Last and First Men

Last and First Men

by Olaf Stapledon

One of the most extraordinary, imaginative and ambitious novels of the century: a history of the evolution of humankind over the next 2 billion years.

Among all science fiction writers Olaf Stapledon stands alone for the sheer scope and ambition of his work. First published in 1930, Last and First Men is full of pioneering speculations about evolution, terraforming, genetic engineering and many other subjects.

Genres: Science Fiction, Fiction, Classics, Philosophy, Fantasy, Speculative Fiction, Science Fiction Fantasy

315 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1930

About the author

Excerpted from wikipedia:
William Olaf Stapledon was a British philosopher and author of several influential works of science fiction.

Stapledon's writings directly influenced Arthur C. Clarke, Brian Aldiss, Stanisław Lem, C. S. Lewis and John Maynard Smith and indirectly influenced many others, contributing many ideas to the world of science fiction.

Reviews

[Matthias · Rating 5 out of 5]

"Last and First Men" has been a unique experience. It teaches and entertains, not by presenting the reader with facts, but by serving him and her with a broad range of possibilities that don't only open the eyes but also the mind.

On a basic level, the experience was very pleasant because of the imaginative power of Olaf Stapledon. His imagination is second to none. The images he conjures up provided me with the biggest spectacle I've ever seen, and that I can hope to see in the future. A single paragraph sometimes contains more wealth than the complete oeuvres of our most celebrated authors. To an author, this book must read like a succession of story settings, and it's not surprising to see many claim it has been a source of inspiration to their own work. And yet while this book is rightly praised for this abundance of imagination and the mind-blowing proportion of it, this praise falls short of expressing what made "Last and First Men" such a magnificent read to me. A love for life seeps from its pages, rooted in common sense but also in the romantic. It's a symphony of reason and emotions, of smallness and vastness, and its conclusion left me enriched, happy and deeply moved.

A fear I have while writing this review is that my admiration for it won't do this book any justice, nor any favors. That it will imperfectly shape expectations of anyone reading this review, that it will put so much emphasis on my experience of it so that it doesn't leave room for you, the reader, to form an opinion that completely disregards what might be perceived as the opinion of a wide-eyed fanatic. Or that people not having liked the book will use my possibly emotional arguments against the very thing I hold so dear. But I have to take my chances. I do want to share it, given that at times my heart literally was beating faster while reading, and that my eyes could simply not believe what they were reading. The fact that this book was written/published in 1930, before even World War II happened, adds to the sense of something miraculous having occurred here. I repeatedly double-checked if this 1930 wasn't in reference to something else, a symptom of the lack of belief that characterized my eyes at the time of reading.

One of the things I liked aside from the bedazzling scope of the author's imagination is the way the fourth wall was broken through the idea that the author himself was but a vessel of communication between a very distant future human life form and the reader. The account of all the iterations of mankind's evolution and the richness in detail and nuance make it read like a convincing historical account, convincing enough to even entertain the idea proposed by the author that the future speaks to us through these pages.

This leads me to react on two criticisms I have read here repeatedly. The first is that the near-future predictions were wrong. While I guess this is true when it comes to certain details, protagonists, scientific discoveries and so on, I think no justice is done to this book by considering it a "historical account of the future", a creative exercise in future forecasting. It's more than that. It's more than anything I know, and categorizing it is a mistake. Even science fiction is too narrow a field to contain all that is within this book. In any case, running your finger along its lines and double-checking it with reality is futile and senseless, and completely besides the point. In fact, even in his supposedly wrong predictions of the near future, Stapledon touched on some very true traits of human nature. In my version of the book the foreword by Gregory Benford actually recommends not reading the first chapters because of their factual errors. Please do not follow this man's advice. Don't skip anything in this book, or at least not anything Stapledon has written.

A second criticism I read is on the way the "story" is presented. There is a lack of a constant character to relate to and the birdseye-view (or Flying Man's view) prevents any bonding between reader and story. I can't but disagree. First of all, the civilisations are presented in a way that is detailed and passionate enough as to allow the reader to feel right at home among them, whether they'd be on Earth, Venus or Neptune. Sometimes (though rarely) Stapledon also zooms in on individuals, providing the reader with yet another way of engaging with the millions of characters that are within this book. And ultimately, I myself couldn't help but feel like a character within it. How's that for immersion? This story tells the story of humanity, so the leap is not that big to make.

This book is deeply philosophical. And here we come to the main reason why I don't just like this book, but love it. It asks life's biggest questions without falling into the trap of falling on one's knees and shout out an exasperated "WHY?!". Rather, it's written by someone with a tender yet firm, a questioning yet reassuring voice. It's always very collected, dispassionate when exploring possibilities, when describing the search of so many people, the defeats they endure, their disappointments and their small victories. It's an ode to humanity, without forgetting the baseness and evil that sometimes characterizes us. And despite the theme, it doesn't present humankind as the center of the universe, though it does shortly consider the possibility that it is its most beautiful flower. This consideration is blissfully left open without a conclusion. It's an ode to light despite all the darkness that surrounds it. It's an ode to the temporary in an eternal setting. It's an ode to the cosmos despite not knowing what the hell it is. It's telling me that life is ultimately beautiful, despite its insignificance in the vast expanse of time, space and possibilities. That the universe is a wonderful riddle, regardless of whether we can solve it or not. That being able to recognize the mystery that surrounds and pervades us is a gift in itself, a spark that can take humanity a far way.

I highly recommend this book to everyone. I won't judge you if you don't like it, I can't offer the guarantee that you will, but I can only say I'm very glad I can count myself among those who really do. I won't claim this book is an easy read. There were days where I didn't feel I had the mental capacity to fully get what was written and move forward. But it's a fulfilling read. Be patient and give yourself the time to find the right moment to read it. I'm surprised this book isn't a worldwide, timeless success, given its scope. There's something in there for everyone and it's surprising to me that it's not part of mass culture, but this surprise makes me all the more grateful that I got the chance to discover it. I'll see what I can do in making other people get acquainted with it as well, hoping but not expecting them to like it as much as I did. Maybe I can start by convincing you?

[Leonard Gaya · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is truly an astounding novel. Its ambition is to tell the story of humankind from the near future to the end of our species, some two billion years into the future. The beginning of this book can be easily skipped since it’s an outdated projection of historical events from the time when Stapledon was writing (around the 1930s). However, his fertile imagination truly takes flight when he imagines the distant future of humanity.

The narrator of this chronicle is one of the last men, who sends his account back to us over the millions of centuries (through the writing of Stapledon!). And this is what this far descendant of our time reveals: across the aeons, the human race takes various shapes (the book describes seventeen races or stages): some races of men evolve to higher levels of consciousness, some fall back to animality; men meet with the inhabitants of Mars, which are made of gas but worship gems; some species of men are only made of brain cells that grow inside iron towers and are served by lower kinds of men; later on, the human species needs to leave the Earth and conquer Venus, where they live in the atmosphere, flying in utter bliss (and feeling depressed when back on their two feet); later still, men migrate to Neptune to escape the slow senescence of the Sun, and acquire a circular and stereoscopic vision of the heavens, as well as the ability to think and sense as a whole species, and even the power to influence the past. Until finally the human race reaches its tragic ending.

This whole voyage is, in a way, similar to that of Stapledon’s later novel, Star Maker, but instead of travelling in the farthest realms of space, this is a trip into the furthest reaches of time. In this sense, Last and First Men is a grandiose elaboration on H.G. Wells’ Time Machine. Dante also came to my mind when reading this book: as in the Divine Comedy, we witness successive states of humanity, without much lingering over the fates of individuals (which makes the reading at times a bit tedious, since there are no characters or dialogues to hold on to). The very last part is perhaps the most beautiful and moving: humans, at last, have reached an understanding of the Universe that opens spectacular vistas into the cosmos. And this, sadly, is their swansong.

