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Muslim Slave System in Medieval India

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104Back of the BookSlavery originated during the age of savagery and continued into ancient civilizations. Slavery was there in Babylon and elsewhere in Mesopotamia; it was widely prevalent in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, centuries before the coming of Christ. Ancient India also had slaves but they were so mildly treated that foreign visitors like Megasthenes, who were acquainted with their fate in other countries, failed to notice the existence of slavery in this country. An altogether new dimension-religious sanction-was added to the institution of slavery with the rise of Christianity to power in the Roman Empire. Hitherto, slavery had been a creation of the crude in human nature the urge to dominate over others, to make use of others for private comfort and profit. Now it was ordained that the God of the Christians had bestowed the whole earth and all its wealth on the believers, that the infidels had no natural or human rights, an

196 pages, Paperback

First published May 1, 1994

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Kishori Saran Lal

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Profile Image for Ashish Iyer.
880 reviews637 followers
December 12, 2019
This Book explores the muslim slave system in Medieval India. It explore how slavery system came from. This was just slavery against, it was a war against Hindu population. Its a shame that these leftist historian have hidden the truth.
Profile Image for Ajay.
242 reviews3 followers
September 22, 2019
Brilliant book on Muslim slave system. This book covered various topics. Quite a detailed account. Unbiased book.
Profile Image for Preetam Chatterjee.
7,447 reviews433 followers
August 6, 2021
Book: Muslim Slave System in Medieval India
Author: Kishori Saran Lal
Publisher: ‎ South Asia Books; 2016th edition (1 January 1994)
Language: ‎ English
Paperback: ‎ 204 pages
Item Weight: ‎ 500 g
Dimensions: ‎ 22.5 x 1.8 x 15.2 cm
Country of Origin: ‎ India
Price: 275/-

“Slavery of Islam is interwoven with the Law of marriage, the Law of sale, and the Law of inheritance and its abolition would strike at the very foundation of the code of Muhammadanism.” – Thomas Patrick Hughes

Among other things, this book by Kishori Saran Lal is a comprehensive history of the interconnectedness between Islam and Slavery.

The Islamic world, created by the Arabs and their Muslim converts by subjugation in the century from the 620s CE, stretched from Spain to the Indus River and was very much organized in terms of its original subjugation. In the 620s, as Muhammad developed his position in the Hejaz, the Quraiza tribe of Jews in Medina was destroyed in 627, with the men killed and the women and children enslaved.

The following year, the Jews of the nearby oasis of Khaibar were defeated and enslaved. The large numbers of slaves produced by Muslim conquests were important to political and social status, as well as for more functional reasons. There was also the basic demographic fact that the Arabs and their supporters were a minority in the lands they conquered, and that slavery helped structure the resulting social, political and religious relationships.

Only non-Muslims could be enslaved, although slaves who converted to Islam kept their servile status. There is an interesting contrast with the fears of Caribbean slave-owners who tried to exclude missionaries in the eighteenth century for fear that conversion to Christianity might lead to pressure for freedom.

Islamic law was far from monolithic, with different schools providing competing accounts. Nevertheless, it was agreed that non-Muslims living under non-Muslim rule could readily be enslaved by Muslims, and their status was heritable, although owners could free as well as bequeath, sell and give slaves.

However, although, even among orthodox Muslims, the notion that slaves were properly secured by conquest alone was very far from being observed, non-Muslims living under Muslim rule were protected from enslavement, Christians and Jews being regarded as Peoples of the Book, and thus related to Muslims, and enjoying religious freedom on payment of a poll tax.

Thus, for the purposes of ensuring slave labour, Muslim societies were not able to draw on the bulk of the population under their control and had to rely on the slave trade.

K.S. Lal shows that, in India, Islamic rulers, such as the sultans of the Delhi sultanate (1206–1526), used enslavement as a form both of extracting revenues and of punishment, not least for not paying taxes. Fiscal factors were to the fore and territorial expansion was in part financed by the sale of slaves.

Into the following chapters has the book been divided:

1. THE ORIGINS OF MUSLIM SLAVE SYSTEM
2. ENSLAVEMENT OF HINDUS BY ARAB AND TURKISH INVADERS
3. SLAVE SULTANS OF HINDUSTAN
4. SLAVE-TAKING DURING MUSLIM RULE
4. ENSLAVEMENT AND PROSELYTIZATION
6. STRUGGLE FOR POWER AMONG SLAVE NOBLES
7. EMPLOYMENT OF SLAVES
8. GHILMANS AND EUNUCHS
9. SLAVE TRADE
10. RULES REGARDING MANUMISSION AND SALE OF SLAVES
11. SEX SLAVERY

To begin with, the author gives us a bird’s eye view of ancient India.

