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Contemporary Chinese Studies (UBC Press)

Banished to the Great Northern Wilderness: Political Exile and Re-education in Mao’s China

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Following Mao Zedong’s Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957–58, Chinese intellectuals were subjected to “re-education” by the state. In Banished to the Great Northern Wilderness, Ning Wang draws on labour farm archives and other newly uncovered Chinese-language sources, including an interview with a camp guard, to provide a remarkable look at the suffering and complex psychological world of intellectuals banished to China’s remote north. Wang’s use of grassroots sources challenges our perception of the intellectual as a renegade martyr – revealing how exiles often denounced one another and, for self-preservation, declared allegiance to the state.

300 pages, Hardcover

Published January 15, 2017

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Ning Wang

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Profile Image for Ryo.
126 reviews10 followers
December 10, 2025
细节都不陌生,取材除了有限的档案外主要来自几本回忆录(《永远的北大荒》 黄湛、《九死一生》 戴煌、《梦断未名湖》 陈奉孝、丁玲夫妇/和凤鸣/刘宾雁/刘迺元/巫宁坤回忆录、还有一些没公开发表的如谭天荣自述等。
1. 流放到边疆是中国传统。然而哪怕是清朝流放犯人在边疆还能吃饱、有地种、可以当幕僚或乡村教师;红毛中流放直接就是饥饿威胁+强制劳动+身体管控+利用恶劣条件进行精神打击甚至肉体消灭。苏联古拉格尚能做到政治犯与刑事犯分开;在红毛中看来杀人放火强奸的刑事犯比政治犯都要高一层(可以被改造好的人民内部矛盾vs人民的敌人,所谓人民=政权),所以故意把刑事犯和政治犯关在一起大乱斗就是为了对政治犯身体和心灵实施双重打击。
2. 思想改造的实际效果显然是造成一帮更坚定的反对派:将年轻人从对党忠诚但仗义执言变成了真正的异议者。在营中强制读报阅读马列著作上政治课做自我检查,反而开始用马克思主义分析中国现实,走向真正的反思,北大荒的冰天雪地农闲休息时间通过“官方允许的材料”实现了真正的思想成长;
3. 如果真的要说官方认可的“思想改造”结果——流放归来的政治犯学会了更精妙的表达与自我保护策略,懂得如何解读上级微妙信号,如何在体制中求生;处理和上司、干部、人际关系的方式发生了质变,升级了“日常政治的技能包”,从而在体制里活下来、少挨打、谋发展。
4. “精神创伤、身体上的痛苦、长期的饥饿以及对未来的不确定性,使得这些政治流亡者变得越来越偏执、狭隘且只顾自己。” “人们只关心自己的利益得失,任何一种相互理解、友谊、关照与帮助的精神都逐渐消失了。”人们会因为一些琐碎的事情而发生争执和斗殴。——奥斯维辛存活下来的犹太人也有类似的体验,参见维克多弗兰克《活出生命的意义》
5. 所谓“摘帽运动”,看起来是专门为右派平反,实际只是罪己大赦诏的一环而已,跟摘帽同时也赦免了被关押在中国监狱中的已判刑人员(普通刑事犯、战俘等)。
6. 红毛中对知识分子的态度始终是怀疑/不信任/仇恨,永远不要忘记——Mao did not accept the conviction of intellectuals that their expertise made them more fit than the communists to run the country. Thus, once such convictions turned intellectuals into regime enemies, and priority was given to eliminating any such threats to the state, their expertise was no longer appreciated. Or, as the CCP would put it, one’s talent must be employed in the service of the people; otherwise, it is worthless.
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