[Marc Lamot · Rating 4 out of 5]

Perhaps my rating of this book is a bit too flattering (at least according to my harsh rating system). But that's because it is fuelled by juvenile nostalgia on my part: I first read this when I was only 15, and it just blew me away. Perhaps that was what determined my choice to study history later. Because make no mistake: this may seem like a science fiction book, but in many ways it is more of a historical work (a futuristic one, yes). In this book, the Brit Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950) lets the Last Man (that is, the last descendant of the 18th human species) look back on 2 billion years of human history. Yes, you read that right: 2 billion years. This book does not stick to a million more or less, and one civilization and human species follows the other, at an increasing pace.

Of course, Stapledon was a child of his time and there are expressions and opinions that are ‘not done’ any more in our time (almost a century later), such as the description that 'negro dance' (sic) has a "sexual and primitive character". Especially in the first chapters, which describe the succession of wars between European countries and then between America and China, Stapledon candidly expresses his opinion about peoples and countries. In this way, the unique merits of England are highlighted (English pacifism is interpreted as the highest expression of civilization in our era), and America in particular is hit hard ("this was essentially a race of bright, but arrested, adolescents. Something lacking which should have enabled them to grow up.”). In fact, the entire Americanization of the world would lead to the eventual demise of the First Man. Perhaps it is indeed better to skip the first 4 chapters, because they are too close to Stapledon's own time and as a consequence are too colored by his present views.

From the fifth chapter onwards, the new human species and their ascending and descending civilizations follow each other in rapid succession, spread over millions of years, with regularly very long Dark Ages. What Stapledon serves here testifies to a particularly inventive mind, which was also surprisingly well informed with the state of science at the time. It is striking that he has a good command of the principles of evolutionary theory, and is even up to date with the latest developments in atomic science and quantum physics. Before you start to think that Stapledon mainly focuses on abstract aspects: he pays a striking amount of attention to culture and religion. Almost all civilizations he describes, have special cultural characteristics and in almost all of them forms of religion set the tone, bringing those civilizations to both great heights and terrible lows. For example, during the third human species there is an extremely musical civilization, also called the Holy Empire of Music, which in no time falls into a tyrannical regime, a musical theocracy.

There is, of course, a system in Stapledon's review of the heroic history of the human species: “again and again folk after folk would clamber out of savagery and barbarism into relative enlightenment; and mostly, though not always, the main theme of this enlightenment was some special mood either of biological creativity or of sadism, or of both.” Apparently, Stapledon's vision was strongly marked by the horror of the First World War, and undoubtedly also by Oswald Spengler's Der Untergang des Abendlandes (The Decline of the West), 1918-1922. He may have derived his cyclical view of man (perhaps it is better to speak of a spiral view of history) from Spengler. But Stapledon certainly did not share the German's deep pessimism. In many respects (as is evident from his other writings) he stands in the utopian tradition, with the associated optimism. This Last and First Men ends with a striking eulogy for humanity (we are now at the 18th and last human species): “Great are the stars, and man is of no account to them. But man is a fair spirit, whom a star conceived and a star kills. He is greater than those bright blind companies. For though in them there is incalculable potentiality, in him there is achievement, small, but actual. Too soon, apparently, he comes to his end. But when he is done he will not be nothing, not as though he had never been; for he is eternally a beauty in the eternal form of things.”

As mentioned, my appreciation for this book may be a bit exaggerated. But the lyrical description of so many eras, and the infectious (naive) recurring resurrection of the human species, really appeal to me. Even with almost 50 years between my first and second reading of this book. No doubt that says something about me.

[Richard Derus · Rating 1 out of 5]

Rating: 1/2* of five

I cried "uncle" on p59 of this book, which was part of a group read on LibraryThing; it was written in 1930 or so, it's true, but nothing as ephemeral as passing time can excuse the line:

A century after the founding of the first world state a rumour began to be heard in China about the supreme secret of scientific religion, the awful mystery of Gordelpus, by means of which it should be possible to utilize the energy locked up in the opposition of proton and electron.

*buzz* you're out, Dr. Stapledon, and thanks for playing our game! This is supposedly a novel! That kind of snore-inducing prose is not even excusable in a textbook, though it is explainable there; in a novel, an entertainment, this tone is just about as far off the mark as any I can imagine. I can't fairly comment on the plot, since there isn't any that I can discern. The story unfolds as a being from our remote future lectures us on what we did wrong, with special emphasis on the horrors of America (oof, how very outmoded that sounds) and China as co-controllers of civilization.

Now I can't fault Dr. Stapledon for prescience, since he pegged the two dominant countries of the future so solidly, but there are no characters to make us care about the story and there are no passages of graceful prose to make us forgive the lack of characters. All in all, even given that I was skimming most of the book, it was a waste of a lovely Sunday afternoon.

[Manny · Rating 4 out of 5]

Stapledon tells you the story of the human race, starting now and ending with its demise, well over a billion years in the future. People change in all sorts of unexpected ways; during some periods, they have godlike intelligence, during others they aren't even sentient any more. The book has obvious flaws, but there's just nothing else like it. Some of the images are impossible to forget.

Despite the fact that it's not very well known (none of my 115 GR friends have it on their shelves), an impressive collection of famous people give him a thumbs-up. Doris Lessing, in particular, has said more than once that she was deeply affected by it. Other fans include SF writers Arthur C. Clarke and Brian Aldiss, and the evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith.

[Bradley · Rating 5 out of 5]

It's really hard to describe this novel in a way that can do it justice because any cursory explanation such as "plotless" and "characterless" has some rather negative connotations. :)

Indeed, it's kinda impossible to have those here except in brief glances relying on bird's eye views before necessarily jumping on to the next BIG IDEA and Super-Imaginative setting.

For what we have here, way back in 1930, is novel of Future History influencing every big SF author of the day, even influencing Winston Churchill, HG Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, and countless SF writers ever since.

Why? Let me do this quick: Eighteen iterations of mankind over a billion years, from the total death of our mankind, the evolutionary re-emergence of the next, the differences, oddities, rediscoveries after soooo much time, the new dreams, aspirations, religions, the different values, before the next mankind dies off. We have Martian invasion, we have our invasion of Venus, we have major genetic modifications, telepathy during other iterations, the ability to experience racial memory a-la Dune, adding multiple sexes, immortality, living in gas giants, and sometimes merely striving only to improve the human race. Over a billion years. And of course, whole races die. Over and over.

It's grand, majestic, awe-some, and brilliant.

So much imagination is crammed into so few pages that a prospective SF author could just pour through this and continue to point at reused story ideas for even current-day authors! I look at the nuclear-powered version of life on Venus, the intelligent clouds of Mars, the huge brains, the musical race, the race of time-travelers, and my jaw just drops.

It's not without emotion, either. There's a deep an abiding love for everyone here even as a whole race suffers deep ennui and an existential crisis or during others that suffer impossible odds, accidents, or the final death of our solar system. The philosophies give it away. The spirit of the human races rise and ebb and undergo vast changes.

And yet there's no characters or plot. Just setting and world-building and vast movements of so many people. :)

It would never get published today.

And yet, it's still brilliant. Absolutely worth knowing, even now. :) It makes me wonder what we're collectively doing. We can't forget that works like this EXIST. :)

[Paul Sánchez Keighley · Rating 4 out of 5]

There’s this moment in Douglas Adams’ The Restaurant at the End of the Universe where, to torture a certain character, he is put into the Total Perspective Vortex, a device that gives him a perfectly accurate glimpse of the entire mind-cracking enormousness of the universe and every single thing contained therein, including a microscopic pinprick that reads ‘You are here.’