In ancient Indian society slaves were treated with consideration. Their condition was far better as compared to that of the slaves in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Buddha for instance, enjoined on his lay followers to assign only as much work to their slaves as they could easily do. He also said that the master should attend to the needs of his slaves when the latter was ill.

During the Mauryan era, (C. 300 B.C. to 100 B.C.), Kautilya laid down rules about how slaves should be treated by their masters. The master was not to punish a slave without reason. If a master ill-treated his slaves the state was to punish him. Emperor Ashoka says in his Rock Edict IX that all people should treat their slaves with sympathy and consideration.

In ancient India slaves were so mildly treated that foreign visitors like Megasthenes, who were acquainted with their fate in other countries, failed to notice the existence of slavery in this country. He wrote, ‘All Indians are free. None of them is a slave. They do not reduce even foreigners to slavery. There is thus no question of their reducing their own countrymen to slavery’.

Megasthenes of course could not speak for the whole of India and for the entire ancient period. Slavery did exist in India, but it was tempered with humanism. There are philosophical and religious works in ancient India from the Rigveda onwards which do write about slaves. But none of them suggests that they were cruelly treated. In India slaves were not treated as commodities for earning profit through sale. Indian economy was not based on slavery.

The number of slaves in ancient India was less than that in western countries and, aberrations apart, they were treated with kindness and as human beings.

An altogether new dimension - religious sanction - was added to the institution of slavery with the rise of Christianity to power in the Roman Empire. Hitherto, slavery had been a creation of the crude in human nature - the urge to dominate over others, to make use of others for private comfort and profit.

The narrative thereafter shifts towards Islam.

Lal observes that in the Islamic world, slave labour was significant to the economies both of households and of production, for example making the Shatt al-’Arab in southern Iraq – the marshlands alongside the lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers – cultivatable and a major centre of sugar production in the 9th century.

There were also large numbers of construction slaves, while skilled slaves working in pottery and textiles were much in demand and commanded a premium.

Their seizure was a desirable product of conquests, as when the Uzbek conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) seized Delhi in 1402. Christians seized and sold into slavery in North Africa in the seventeenth century worked in a range of activities including rope-making, and at the slave market calluses were seen as evidence of experience of labour, which was regarded as desirable.

Moreover, the extensive sexual economy included slaves in harems and as eunuchs. The castration of eunuchs reflected the power of masters and the extent to which the aggregate strength of the slave system was replicated in individual households and, in turn, was confirmed by their arrangements. The emphasis was on personal service, and the Islamic law of slavery was patriarchal and belonged more to the law of family than to that of property.

From the day India became a target of Muslim invaders its people began to be enslaved in droves to be sold in foreign lands or employed in various capacities on menial and not-so-menial jobs within the country. To understand this phenomenon it is necessary to go into the origins and development of the Islamic system of slavery.

For, wherever the Muslims went, mostly as conquerors but also as traders, there developed a system of slavery peculiar to the clime, terrain and populace of the place. For example, simultaneously with Muhammad bin Qasims invasion of Sindh in early 8th century, the expansion of Arab Islam had gone apace as far as Egypt, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula in the West, as well as in Syria, Asia Minor, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Khurasan, Sistan and Transoxiana. In all these countries Muslim slave system grew and developed in its own way.

There was constant contact between India and most of these countries in the medieval times.

The continued dynamism of successive Islamic societies produced fresh bouts of conquest that led to new sources of slaves. Thus, on the eastern end of the Islamic world, Mahmud of Ghazni, south-west of Kabul (r.971–1030), whose empire stretched from the River Oxus to the River Indus, launched numerous raids into northern India from the 990s, annexing the Hindu state of Sahi to the east by 1021.

Religious factors played a role in his attacks, which in 1022 extended far down the Ganges valley and in 1026 into Gujarat. Chroniclers claimed that his campaign of 1024 yielded over 100,000 slaves. Such numbers fed a major slave trade into Central Asia, Persia and Iraq, as well as bringing wealth to the army.

The Delhi sultanate (1206–1526), established by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, who had been a military slave of the Churid Sultan Muizz u-Din, so that it is sometimes referred to as the Slave Dynasty, in turn, used Turkic slave soldiers from Central Asia as well as local Hindu soldiers.40 This sultanate took part in largescale slave raiding in India.

