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Messiah the Prince: Or, The Mediatorial Dominion of Jesus Christ

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Often Christians focus on Jesus’ role as Prophet or Priest, but leave unaddressed his role as King over all men and nations. William Symington, a 19th century Reformed Presbyterian and Scottish pastor, wrote Messiah the Prince to examine the particular significance of Jesus Christ as King.

Revelation 1:5 says that Christ is the “prince of the kings of the earth.” What obligations does this place upon the civil magistrate? What obligations might this place upon the people who are governed, including those people who vote for their civil magistrate? Of what significance is the truth that the One who was the atoning sacrifice for His people (the Priest) and the one who spoke and taught the Word in its fullness (the Prophet) is also the Ruler of all (the King)? What might it mean when Jesus said, “Make all nations My disciples”?

Symington answers these questions is a way that will push some modern Christians past their comfort zone. He makes that case that Christ is reigning now and that all nations must answer to Him, and it is the Church’s responsibility to make that call on the nations, their governors and their governed.

265 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1990

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About the author

William Symington

46 books5 followers
Scottish Presbyterian William Symington was the younger brother of Andrew Symington, both of whom were major nineteenth-century Scottish theologians. William is noted for several works in particular:

Historical Sketch of the Westminster Assembly of Divines

The Atonement and Intercession of Jesus Christ

Messiah, the Prince

He also contributed to the Lectures on the Principles of the Second Reformation.

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Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews
Profile Image for Michael Philliber.
Author 5 books70 followers
December 6, 2025
If I have it figured out, William Symington, a Scottish Covenanter for the 19th Century, wrote “Messiah the Prince: The Mediatorial Dominion of Jesus Christ” as an apologetic for his branch of the Scottish Reformed and Presbyterian Churches in Scotland, many of whom had immigrated to the America, but also had congregations in Ireland, France, and beyond.

His points (in a nutshell) seem to be:
1. Jesus fulfills the threefold office of Prophet, Priest, and King. These three offices, though having different functions, are indivisible. To receive Christ as (atoning, saving) Priest, one has the whole Jesus – including his royal office (King) and declarative office (Prophet). One can’t pick and choose. It is very much the way the saving LORD (Isaiah 32:5-6) puts it in Isaiah 32:22, “For the LORD is our judge; the LORD is our lawgiver; the LORD is our king; he will save us.”

2. As the prophetic, priestly King, he exercises his whole authority for his church, “And he put all things under his feet and gave him as head over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all” (Ephesians 1:22-23).

3. All nations, then, are bound to submit to Jesus. “Nations are thus invested with a high and noble character. They are the moral subjects of the Redeemer. Their rulers are not the mere servants of men, the creatures of popular choice, but the ministers of God, the moral deputies of heaven, the servants, the representatives of the Prince of the kings of the earth” (pg. 146). This means that nations that do not acknowledge Jesus the King, are dishonoring him, and we Christians are not to set up any magistrates (elected or appointed) who are “his open and avowed enemies – men who deny his divinity, who blaspheme his name, who deride his worship, and who openly profane his sacred day” (pg. 166)! Therefore, the (Christian) Government, is to establish the true religion in a land, support the church, etc. (pg.178-179).

4. When Christians are under anti-Christ governments, they are “to submit to it; but they are to submit to it as a chastisement sent them by God, and to conform, for the sake of peace, to the general order of society; while they take care, at the same time, to bear a full and honest testimony against its evils, and to avoid whatever is calculated to involve them in a participation of its guilt” (pg. 171). The way this concept and # 3 above worked out in the U.S., was that the early American Covenanters – because the U.S. had no stated allegiance to Christ in its founding documents – did not vote in elections or serve in the Government or military.

5. The Church is strictly independent of the State, in that magistrates may not dictate her creed, obligate her ordinances, appoint her officers, control her discipline, or interfere in any way with her constitution or administration (pg. 192). But the State, also, must give – not passive, but authoritative protection to the Church (pg. 193). This, at least, means “legal recognition.” Yet, it may not dictate to its subjects what religion they must pursue and practice (pg. 194).