Reading Last and First Men was like being put into the Total Perspective Vortex. My brain is currently quite broken. Or, at the very least, my sense of proportion. If next time I’m expected at a party I show up 200,000 years late, it’ll be entirely Olaf Stapledon’s fault for making me think 200,000 years is but a trifling moment, gone in an eyeblink, and no reason to put away the punch and slam the door in my face.

In this book, Stapledon - pour yourself a strong one for this - tells the future history of 18 consecutive species of hominids over the course of 2 billion years. Just for reference: 2 billion years ago, the planets in our solar system had only finished clumping together into more of less cohesive balls of rock. Things get trippy.

So you start reading and initially you follow along; sure, 400 years in the future, I get that. Then it's 1,000 years, still with you. But then suddenly humanity blows itself up in a worldwide nuclear disaster and we slump into the first of many Dark Ages for, wait, what’s that? 10 million years?!?!

This guy gets space. It's huge and slow and mostly uninteresting. For most of the book’s time-span, humanity's not up to anything too exciting; we're portrayed as just another part of nature, blindly evolving, ever adapting, who every once in a while gets lucky and makes some dazzlingly fast technological leap. You know, like the actual history of humanity so far.

In a way, he’s sketching his vision of what an ideal future moral history of humanity would look like - with plenty of wars and aliens to keep things interesting along the way. Stapledon seems to have very little faith in our current species (hell, we don’t even make it to the Moon until approx 300,000,000 years in the future) because our intellectual progress, impressive as it is, isn’t free from the fetters of our biological hinderings, i.e., sexual jealousy, self-interest, competitiveness. There's no realpolitik in Stapledon’s vision of the present; nations keep going to war because they hate each other. This book is about humanity's quest to overcome its base passions and become pure mind.

Having said all that, this novel can be dull. Seriously dull. It would be a whopping five-starrer if it wasn't so egregiously boring at times. Writing is not this man’s forte; he gets carried away with flowery metaphysical lyricism that smothers and overwhelms the course of events.

Still, Stapledon’s vision and imagination more than make up for it. One can open this book at random and always find an idea that has been subsequently used in any number of sci-fi stories, all the way from Dune to biopunk. It’s all in there. This is a must-read for all serious science fiction fans.

INDIGNANT POST SCRIPTUM: The first American edition of this book, by SF Masterworks, opens with a regrettable foreword by Gregory Benford, in which he nonchalantly remarks: ‘I would advise the reader to simply skip the first four parts [of this book] and begin with The Fall of the First Men.’ I found myself shouting ‘EXCUSE ME?’ at the dumbstruck print. What sort of foreword recommends readers skip half the book they’re about to read? I’ll readily admit the first half is rather boring, but it’s a part of Stapledon's envisioned whole. Furthermore, it’s essential to fully appreciate the time scale as the book advances, allowing one to reminisce about those first few chapters and marvel at how far humanity has come over the course of billions of years. It makes you realise how mightily insignificant our present is in the greater scheme of things. Oh, and he also scoffs at Stapledon for being ‘shockingly wrong’ about the events that would take place in the decades following the book's publication. I’m sorry, but what exactly is ‘shocking’ about not being able to predict the future? Are we holding him up to the standards of a prophet? Seriously, this foreword is nothing but a puddle of runny arse gravy.

[L.S. Popovich · Rating 5 out of 5]

Listened to this whole audiobook on an all-day bike ride. I loved sinking in to the uber-omniscient narration so much that I repeated the experience with his similar book, Starmaker, on a similarly exhausting fifty-mile ride. This novel is a survey of 1930s European society extrapolated and speculated upon until we arrive at two billion years in the future. It exemplifies the spirit of discovery in this genre and is one of the most compelling thought experiments in book form I have encountered. Forget plot, character, dialogue and action. This reads more like a textbook. It was massively influential, but is often execrated in the modern age for its flaws, which were a product of its time. I do not believe the politics of the time should enter into the discussion of the merits of this book. Our current literature suffers from the same topical pratfalls. Ironically, this book handles time as a narrative device, humanity morphs and transforms, changes environments, adapts, and struggles through adverse conditions. Navigating fate is what life is all about. It is actually a survival trait to adapt to the current climate, though we earn a certain amount of pleasure and esteem from being contrarian. - This contrarianism is often the root of invention. We are all products of our time. But we are also products of what came before. We learn to survive and thrive by proxy, by regarding the disasters of the past and swerving to avoid our own weaknesses and doom. This is both a hopeful and a beautifully imagined account of human ingenuity. It almost begs the question if our minds are capable of a variety of foresight. Technically, we can imagine a true future. We can predict certain things. The question is whether or not we will use this ability to help or destroy ourselves.

[Stuart · Rating 5 out of 5]

Last and First Men: The ultimate vision of man’s evolution
(Posted at Fantasy Literature)
Olaf Stapledon's vision of mankind's entire future history until the end is profound, beautiful, and affecting, and was written way back in 1930. It is unfortunate that this work has not found a wider audience, though it has had a deep influence on many of SF's luminaries, including Arthur C. Clarke, who indicated that this book and its later successor Star Maker were the two most influential books he had ever read. In my mind, it is one of the most imaginative early SF classics ever written, just as important as the works of H.G. Wells.

He touches on so many themes that still resonate today, particularly mankind's potential for both great achievements and selfish cruelty, for deep insight and self-delusion. And as mankind progresses through 18 major stages over billions of years (apparently influenced by the Hegelian Dialectic), even delving into his own racial past, we see the vast potential of mind in the universe. And though mankind is finally likened to a single movement in the vast eternal symphony of the cosmos, this does not detract in any way from the tragic beauty of our brief existence.

Unlike modern novels, the book reads like a future history without specific characters, touching down briefly to document key events, and pausing to reflect on their significance. Because it was written in 1930, the early chapters about the First Men actually covering world history through our present time, so they are interesting in their predictions of world politics between the two world wars. However, it is only as the time scale picks up towards the end of the First Men that the book hits its stride, so some readers may decide to skip the first 3-4 chapters if they want to delve straight into his ever-expanding vision of humanity's future.

The book gets far more fascinating as newer generations of men develop, forming larger brains, a telepathically-linked groupmind, but ever again falling back into decay and destruction, before seeding the next generation of man, until the Eighteen Men, which turn out to be the Last Men. It’s hard to imagine a grander scale of progress and decline, and it is stunning that Olaf Stapledon produced a work of such scope and vision during a time when Europe was consumed by nationalism and conflicting ideologies.

[Stephen · Rating 4 out of 5]

4.0 stars. WOW, this book is in a class all by itself for originality, imagination and scope. I can not believe I have not heard more about this book as being one of the true "classics" of science fiction. Written in the 1930's, this is a future history that tells the story of mankind over a span of 2 billion years (yes billion with a B) from 1930 until approximately the year 2,000,000,000. During that period humanity evolves through what Olaf describes as 18 different species of men (our present being the "First Men" of the title). Through those 18 iterations, we see everything from giant-brained "superminds" to genetically-engineered supermen to aquatic fishmen and much, much more.

The reason that the book, for all its amazing inventiveness, does not get 5 stars is because the narrative, at times, can be very, very dry. The detailed descriptions of each successive species of humanity and the trials and tribulations that befall them can become a bit tedious. Thus, there were times when I was not enjoying myself as much as I would have liked, despite being in almost constant awe of the writer's imangination.