Thus, as early as during the reigns of the slave sultans Iltutmish and Balban (1210-86), there arrived at their courts in Delhi a large number of princes with their followers from Iraq, Khurasan and Mawar-un-Nahr because of the Mongol upheaval.1 Many localities in Delhi and its environs were settled by these elites and their slaves, soldiers and scholars. In Balbans royal procession 500 Sistani, Ghauri and Samarqandi slave-troops with drawn swords used to march by his side pointing to the fact that a large number of foreign slaves from these lands had come to India in 13th-14th centuries.

When the Mughals launched their conquest of India, there was the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey which at its height included present-day Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania and several other contiguous countries. Then there was the Safavid Empire in Iran. The Ottoman Empire traded with Europe and imported there indispensable stock of slaves. (Slav, as the word indicates), supplied by merchants, sometimes Jewish, from Verdun, Venice or elsewhere in Italy.

Other slaves were brought from black Africa, eastern Europe and Turkish Central Asia. The Mughals of India had very close contacts with the Turkish Ottoman and Iranian Safavid empires. This contact certainly included exchange of slaves and ideas on slavery. But any attempt in this area of study, which is so vast and labyrinthine, is bound to deflect us from our main theme which is restricted to India.

The author speaks in detail about the sex-slave system and also the internal power struggle between the slaves themselves. The special interest of Muslims in sex slavery was universal and widespread and a plethora of evidence is available in contemporary Persian chronicles. In fact, Muslim historians derived extra delight in narrating anecdotes and stating facts about Muslim indulgence in sex and allied activities.

Most unfortunately, till this very day, black slaves are being bought and sold in countries like Sudan and Mauretania. The Islamic doctrine of slavery was closely linked with the doctrine of the inescapable struggle between believers and unbelievers and Pagans were routinely sold into slavery if they had the misfortune of being captured by Muslims.

Right from the 15th century Muslims would go on furnishing black slaves to European slave traders. At least 80% of all the black slaves that were ever exported from Black Africa, went through Muslim hands. A large part of the slaves transported to America had also been bought from Muslim slave-catchers.5 Slavery, as far as established by law, was abolished in India by Act V, 1843, but the final blow was dealt on January 1, 1862, when the sections of the Indian Penal Code dealing with the question came into operation.

The point to note, however, from an in-depth reading of Lal’s book is that, life of slavery is lived by millions of burqa-clad Muslim women kept behind bolted doors and by men who still believe in slavery as a part of their religious and social life. Burqa remains the symbol of slavery; its enforcement is now ensured by the dictates of militants.

As-Said al-Ashwamy, renowned Egyptian writer and chief justice, said, insulating women if they dont wear the veil ensures that they wear it out of fear not faith women now accept the position of being slaves. There is no doubt that many thousands of slaves are still serving in the wealthy palaces of Arabia, and now and then one hears about the condition of girls from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India etc., married by Shaikhs and living in the Gulf countries as nothing better than slave girls.

This book offers you a million anecdotes from history books and cites first-hand sources by the most accepted Muslim scholars.

This book is dark and almost Machiavellian in the in-between line portions. This is only to be read and re-read by meticulous readers of history.
Profile Image for Subhrajyoti Parida.
Author 4 books16 followers
January 16, 2021
While reading through this phenomenal book, a eye opening product of research based on medieval and modern sources listed across 11 pages i.e, Page Nos. 178-188, I, though aware of the exploitative, humiliating and pitiable condition of Hindu men and women (be it from royalty, nobility or as commoners who had beautiful, attractive wives and female members in his household) during Islamic rulers in Medieval India, could not hold back my tears and my soul stirred & heart wrenched for our Hindu brothers and sisters who had to endure such demeaning, atrocious lives at the hands of those Desert Cult followers ,who have been Unfortunately pampered and appeased in name of faulty, one sided Neheruvian/Gandhian secularism since Independence by none other than our political establishments, judiciary, law, and sikular civil societies and not the least sikular common Hindus who appear to be in an eternal slumber.

As a part of review of this superb book, I hereby summarise the following salient learning/ from the same :-