6. Finally, to bring nations to submit to Jesus as Prophet, Priest, and King, is the work of the King himself, and “to purify, sanctify, revolutionise, nay, Christianize, the nations of the world, is what none but he could perform: and were it not that he is Head of the nations, as well as Head of the church, we should have to despair of these glorious anticipations being ever realized” (pg. 154-155).

If I have grasped Symington’s premises rightly, then I can say that most of them I am wholeheartedly on board with (#1, #2, #5 and #6). And I can agree with the desire of #3, without going all the way into a State Established Church. And I can happily accept the concept of #4, though not the way it was understood in practice. Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and how they were obeying the LORD’s written directive in the letter of Jeremiah 29 as they served their pagan Government, come to mind.

Was the book worth my time? Absolutely. I found it instructive, giving me some good aspects to ponder more fully. Do I recommend it? Surely.
Profile Image for Suzannah Rowntree.
Author 34 books596 followers
September 16, 2016
(Review originally posted on Vintage Novels).

Over the last year or so I've taken to reading some classic devotionals in small bite-sized pieces each day. The latest I finished was a reprint of the 1884 edition of William Symington's Messiah the Prince, Or, The Mediatorial Dominion of Jesus Christ.

Symington, the minister of a small Reformed Presbyterian church in Scotland, like many other members of that small denomination down to the present day, saw himself as an heir of the Covenanters whose war-banner read, "For Christ's Crown and Covenant." But what exactly does it mean to be for Christ's Crown? All Christians know that Jesus Christ has ascended into heaven, where he sits ruling and reigning at the right hand of God the Father, until all things are put under his feet. That much we can all agree on pretty clearly. But it's in the finer details that we tend to get lost. Exactly what does Christ's kingdom consist of? How is it ruled? And perhaps most importantly, what effect does it have on our lives?

The modern Reformed world is pretty strong on what it means for Christ to be Priest. He made atonement for our sins. He was our sacrificial lamb. And he intercedes for us. If not for Christ's priesthood, there's no way we could be cleansed of our sins.

We're less firm on what it means for Christ to be Prophet. Still, we tend to have a pretty good idea that this involves Christ's revelation of his will to us and all things necessary for our faith and edification, via his Word and assisted by his Spirit. If not for Christ's prophetic office, we would never hear, or understand, that Christ's sacrifice was for us.

But we're perhaps shakiest of all on what it means for Christ to be King. The Westminster Shorter Catechism says, "Christ executeth the office of a king, in subduing us to himself, in ruling and defending us, and in restraining and conquering all his and our enemies." According to Symington, if it wasn't for Christ's kingship, we would never accept salvation. It takes a king to conquer us, and not just us, but all our enemies too.

Symington's 350-page book is by far the most in-depth discussion of Christ's kingship that I've ever come across--and yet it's little more than a systematic unpacking of the above Shorter Catechism quotation. It answered questions I've had all my life. After all, when Jesus Christ came to earth, his message was the Kingdom of God. But what is the kingdom? When did it begin? Is it the church? Is it the whole world? Is it purely spiritual? Or does it take place on earth? Who are its citizens? How are they ruled? What benefits accrue to them? How does Christ's kingship affect the church? Does Christ's kingship affect the state, and if so, how? And will Christ's kingship ever end?

These are just some of the basic questions answered in this book. I did have my concerns with part of it, especially the parts where Symington argues for the establishment of religion by the state. While I disagree with him, he does make a fairly reasonable case, which gains strength because he's arguing for something a bit different than what we've seen so far in the establishment of religion. Thinking through his arguments pushed me to develop my own views a little further, so that was helpful.