However, despite that crticism, this is a book that I strongly recommend to all fans of science fiction as many of the ideas and concepts found in modern science fiction found their first true expression in this amazing futrue history. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!!

[Kate Sherrod · Rating 4 out of 5]

I'm not gonna lie, folks; of all the books I've tackled so far this year, Last and First Men has been the toughest challenge to my resolve to only read one book at a time. That's not to say it's by any means a bad book; it's part of the SF Masterworks Collection* for very good reasons. It's just that, well, gripping storytelling it ain't.

Penned in 1930 by a philosophy professor, Last and First Men is heavy on exposition and all but devoid of character, dialogue or even plot beyond "exploring the nature of the 18 races of man from First (20th Century earthbound Homo sapiens sapiens) to Last (Neptunian superbeings who live for thousands of years) and how their society kept on evolving and devolving and evolving again." The text is presented as a sort of lecture series on the history of humanity, delivered by a Last Men scholar who doesn't quite sneer at his predecessors and their flaws but doesn't exactly hold them in reverence, either. Indeed, often the prose reads like that of a 19th century natural history text on, say, social insects, albeit very sophisticated ones.

The early chapters of the novel are best read, by a 21st century sci-fi fan, as a strange form of alternate history a la, say, Harry Turtledove; in this case, our point of departure is not long after Last and First Men's original publication date, for nothing like World War II and the Holocaust even remotely figures in this extrapolation. Stapledon possessed an acute talent for that, but humanity has always been full of surprises! One can smile indulgently at how off base he was, but to do so is to completely miss why this book is a classic of the genre; after all, the rest of the 20th century is not even the first tenth of this book, and the First Men's story covers thousands of years of struggle (sometimes genocidal) to form a world government, the creation of a scientific religion in which "divine energy" is the object of worship and the purview of a rigid guild of scientists, and the development of a culture of abundance (no disease, no want, a flying car for everybody) that values strenuous physicality (and flight) above all else, to the detriment of human intelligence. With predictable results.**

But wait! Like I said, that's not even 25% of the book. I've never read any fiction so ambitious in scope, folks. The closest I can think of is maybe Stephen Baxter's Evolution, but even it just took on the life-span of life on planet Earth. Last and First Men covers "about two thousand million years", takes us, or a future version or 18 of us to the outer solar system, and teems with phrases like "Not till many hundred thousand years had passed did..." It's truly stupefying. It's also very, very clever; to encompass so much time in just 300 pages or so, it has to be. There's a mathematical progression governing the level of detail and verbiage devoted to each iteration of humanity; I suspect, though am not really a rigorous enough person to be sure of this, that this is an instance of exponential decay. At any rate, the narrative speeds up considerably once Stapledon has dispensed with our own species, the First Men***, and keeps on speeding up until eventually a million years can pass in a sentence fragment. At one point, ten million years pass because it's a time of barbarism and stasis. Well, okay, Mr. Stapledon; it's your Memorable Fancy.

For a giant William Blakean Memorable Fancy is what this book is, a visionary and somewhat allegorical tale spun out to illustrate the writer's philosophy, hopes and fears. I would love to see an edition of this book illuminated in the way that Blake did his works. It would be an eminently lovely thing.

Along the way, we get to watch Stapledon toss off a stunning array of concepts and ideas that were quite ahead of his time and the influences of which we can find throughout science fiction: the perils of genetic engineering, Peak Oil and its aftermath, the cyclical natures of high civilization and barbarism, aliens that are genuinely and profoundly alien (i.e. not Star Trek humanoids with extra nobbly bits on their faces), the fragility of knowledge, the notion that humans can easily evolve back into animals if care is not taken...

It's easy, in short, to see how Last and First Men came to be such a very influential book. People talk about how Heinlein originally dashed off all of the sci-fi tropes with which we have become so familiar, but for a lot of them, Stapledon was there first.

I wonder what his other novels are like.

*I didn't use that edition's cover to decorate this post because I liked this cover so very, very much better! I mean, look at it!

**Think Idiocracy meets Otto from A Fish Called Wanda.

***In his forward to SF Masterworks edition, the great Gregory Benford advises readers to consider skipping the "badly dated" first 20-25% of this novel, partly for reasons I've already observed (in addition to the wrong guesses at history, this first narrative teems with racial and national stereotypes, and of course gives women the shortest possible shrift) but also to spare American readers some tart observations from a British philosopher who was no great fan of capitalism and American cultural hegemony. But to skip these chapters would deprive the reader of the sensation of being swept along through time at an ever-accelerating rate that is one of this novel's unique and most exceptional offerings. If you're going to read it, read it.

[Juho Pohjalainen · Rating 4 out of 5]

How long are we going to be around?

As a child I thought summers lasted forever and school even longer, and that adulthood and its many opportunities and responsibilities were an infinity away and would never arrive. As an adult I can appreciate the immense age of human history, the weight of millennia since our first civilizations, hundreds of millennia of our very species. As a science fiction author I wrote a short story involving the very end of all things. But that one didn't even concern humans or their path across the eons, so I guess it doesn't count.

This book sure does.

The whole tragedy of our species is laid down in front of us. Its rises and falls, terrible disasters, grand victories, and its evolution over the millions and - eventually - billions of years of its ultimate lifespan. It has a great vision and much to say, much to philosophize on, fantastic alien vistas and peoples, and great many thoughts, big and small, to relate to the reader and to make them wonder. It gets across the weight of ages, a grave burden on my shoulders and heart and poor little boggling brain.

But it skips rather too much. Things just sort of happen, with little or no explanation or justification. Genocidal wars spark up at the slightest of pretenses. New species evolve with no particular rhyme or reason, especially near the beginning. Big cosmic disasters always coming across as... well, they get a pass I guess, on account of there being no way for them to be not a bit arbitrary and weird, and it's science fiction anyway. Stuff up above the stars works under different rules. But of the things down below I'd very much like to see more. Could've gone a whole hunred or two more pages of the details, to tie them together better and figure out just how those little mutant morlocks, living in polluted hellscape of Earth, could have evolved into such beautiful giants.

It gets better later on, as the humans themselves start to get their act together and work with a greater purpose in mind, taking the reins of the evolution and looking to make something real out of it all. But still, it lasts enough, and was glaring enough, to knock off half a star.

You'll want to read this one anyway.

[ash | songsforafuturepoet · Rating 5 out of 5]

Exploratory, awe-inspiring, existential crisis-inducing.

I have never read anything like this. This is a documentary of humanity’s career, spanning from us, homo sapiens, to the last of its descendants some two billion years later. (Actually, I had to refer to the wiki to write this review because for the love of god I cannot remember every single descendent of men – there are a lot of details in this giant book. It’s a great summary for those who want to collect their thoughts after reading the book, which I guarantee you will. Don’t read the wiki if you haven’t finished the book. I think it takes away the magic.)

My god, Stapledon’s imagination knows no bounds. I have not read something so bold, so richly descriptive, and so imaginative before. He has imagined some descendants that are truly, vastly different from the First Men, but has somehow managed to retain in them a piece of humanity that all of us can resonate with. The striving to be better, more intelligent, the race to cheat death and discover immortality, the deep need for exploration. In the end, all humans were selfish and cruel, they were great in their achievements by working as a collective, they were astoundingly short-sighted in the way they treat each other, they were capable of grand plans spanning thousands of years.

"Is the beauty of the Whole really enhanced by our agony? And is the Whole really beautiful? And what is beauty?"

