matter of this poem was a similar event that occurred in the 1730s when a young woman was married after fleeing Protestant persecutions in Salzburg, and such a confusion actually did occur.
I don't know if good English translations of this work exist. I periodically consulted Ellen Frothingham's translation as a reference, and found it turgid, archaic, and plagued at times by grammatical errors.
Update: I recently encountered in Herder's Fragments on Recent German Literature a cogent criticism of translators who attempt to render Greek classical literature in German hexameter. Owing to various differences between the two languages, argues Herder, it does not work, and hexameter is too long for German.
I immediately thought of Hermann and in retrospect I have to agree - hexameter is difficult to scan, and obscures rather than clarifies the poetical effect. I think Herder's general criticism stands, and can be fairly applied to this poem.