On the other hand, most of this book was absolutely terrific. I particularly appreciated Symington's explanation of the how the kingdom embraces both the saved and the unsaved. Christ's dominion over believers is obviously the minimum requirement, but Symington goes further, showing that in order for Christ to subdue his (and our) enemies, he must also have dominion over unbelievers and indeed, the entire cosmos. The relevant verse explaining how these fit together is Ephesians 1:22, where it's explained that Christ has been made "head over all things to the church"--that is, for the church's good. The Kingdom is far wider than those who recognise its dominion.

But this is just the starting-point. Messiah the Prince goes far beyond an academic recognition of Christ's kingship, pushing the concept home in areas that go far beyond most Christians' comfort zone. But this is all to the good: if Christ is our king, then we can have hope for everything under his rule. This book was a daily shot in the arm, a daily reminder to be confident and have hope. It ought to be prescribed as a tonic. Read it.
Profile Image for Andrew Dass.
11 reviews
July 17, 2025
An incredible, scholarly analysis on the kingship of Jesus Christ. Symington is not bereft of biblical texts from both Old and New Testaments for building an unassailable case of not only Christ’s competency and supremacy as the Mediatorial Head over his Church (which few if any doubt), but his preeminence as the current Sovereign over the nations, and the moral duty of their rulers to him in all matters concerning their divinely-appointed obligations (which many do doubt).

The text also deals with many questions and issues on the relationship between Church and State which were circulating in his time, but which is also pertinent to our (American) Christian culture as well. If you often wondered what the affects (if any) of the Church ought to have on the State and vice verse, or if nations and their civil magistrates are bound to (or exempt from) the Law of God in their governing affairs, then I highly recommend this book.

It is dense and, for me at least, the prose was difficult to digest at times. But overall the content here is unparalleled. And do not let the systematic structure of the book overwhelm you either. Even though it is analytical in its treatments of theological topics, Symington’s pastoral side shines forth many times throughout, especially in his exposition of Christ’s gracious and victorious mediation for his Church. I found myself pausing and meditating on the grandeur of the New Testament’s pronouncement of Christ as the new, ascended King because of the way Symington eloquently summarises it.

This is the best text I’ve ever read, in terms of its scope and cogency, on the kingship of Christ Jesus, and imho, the definitive text on the topic.

“Having as a part of his humiliation, suffered himself to be made subject to rulers, to be placed at their bar, to be judged by their laws, to be counted worthy of death by their unrighteous decree, it is fitting that, in reward of what he has effected, he should be invested with sovereign rule over the princes of this world, and, in turn, demand of them obedience to his authority, punish them for their proud and obstinate rebellion, and subordinate all their measures and movements to the gracious purposes of his reign.” (Symington)

“To suppose that men, as individuals, are under the moral government of the Almighty, and bound to regulate their conduct by his law, but that, as societies, they are exempted from all such control, is to maintain what involves the most absurd and pernicious consequences.” (Symington)
Profile Image for Creeds, Confessions, and Catechisms.
63 reviews1 follower
September 22, 2025
Crown & Covenant Publications sent me a copy of "Messiah the Prince: Or, The Mediatorial Dominion of Jesus Christ" by William Symington in exchange for an honest review.

This is probably one of the most consequential books I've ever read in my life. I'm aspiring to the ministry, and part of that process is discerning which denomination is best in line with my convictions. One of the clear frontrunners for me is the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. Contrary to popular belief, their key distinctive isn't a capella exclusive psalmody. If that was the distinctive, they'd already have me. Their actual distinctives are their doctrine of Christ's Mediatorial Kingship and subscription to the original (i.e., unedited) Westminster Standards. This book deals with the former.

The book can essentially be divided into two parts: 1) the nature of Christ's kingship (chapters 1-6) and 2) the implications of Christ's kingship (chapters 7-10). Part 1 is a pure, (should be) uncontroversial explanation of what the Bible says about Christ's kingly office. The book gets difficult/controversial in chapters 8-9, when Symington unpacks what he sees as the implications of his doctrine in political life. I'm currently unsure where I land on those chapters. They're very different from the modern American Christian consensus which we all learn implicitly from birth (myself included). I'm still prayerfully mulling over this.