This might not be everyone’s cup of tea. There is no plot, no characters, no reason to get invested in the story other than being human, and for me personally, the insatiable urge to know how we will fare 2 billion years into the future. This is a philosophical experience. The story presents you with facts, accounts of the different morals, cultures, and ways of life of the descendants, and it allows you to draw upon similarities or differences in your own experience as “First Men” for reflection on these things. I once again am made aware of how immersed I am in my own experience, in the reality I think of as absolute truth, that I am stunted any time I try to imagine otherwise. This book is a needle that bursts your reality bubble. The universe is a sandbox full of all sorts of possibilities.

"Man himself, at the very least, is music, a brave theme that makes music also of its vast accompaniment, its matrix of storms and stars. Man himself in his degree is eternally a beauty in the eternal form of things. It is very good to have been man. And so we may go forward together with laughter in our hearts, and peace, thankful for the past, and for our own courage. For we shall make after all a fair conclusion to this brief music that is man.”

I actually had to read this book in two parts about 6 months apart, because of its sheer volume and overwhelming information. It was totally worth it. In fact, I’m going to buy a physical copy to put on my shelf that I can thumb through, because there are so many inspiring bits in the book that I foresee I will need, certain days. Seriously, my review can’t capture the magnificence of the thing. Neither does the star system. It’s a piece of art in its own way.

[Benjamin Uke · Rating 3 out of 5]

What is the future of humankind? For as long as there have been minds, the future has proven the ultimate mystery. Now a mind of the far future sends a message back to the present. A message that is nothing less than the story of humanity . . . A "future history" with mankind as the main charecter, and a plot of 2 billion years.

Starting with humanity uniting in a world state, a civilization based in massive tower-cities, obsessed with aircraft and destroyed by an energy crisis, classist-climate collapse and plagues — quickly fade to dim myth and a new dark age. The history is made not simply with events, but by remembering those events, a double drumbeat like a heartbeats of war, peace and revolution continue on forever. After the first die there are second men, then Third Men engineer the Fourth Men, who conquer and eventually exterminate them etc with each itineration bringing its personal strangeness to the human tapestry.

The idea is that just as a species such as ours can evolve to conquer nature itself and dominate the planet, it can also devolve to insanity and animal-savagery due to malice, incompetence, or random chance. The higher we rise, the more arrogant we become, the further we can fall. The crash being all more devastating. Meanwhile, human beings can overcome the darker parts of their nature and finally approach, or achieve, what we would consider perfection.

Funnily author writes he is being possessed by humanities final edition story they sent back in time was flawless, but that inferior 'modern' human intellect they're telling it through has made a complete mess of it.

3/5

The universe is vast and impossibly old, our lives spark as fireflies on warm summer nights. Books like this are a reminder that you are but a single thread in a tapestry encompassing all of space and time.

Philosophically the ideas behind it are genuinely quite interesting, but there's difficult latching onto a thought stream. I enjoyed how each species and culture tends to develop weaknesses related to their strengths. For instance the Second Men were so strongly empathetic and spiritual and high-minded that they ultimately sank into a species-wide depression.

However reading itself is boring, plodding, long and agonizingly repetitious. It’s just a collection of narratives jammed together like this is more like a rambling tract of philosophy than a novel. If Stapledon had written a treatise on the philosophy that drove him to write The Last and First Men. It would have been shorter and more informative.

While it was useful, this is not a book I’d recommend to ANYONE but the science fiction historian or someone looking for inspiration.

[Paulo (not receiving notifications)]

We all pigeonhole books as we read them, labeling them as "good," "bad," or something else entirely, using our own preferred adjectives. For me, there is a special category of books that transcends the typical labels of "good" or "bad." All those that, despite their intrinsic quality (something sometimes elusive and subjective), leave a lasting impact and truly mark you. One such book is "Last and First Men."

We, the descendants of the Pithecanthropus erectus (known as the Missing Link) have come a long way, always through an arduous and risky path, from the primitivism of the origins to our days of sophisticated technological comfort but of a profound ethical, moral, and aesthetic void; there is something pathetic, even comical, in this widespread habit of mistaking material development for civilisation.
Civilisations collapse and vanish, metamorphosing into something else! Always did, always will.
Today, in the first quarter of the 21st century, we are, I believe, witnesses to the beginning of Western civilisation's collapse and extinction.

Almost a hundred years ago (1928-1930), Olaf Stapledon wrote "Last and First Men" as an apocalyptic vision of humanity's future development and, in some ways, predicted with some degree of exactness recent geopolitical developments we are living today. While the entire text is a fantastical flight of imagination, spreading through several billion years, some parts imagined or "predicted" by Stapledon to occur between 1930 and the first quarter of the 21st century are spine-chilling in their accuracy.

Take this excerpt:

... America sank ever deeper into Americanism. Vast wealth and industry, and brilliant inventiveness, were consecrated to childish ends. In particular, all American life was organised around the cult of the powerful individual, that ideal phantom that even in Europe had only begun to grow in its final phase. Americans failed miserably to realise this ideal; those who remained at the bottom of the social ladder consoled themselves by harbouring hopes for the future, or found symbolic satisfaction in identifying with some popular star, or rejoiced in their American citizenship and applauded their government's arrogant foreign policy.
Those who achieved power, on the other hand, were content as long as they could retain it and proclaim it uncritically with their characteristic aggressive ways...

It is truly amazing, such a profound scale of future progress and decline, weaving together the possible/probable triumphs and tragedies of humanity. It is equally remarkable that Stapledon created this astounding and (probably) visionary work during a period marked by insane nationalism and the clashing of stupidities that swept Europe. His ability, amid the chaos of his time, to capture the essence of both human potential and folly with his imaginative exploration of human evolution in the cosmos is nothing short of extraordinary.

Conjuring up the future can prove to be a valuable exercise for the perplexed and disoriented minds of the present to understand the various tragic possibilities that may present themselves on the path of evolution of the human species.
That's a profound and somewhat ominous framing! Imagining future tragic possibilities certainly forces us to confront present-day choices and potential consequences. This kind of foresight, often referred to as "speculative design" or "critical futuring," isn't about predicting what will happen but about exploring "what if" scenarios to better shape our actions now.
Stapledon's capacity to envision future cosmic development on a vast, philosophical scale established foundational ideas that became staples of later science fiction and even theoretical science, like the terms "Dyson Sphere" or "Prime Directive."

James Berger’s "After the End" states that the study of post-apocalypse is a study of what disappears and what remains, and of how the remainder has been transformed
From George Orwell’s 1984 to Stephen King’s The Stand, and not forgetting the Mad Max series, a vital question lingers: Could that really happen? Will that happen? That is the core, vital question driving all great dystopian and post-apocalyptic fiction. The simple answer is that the specific scenarios, as mentioned above, are unlikely to happen exactly as written. Still, the underlying societal fears and pressures that inspired them are very much real and, in some cases, are already manifesting. Dystopia isn't a single switch; it's a gradual process where one or more of these pressures become dominant.
We can always say that if the world is destroyed in five centuries from now, we have nothing to do with it! The responsibility is for the future and does not concern us... Really? When we know that any final act is a consequence of a succession of small, unconscious acts that accumulate over time and are carried out in blind indifference by millions of small individuals without conscience or imaginative capacity for projection...? If it's so, we are already guilty of our own extermination.