1. The holy book of the DC (Desert Cult) sanctions slavery of non-believers and forced conversions or by hook or crook.
2. It encourages and motivates believers to wage holy war as well as indulge in coercion, threat, misrepresentation, fakery and seduction with the ultimate objective of capturing men, children and women of non-believers.
3. Men were to be captured for rendering services for menial and some non menial job at cost of their lives, children/youth for sodomy, for rendering carnal pleasure to their masters and to fight after adulthood, and women, on account of their beauty and femininity, were enslaved to be either bandi (female slaves) for providing sexual pleasure to their master as and when demanded without any question, or be Ghulam to do domestic labour.
4. Captured Hindu women and children were often the easy and primary target. The modus operandi was simple and crystal clear for the DC forces : a) attack the non believers, be it during war or peace, kill the menfolks as many as possible, capture the women and children by force and carry them off as war trophy or prized possessions bcoz as per them, no victory or endeavour against non-believers is complete without capture and enslavement of the losers women and children.
5. As part of their ‘heinous, uncivilised’ SOP, some of the captured women, in virtue of their looks and physical qualities, would end up the harem of the Sultan, Some with nobels, some with low ranking DC followers and balance being sold in the open slave markets across India and abroad like in present day Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan etc. Children ended up in concentration camps and reconditioning centres where in early days, they were forced into sodomy, male prostitution and then trained to be faithful personal slaves, guards and fighters.
6. Both male and female slaves could be transacted and gifted like commodities, as per the will of their DC master.
7. Though female slaves were allowed to marry with permission of their DC master, her master could lawfully withheld her from dwelling with her slave husband, and hence could continue to enjoy her as much as he likes.
8. In nutshell, captured Hindus ending up as bandis, had absolutely no right over their body and life. They can be utilised, enjoyed and mutiliated as per the whims and fancies of their DC owner, even after their conversion.
9. The royal marriages, which our leftist distorians love to portray as epitome of inter faith harmony, were nothing but blatant forced marriages, to secure peace and save innocent lives of the Hindu kingdoms.
10. The most eye opening for the advocates of interfaith marriages should learn this that as per their book, irrespective of whether father or mother is M, the child would invariably be a M. So where is secularism here ??
11. Prop M’s obsession to spread the DC and his personal drooling over women, normalised the above indulgence and contributed to expansion of DC population through polygamy, sex Slavery and forced conversions well practiced by his ardent followers world over, including India.
12. Whatever could be produced in medieval ages, was bcoz of hard labour of ghulams, product of savagery proudly advocated by this god forsaken cult.
13. For those who shamelessly attempt to prove slavery, in particular sex slavery, prescribed in Sanatan Dharma /Hinduism too, I humbly request them to refer multiple historical references among Hindus brought out by medieval time chroniclers who univocally praise us to be most humane of the races as far as practising of slavery is concerned and who prefer to stay away from such heinous crime.

The book convincingly rips apart the fake layers of Islamic history glorified in our history books in academia. It is evident that Slavery System is part and parcel of the Desert Cult and will remain so as long any one follower of the cult survives on this planet. This book proves it time and again. The sooner we learn it, better for us, especially for our Hindu women and youth.

I again recommend this book especially for those hyper secular Hindu girls and women who are still in their la la world, drooling over a SRK in their dreams who would swipe them off their feat to an eternal world of romance, trust and love, though these words mostly are oxymoron for the DC followers.

I sincerely hope they wake up from the deep sleep they pretend to be in, intoxicated by the notion of this fake sikularism, if at all they feel
our Civilisation is fit to survive further according to them.

If anybody is still having a shred of doubt on the authenticity of Prof KS Lal’s research, I welcome them to cross check the facts from the medieval and modern sources listed across 11 pages i.e, Page Nos. 178-188 in the book.
Profile Image for Vineet Singh.
55 reviews3 followers
June 11, 2021
One of the greatest boon the modern society has received is abolition of slavery across the globe. This book gives detail accounts of origin of slave system in India and their employment during Muslim rules. The main source of obtaining slave was by capture and purchase. Slaves were traded as commodity. Two main means of their disposal were manumission and sale. It is fact that slavery and loot was the foundation on which almost whole of Islamic rule throughout the history depended. It was more to interest of rulers, nobles, merchants and manufacturers to purchase than to hire their workmen. Merchants from Turkey, Syria, Persia and Transoxiana used to approach muslim kings and their consignments. As Thomas Patrick Hughes says “slavery of Islam is interwoven with the law of marriage, the law of sale, and the law of inheritance.. and its abolition would strike at the very foundation of the code of Muhammadanism”. What a pity that a state has to be dependent upon loot and slave to survive. Since it has been legalised by muslim law to rape, plunder, loot and enslave the non-muslims. The muslims felt no immorality in these crimes and indulged wholesomely. Hindus otherwise great traders and merchants throughout Indian History, were not interested in this inhuman business. However, later European followed muslims in slavery business. It is horrible to think that there were slave markets in all important cities in medieval world. Although slavery has gone but as it is part and parcel of Islamic rule, burqa can be defined as residue of Muslim slave system.
46 reviews
December 21, 2023
Interesting read but got a bit confusing as there was no clearly defined meaning of slave.
It would have been a lot clearer if there were.
Hard to understand the concept of a slave becoming king and ruler, who is his owner?
It was a good read and you should read it but it needs some clarity.
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