But even with my uncertainty, I can wholeheartedly recommend this book. Even if you don't agree with all of Symington's conclusions, it's an invaluable resource for recovering a high view of Christ's kingly office. This book will challenge you (especially if you're an American reader), but it's a very worthwhile challenge. Every Christian, not just Presbyterian and Reformed Christians, will benefit from having read Symington's magnum opus.
Profile Image for G. Mark James.
69 reviews2 followers
February 23, 2025
An excellent classic and first place to begin to understand the mediatorial dominion of Christ. After reviewing the necessity and reality of Christs mediatorial dominion, Symington talks about Christ mediatorial dominion over 2 spheres - the Church and Nations (Church and State). The chapter on Christs dominion over the nations is a great primer and case for establishmentrianism. Symington also replies to objections either to Christ over the nations in general, or against Christ’s mediatorial dominion continuing in the New Heavens and Earth. His treatment of 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 was especially helpful. Highly recommend as this book will not only enlighten the mind but stir the soul toward a greater awe, appreciation, and love for Christ as Mediator.
Profile Image for Parker Ambrose .
52 reviews1 follower
July 5, 2020
Fantastic. Symington drives home the important points of Christ's Mediatorial Dominion, and that all will be placed in subjection to him. Must read.
12 reviews1 follower
February 28, 2024
This book is worth the time. This is especially true as questions related to the relationship of church and state are at the forefront of much discussion in our current political environment.
Profile Image for Philip.
32 reviews3 followers
July 31, 2012
Great stuff, although I felt it was a slightly brief at times and long winded at others.

This is the kind of gold found herein:
"Religion is favourable to liberty. By checking selfishness, inspiring benevolence, and teaching a strict moral equality, it proves itself decidedly friendly to the rights of the people ; while, by its opposition to injustice and oppression, it directly tends to suppress whatever is unfavourable to freedom. Without religion, nations may aim at freedom, but they can never attain it; and even although they could, they would be unfit for enjoying it, for, to the end of time will it holdtrue of communities as of individuals, that ‘whom the Son makes free, they and they only are free indeed."

Also:
"Let them shrink from entertaining a sentiment, or maintaining a theory, which would go to pluck from the head of Emmanuel the crown of the nations, and to blot from his escutcheon the resplendent title, King of kings and Lord of lords."
Profile Image for Thiago Barros.
6 reviews18 followers
October 25, 2016
Certamente um dos melhores livros que já li.
William Symington (1795 - 1862) nessa obra explana de maneira brilhante o exercício da mediação de Cristo em cada aspecto dos seus ofícios como Rei, Profeta e Sacerdote.
Pessoalmente levei como um comentário extensivo sobre o Capítulo VIII da CFW.
Se você quer entender melhor sobre como cada ofício de Cristo e sua compreensão é necessário para vida prática de piedade, não deixe de ler esse livro caso consiga ler em inglês.

Provável que muitos não concordem em pontos específicos, porém, tenho certeza que ninguém conseguiria deixar de considerar como uma obra necessária para os dias de hoje.

Recomendo
Profile Image for Gary.
954 reviews26 followers
May 19, 2012
Not that many books have or are written on this theme. Consequently ‘Messiah the Prince’ is going to be found in most well-furnished Reformed catholic libraries. But it thoroughly deserves to be in them on it’s own merits as a well-written, well-argued and warmly evangelical work.

Very edifying.
Profile Image for Brenda.
49 reviews
December 7, 2013
I will definitely be re-reading this book in the future. Hopefully with a notebook and pen nearby so I can take notes!
Profile Image for Phil.
41 reviews2 followers
August 6, 2022
This is a wonderful book. Track what he says with the Scriptures, and you will be renewed.
Profile Image for Logan.
1,671 reviews59 followers
July 20, 2016
Another formative book for me, Symington shows, conclusively, that Christ rules and rules presently.
Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews

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