Last month, I had the opportunity to have a conversation with an acquaintance of mine (a friend of a friend) who recently retired from the French Army. A career soldier and ex-officer. (I'll never understand why some people think that the solution for every problem is to break everything and restart from zero. They will only be repeating the same mistakes, but differently.) At some point, in our exchange, debating the actual tension pushing mankind to another global war, he stated that massive, big wars are "needed" to "cleanse" half of the population of the planet! You see? To him, it is a matter of eliminating the weak, the feeble, the cowards, and the overall "useless" elements of the human species and preserving only the survivors, supposedly the best of the best, whatever the F* that means.
My answer to this was that I hoped I'd finish in the dead half, and he could stay among the surviving half, which left him a little bewildered—I took that from his empty regard towards me—and I had to explain myself: If we "highly civilised" (insert despicable laugh here, please) are stupid enough to eliminate half of the population of the planet to solve all its problems, I certainly don't envy the survivors who will inherit the hell we'll create to live in; I prefer to "leave the building" and move to a more traditional Hell.
As John Cleese said: The problem with stupid people is that they have no idea how stupid they are. If one is very, very stupid, how can one possibly realise they are stupid? Because one has to be relatively intelligent, which obviously they are not, to recognise that, and to understand how stupid they are.

This book contains so many philosophical, sociological, and psychological concepts (whether correct or simply speculative, it doesn't matter...) that an accurate review is practically impossible, at least for me! Someone more intellectually gifted than I will undertake the task.
Undoubtedly, the evolutionary concepts presented are of the highest speculation, because if we know anything about the subject today, it's that unpredictability is the number one rule. But the final result of Stapledon's book is breathtaking.
There are no characters, just a protagonist/narrator; there is no plot to follow, just a linear descriptive account of the story of possible "evolutions," almost in what seems to me a Hegelian dialectic diary form.
An article titled "The Comforts of the Apocalypse" (by Rob Goodman) praised "Last and First Men" as the most realistic work in the genre of apocalyptic fiction.

In the end, a question remains whether Stapledon believed that the human species is simply useless, despite evolutionary possibilities, and should be eliminated from the universe.
Regardless of the degree of evolution and sophistication, human beings always end up returning to primitive bestiality. Ultimately, we can ask ourselves, given that there is constant evolution, whether physiological, sociological, or technological, why is there no ethical or moral evolution? I believe this is the question Olaf Stapledon poses in this book.

Some books are so mind-numbing that we feel disconcerted, disoriented, and lost in a labyrinthine whirlwind of despair as we read them. This wasn't an easy or comfortable reading. In the end, I had more questions than answers, but it was worth it.

PS:
I would call this book "The History of Blind Stupidity," AKA "Men at Work."

[Alfred Searls · Rating 5 out of 5]

Eighteen distinct species of human being, that’s what you’re in for with ‘Last and First Men’ (1930). Not all at once of course, I mean it takes two billion years and 300 extraordinary pages from Olaf Stapledon to create this seminal landmark in literary science fiction. In fact this wholly remarkable work is so brave and so audacious in its scope that it leaves you dizzy at the sheer scale of the writer’s triumph of imagination.

The early part of the book begins with usual geopolitical speculative fiction of the kind that H.G. Wells so thoroughly bores his readers with, only here it is done with much greater success. The great empires of the day are as familiar to us as their petty squabbling’s and within a few pages they are at each other’s throats. They ally and scheme, and dream and fight and then very quickly, and quite simply, they are gone. All that is familiar to us, the empires of mind and mammon, nations and names, the languages of Shakespeare and Tolstoy, are simply swept away by the passing of the years; slipping first into obscurity, then passing into mythology, before finally succumbing to oblivion. This is both clever and shocking as it simultaneously allows Stapledon to free his narrative of the shackles of contemporary perception, and ruthlessly demonstrates the utterly unsympathetic nature of the passage of time. Everything dies and everything will be forgotten.

From this point on the reader is adrift upon the churning sea of Stapledon’s seemingly boundless imagination. The years roll by and humanity persists, sometimes soaring to great and noble heights, sometimes sinking into the abyss of savagery and barbarism. Hundreds, then thousands and finally millions of years drift by; years in which mankind is repeatedly subject to near extinction level events, events that are sometimes natural and sometimes self-inflicted. The race spreads its wings and other sentient forces are encountered and different species of man evolve and de-evolve, many of them simultaneously. All the while both evolution and revolution promote different branches of the human family and in time antennae, fingers and fins will all stretch out towards the light of the sun before succumbing once again to the evolutionary night.

When I read this book I developed the distinct feeling that Stapledon may have pushed the human mind as far as it can go, in terms of what it can conceive of in relation to its place in time. I’ve personally not read anything since to dissuade me of that and rarely have I seen the treatment of ideas and concepts given such free rein as they are in ‘Last and First Men’. In the novel Stapledon subverts the usual trite literary conventions. Traditional characters are replaced by the various species of man and the idea of plot, along with the endlessly proselytized story arc, is made redundant, ridiculous even, by the sheer relentless march of time.

Stapledon himself gave up a career in academia to write this book, in the hopes that he could reach and influence a wider audience. After 82 years ‘Last and First Men' is still in print and widely credited as being a powerful influence on successive generations of writers. Job done Olaf, bravo.

[Derek · Rating 3 out of 5]

That...that was hard. It is made up of the dry, textbook material that other authors would show rather than tell, or thunk heavily in a preface or appendix. It has no characters or plot as such, concentrating on the large sweeping trends that become larger and more sweeping as it proceeds, and it periodically dives into issues of national or racial character and motivations rather than actions.

Stapledon's vision is undeniable, though a reader today may quibble about overgeneralizations of national character as his future history proceeds through the twentieth / twenty-first / etc. / centuries. Or, in fact, that it deals with European and world history, and plugs into established history at the time of writing. I found it eye-crossingly boring and almost unreadable, only smoothing out after the establishment of the lunatic World State and later Patagonian Empire. (Seriously: if you get stuck, skip to the World State of the First Men and keep going.)

The mood greatly resembles The Silmarillion and indeed much of the Middle-Earth canon. Each civilization, each human species of Man, is beset by the same tragic cycle of bloom and decay, where the nature of the collapse is baked into the nature of the species itself. The collapse is usually but not exclusively total, where all wisdom and knowledge of the predecessor has been crushed flat to be rebuilt from scratch. Again and again.

[Baba · Rating 3 out of 5]

SF Masterworks 11: I'd like to think that this is what pure science-fiction looks like. One of the Last Men, trillions of years in the future recounts the tale of mankind from the First Men (Homo Sapiens, us!), through numerous iterations, dark ages, wars, utopias, dystopia, home planets(!) etc. It reads like a lecture, rarely focusing on individuals and talking about man as a race. When you step back and think about it no one has ever done anything like this, before, or after Stapledon.

It's not an easy read, feeling like a 307 page, small print, dense paragraph history lesson, but it is a rad awash with so many ideas, concepts, creativity that on completion you feel like your lesson lasted months. It's easy from our 21st century perspective to question what's missing from this saga, but it was published in 1930; for context the radio telescope, the thermistor, nylon, anti-deodorant, toilet brushes and the chocolate chip cookie were yet to be invented.

The outstanding thing about this work is the way it answers so many questions by telling this fictional history without judgement, let the outcomes teach. It's also just as much philosophical, looking at man's eternal quest to find out "why?". A work so original and game changing that no writer or creator has seemed to dare enter it's space, to replicate or expand on it. 7 out of 12.

[Palmyrah · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is famously one of the classics of science fiction. At the time of its emergence in 1930, its scope and audacity were without precedent. However, it has been thoroughly pillaged by other writers since then, and its themes and tropes are now the everyday stuff of SF. Stapledon was a prophet and perhaps a kind of genius, but Last & First Men is a victim of its own success.

Also, it is very much a product of its time. Its physics and cosmology appear naive to us today. At times this works against the suspension of disbelief, to the detriment of the reader's pleasure.

