Things Fall Apart
“Things Fall Apart”—the classic piece of historical fiction written by great Nigerian author Chinua Achebe—tells the story of the fall of a fictional Igbo village to British Colonialism in the late 19th Century. Achebe does a masterful job depicting the “pre-colonial” culture of Igboland during this time period, weaving together Igbo proverbs and showing the intense entanglement between African spirituality and every day life. Achebe also highlights the centrality of kinship and family dynamics among the main characters, especially between husband and wives, and father and son. Finally, Achebe depicts the importance of Igbo socio-cultural hierarchy, which privileged male achievement and ambition and condemned laziness and failure.
While weaving these many cultural traditions into the story, Achebe succeeds at exposing the cleavages and divisions between the keepers of the traditions (such as the main character), and the individuals who did not understand and were often times abhorred by the traditions (such as the main character’s son). These divisions were were made apparent when Achebe introduced the British colonizers and missionaries into the fold, allowing them to capitalize and manipulate the compromised social and religious interactions of the villagers in order to take control.
Was it weakness in African socio-cultural systems that allowed an opening for the colonizers to exploit? Did African people foolishly believe their spiritual beliefs would protect them from European encroachment? An example of this is giving the Missionaries land in the “evil forest” to build a Church, thinking the project would fail due to the insidious character of the land. Ultimately, the British used outcasted people in the village to undermine the traditional systems and pave the way for their evangelizing mission.
Things Fall Apart is a profoundly sad story about the fall of an autonomous and vibrant society and culture, and the psychological impact this fall had on the people. While set in “pre-colonial” times, I appreciated the fact that the author did not depict this fictional Igbo village as a Utopia. Instead, he exposed serious flaws in the social and cultural practices of the village, and made clear through the main protagonist that a certain degree of trauma already existed prior to the ultimate fall of the village. One can infer that centuries of slave raiding and trading played a role in this psychological disposition.
Arrow of God
Set in the early 20th Century, “Arrow of God”—the second installment in Chinua Achebe’s African Trilogy—depicts the violent and dehumanizing impact of British colonialism on the Igbo people of British Nigeria. In depicting the tribulations of a Chief Priest of a village high-God, Achebe traces the fall of traditional African spirituality, despite all efforts to resist the complete cultural devastation of British colonialism.
Arrow of God opens with an inter-clan conflict over land that escalated to war. The conflict seems to have been rooted—at least in part—by the incursions of the British. Ironically, the British made themselves the final adjudicators of the conflict, awarding the disputed territory to one side and disarming the other. It just so happened that the winning side was the same clan that had welcomed British missionaries and colonial government, while the losing side had rejected both. This was a recurring theme throughout the story, as the British repeatedly took advantage of inter and inter-clan disputes among the Igbo to further entrench their colonial hold over the people.
A great theme throughout Arrow of God centers around the disastrous decision of the Igbo themselves to invite / welcome the British into their lands. This decision was again depicted on an individual level with the Chief Priest, who willingly sent one of his sons to learn from British Christian missionaries. This decision would end up backfiring in a major way.
No Longer At Ease
“No longer at ease” is the final story of Achebe’s “African Trilogy,” and it picks up two familial generations after the story of “Things Fall Apart” ended. Set in the 1950s on the eve of Nigerian independence, bribery and corruption among the African political and educated class takes center stage. Such activities were endemic in late-state colonial Nigeria, as were mass under-education and ignorance. The main character, the grandson of the main character in “Things Fall Apart,” struggles with whether to fall into the trap that other educated Igbo elites of the civil service had.
No Longer at Ease deals with the pressures of a conquered people seeking to emulate and idolize the customs of their conquerors, while still holding on to certain archaic beliefs that hold their society back. I was most struck by the inescapability of subordinate circumstances that all of the characters faced, including the Igbo elites. They were all trapped by a colonial behemoth, as well as their own traditional customs, even as the country moved closer to independence. Ultimately, No Longer at Ease was a sad concluding chapter in the African Trilogy story, demonstrating the depth of what the Igbo people lost during the colonial era.