In social and political terms, too, the book is largely concerned with issues that were prominent in between the World Wars but which today seem of little import.

Most tellingly of all, we, whom Stapledon calls the First Men, the primitives of humanity, have already achieved nearly all the great feats of science, technology and exploration that in his book take eighteen successive species of humanity some hundreds of millions of years to accomplish. Apart, that is, from the colonization of Venus and Neptune, which we now know to be impossible.

I don't usually object to anachronisms. One should always keep in mind the historical and social context in which a work was written, accepting these in order to appreciate the work more fully. But you can't do that with Last & First Men; its plot and subtext depend far too heavily on the outdated science and political thought of its time. Even the obsession with flight (by means of aeroplanes, genetically engineered wings or the direct control of gravity) is one that was at its peak in the bomber-obsessed 1930s.

The novel is also repetitive in terms of the cycles of human civilization and achievement. This is, of course, part of the Hegelian lesson the author is trying to teach us, but it makes for a boring read.

On the positive side, the author's resonantly academic style of writing is often elegant and eloquent, and its ponderousness is actually well suited to the material.

A great book, certainly, but a deeply outdated one.

ABOUT THE SF MASTERWORKS EDITION
This edition contains an appreciative but stupid and small-minded introduction by the physicist and SF author Gregory Benford, who urges American readers of the book to skip perhaps the first third of it. This is the part which deals with what Stapledon calls the 'Americanized' future world of the First Men.

Stapledon was a socialist who despised capitalism, and he was suspicious of America and Americans. Benford seems to feel that American readers should be spared his criticisms and jibes. That would be a pity – because what Stapledon points to as the follies and faults of American culture are very much the same ones the rest of the world sees in America, now as then. Some of his comments are remarkably percipient and I think it would do many American readers good to learn how others tend to see them.

[notgettingenough]

There is a wonderful film made in Iceland by Jóhann Jóhannsson shortly before his death, with music by him and narrated by Tilda Swinton. It is all of 68 minutes long.

Next the book....

This is slow going, it's very dense for a start, but also it takes you places. EG when he casually mentions television and I had to look up the history to see that he was being rather prescient in his expectation of where TV would head, when it was scarcely functioning as more than an idea at the time he was writing.

There is an aspect of Nostradamus in the first part of the book when he is dealing with the 100 years leading up to about now. Yes, make enough predictions and you'll hit copper, or silver, or maybe even gold. Definitely gold when he describes the French accidentally killing an English princess so popular in the UK that attack is immediate and vengeful.

And, having been to see Dr Strangelove (not for the first time) a few nights ago, this accident leading to annihilation made me wonder if the inspiration for the film could perhaps have been this book.

[Jean-marcel · Rating 3 out of 5]

A supremely interesting book, without a doubt. Stapledon projects his imagination as far into the future as it can possibly go, beginning with his own time (late 1920s/early 1930s) and slowly taking his readers on a journey that details the rise and fall of civilisations, man's evolution through a dizzying array of ages, climates, evolutions, worlds...there are wars, invasions, disasters, triumphs, incredible scientific discoveries. The whole thing is just so fascinating, because while on the surface it all seems like some wild and improbable flights of fancy, Stapledon has put considerable thought into these "visions", and used the latest (at the time) scientific and sociological theories, as well as extrapolations based on politics and the global situation in 1930. It amused me how close he came to the truth in his projections of the "near future" in some areas and how far off the mark he was in others.

There's one thing that held me back from really liking this book as much as I thought I would, though, and it is the reason that any adjectives I use to describe Stapledon's work here are always synonyms of "interesting", or "engrossing". This is not a novel. This reads like a textbook for some far future civilisation, the descendants of humankind. It's very, very dry. There are no characters, there is no plot, there is literally nothing to grab on to and run with except the "far out" ideas, which admittedly are being fired at you all the time and on every page of this book. The book stimulates your imagination in an unusual way though, in that Stapledon does try pretty hard to describe what things must have been like for people living in the various far-flung futures of Earth and other worlds. Sometimes it helps to just stop reading for a while, sit back and imagine the sort of scenes for yourself that Stapledon couldn't write about, given the nature of the book. That's the thing, really: Stapledon could not have written this book in any other way, if he wanted to keep its idea in tact. Even as it is, the book feels paradoxically very long because of its dry, disconnected style, and very short, because it is out of necessity compacting millions of hypothetical years into a few hundred pages, which feels as though it should be an impossible feat.

So, as long as you go into this one knowing what you'll be reading, you ought not to be disappointed. Read this one for all the crazy science and absolutely fantastic visions of the future. I'll say this for Mr. Stapledon: today we have thousands of science fiction films, television shows and books trying to show us various futures and what they might be like. Most of them just project people a few hundred years forward and go about telling their story, assuming that humanity will pretty much be living as it does now, only with some fancier gadgets, or no gadgets at all assuming there's been some great global disaster. Almost all of these populist projections seem kind of mundane and trivial when placed next to Stapledon's. I suppose that's high praise, after all. I respect this book quite a lot. I just don't love it because, well, it isn't really a story now is it? Seems more like a worthy experiment to me; I'm almost surprised it got published, but if Ole Olaf had given me this manuscript to read back in his day, I would certainly have devoured it and then praised his visionary imagination to the heavens.

[Nikolai Kim · Rating 4 out of 5]

Although LSD was discovered only in 1938, while this book was published in 1930, "Last and First Men" is just about the trippiest book you'll pick up this side of the white light that ferries you to your next incarnation, unless you read Joyce's "Ulysses" backwards. Either Olaf Stapledon's brain produces endorphins and organo-opiates at an unusually high rate, or else it must be assumed that the writer and his wife maintained a substantial and quite esoteric mushroom garden.

Get ready to take the red pill.

The journey for which Stapledon is our guide is nothing less than the Evolution of Man, not from the past to the present, but from the present to the far, far, far, far, very, very, very, almost nuttily far future. There is no standard plot. And the story is told retrospectively.

This future odyssey begins with a recounting of a near-doomsday war between Asia and the West; and so, for the conspiratorially minded, you are likely to suspect... what else?... a sort of conspiracy about deliberately fomented wars intended to affect the arc of the Evolution of Man. But these suspicions disappear in due course as the result of an obliterating level of dilution as Stapledon's "future history" of Man grows wilder, more fantastic, frothily awe inspiring and disorientingly tragic.

For some, this book will test your emotional stability. For others, it will open up pathways in your imaginative capacities to the greatest degree possible without the aid of chemical assistance.

If I had taken the same mushrooms as Stapledon, I would certainly have given this book five stars. However, because I remained largely sober through this volume, I can only offer up 4 with another half-star for Stapledon's willingness to write a novel with no real characters and barely any dialog, but with a fluidity of imagination similar to that of a toddler, though the topic itself is phantasmagorically sophisticated; and yet, all of this overwhelming structurelessness nonetheless holds together, forcing one to turn the page though the clock advises you that it is nearly dawn. Therefore, be sure to start this book on a Friday or Saturday evening. The question of inebriants or other pharmacological accelerants to help you on the way, I leave entirely to you, your God, or that significant other to whom you have entrusted your emotional and neurological well-being.

[Calzean · Rating 3 out of 5]

Quite an outstanding achievement as Stapledon invents a series of civilizations that occur over millions of years and has mankind morphing and meeting with aliens. There's a lot of the author's philosophy and thoughts on sex, religion and man's greed. Written in the 1930s it dwarfs many of today's similiar attempts to look at possible futures for mankind.

[Lance Schonberg · Rating 1 out of 5]

This is not a novel. It's not even really a story in the traditional sense. Last and First Men is more a series of speculative future history essays. Now, the framework of the “story” is that these essays are written by a contemporary human (Stapledon) under the influence of one of the “last men”, telepathically pushing the words through his pen from a time billions of years in the future when the human race is about to be wiped from the face of the universe permanently. I knew this going in, but I thought it would be easier to get past.

Early in the book, we occassionally get individual characters, but never for more than a moment or two. Instead, we get bland descriptions of often horrific future events. War after war. Relgious insanity. Violent societal crashes. The narrative, if I can even use the word, both reinforces and shatters stereotypes, though mostly the first of those, and, as one might expect in 1930, is tinged heavily with sexism. The sexism lasts throughout the book, even if the stereotypes disappear in the main after we've got a decent evolutionary distance from current humanity.

The book is filled with ideas, ridiculous, incredible, and bizarre ideas. But the presentation doesn't work very well for me.

Ignoring the presentation, at least for the moment, it's hard to synopsize without sounding flippant or sarcastic. However...

We are the first men. The first six chapters of the book concern us as we walk though war after war, collapse after collapse, and setback after setback. Finally, achieving a global government, it's brought down by stupid and short sighted religion, an interesting commentary even today. A mere thirty-five individuals survive the holocaust, somehow splitting into two species, one of which devolves into something sub-human.

The second men take millions of years to arrive as a devastated planet recovers from our stupidity. They're giant, hairy, without ego, and live for two centuries or so. They probably would have lasted a lot longer if the Martians hadn't invaded. Twice.

The third men hang around for millions of years but never really amount to anything except that they manage to create the Fourth men.

And it's about here I realize that each successive species seems to get less screen time.

So the fourth men were designed – giant brains capable of great feats of intellect and cruelty, and they designed their successors, the fifth men. Not that they were intended to be successors but a giant science experiment.

The fifth men kill off their progenitors, terraform Venus, and slaughter the native Venusians, and make a mess of Venus before collapsing in on themselves. When the sixth men arrive, they are basically a repeat of us (the first men), in different form but very similar attitudes. They don't quite take the whole world with them when they go, but it isn't pretty.

Then we get bird men (and I forgot to mention the seal-men who lived at the same time as the sixth, but were exterminated by them): paranoid men, religious men, savage men, crazy men, and all sorts of varieties of men we'd recognize easily enough in ourselves, supplanted by their mutant, flightless offspring, the 8th men who engineer the dwarf men 9th to survive on a “terraformed” Neptune.

Not engineered very well though, but evolution does what science can't apparently, and then we'll skip a few hundred million years, mentioning the 10th through 17th men in not much more than a few paragraphs each, before we get to the oh-so-important 18th men. The last men. These have 96 variations on gender (subgenders) and family units made up of one of each, the ability to function as a group mind, the ability to cruise through past minds (borrowed from the 15th and 16th men), an insanely advanced civilization, and are potentially immortal.

They're also wiped out because the sun catches a disease (no, really) and roasts the solar system. But hey, let's see if we can influence the past a little even as we create some kind of solar sailing panspermia to perpetuate something human-like on other planets in the future.

So across billions of years of history, we've watched the rise and fall of a bewildering variety of empires and civilizations, and of 18 species. Humanity has moved to two other planets during that time and then been wiped out by its own sun, but with hope that human-derived intelligence will continue somewhere.

Overall rating: 1 star. That deserves a little explanation.

I'm awed by the imagination that produced the ideas contained in this book. I'm disappointed beyond measure at the presentation. Yes, this is not a really novel, but a series of speculative essays covering the future of the human species, and the next 17 species of humanity which follow it. Last and First Men tells a story, or tries to, but not a coherent one. It reaches almost for the stars but gets bogged down in obsessive navel gazing and irrelevant details while refusing to tell the actual story. While refusing to tell many actual stories.

It's a book that's just this side of 100% info dump. A masterpiece of exposition, perhaps, but an incredibly difficult slog and, when all is said and done, possibly the most boring thing I've ever read.

So yes, I have to go with 1 star.

[BridgeBurger Spoony · Rating 4 out of 5]

I want to give this three stars based on my actual enjoyment level, but the unique ambition of the novel defies simple ratings. Despite inspiring a swath of golden age writers, there hasn’t been another novel like this…except Star Maker, which you should read instead because it has a similar idea executed with far more finesse.

Even though it’s length sits at a mere 300 pages, I had to read this slowly over the course of many weeks. Partially because it’s so dense, and partially because it’s so dreadfully dull at points and lacks an actual plot, but it’s also full of wonder and crazy ideas the science fiction genre has been mining from since.

The first 100 pages attempt to predict the immediate future of our human society, otherwise known as the first men. As expected it obviously gets everything wrong, especially noticeable because it was released in 1930 and Stapledon’s future is our history. That’s not a problem though. I mostly have issues with how it’s so dependent on characterising entire nations as shallow cardboard cutout personalities while they all go to war with each other. That’s a side effect of the broad strokes vision Stapledon has, but when applied to our humanity it just didn’t work for me.

The rest of the book is thankfully better. After the fall of the first humans, Stapledon begins diving into the rise and fall of species descended from humanity. He attempts to summarise their biology, cultural evolution, their religions, and their connections to the past, as each species leads into the next, all the way to the tale of last men.

All throughout it can be dull, every piece of elegant writing will be offset by two dry repetitive ones. Every new unique idea is offset by two repetitive explorations of ones we’ve already seen.

So this review reads overly negative, but it’s because these issues don’t really matter in the face of the importance of the work. Even when the text itself bores me, it remains interesting to read as a piece of history to see the seeding of so many ideas the genre would go on to explore.

[Michael Nielsen · Rating 5 out of 5]

An extraordinary book. A few observations:

+ William James wrote "The Varieties of Religious Experience"; this could be titled "The Variety of Human Experience", with "Human" considered very broadly, as all that is possible in descent

+ The protagonist is humanity

+ The viewpoint character is a human (of sorts), 2 billion years in the future

+ Often called science fiction, I think it's better regarded as one of a genre that contains just two books, this one, and Stapledon's "Star Maker". The second book changes the protagonist and the viewpoint character, but the following remains true:

+ Stapledon's key quality is his capacity for imagining possibilities which are currently merely latent. This is a tremendous quality!

[Buck · Rating 2 out of 5]

Written in 1930, Last and First Men is unique in my experience of reading science fiction. It is a history book, without characters. The only individuals named in the book, I think, are Socrates, Jesus, Gautama, and Einstein, all of whom live among the First Men.

This is the history of the succession of species of men as they evolve over a span of two thousand million years. It describes the rise and fall of eighteen successive human species. Some were actually artificially created by their predecessors. Their cultures and civilizations flourished and collapsed hundreds or thousand of times.

The earth is invaded by Martians, microscopic specs which form together in clouds of mist with a group mind. Second Man fights them off, repeatedly, as they return time and again over millennia. Man eventually destroys the Martians. Eons later, man discovers that the moon is falling into the earth and will destroy it. Fifth Man migrates to Venus, alters it to support human life, and destroys the native beings. Again eons later, a great cloud enters the solar system and collides with the sun, causing it to greatly enlarge. Man flees to Neptune and there, finally evolves into the Eighteenth Man, Last Man.

The book is written by Last Man, who is able to visit his long past, for the benefit of First Man, as Last Man suffers the final demise of man.

The book is a history; it's like reading a textbook. It's dry, but interesting, varyingly. It's aloof and impersonal, not helped by my book having very small print. It enumerates the various species of man, his politics and religion. There's always religion. It doesn't go into his technology very much. But as we may read a history book for our edification, to increase our knowledge, this is fiction, and so it takes an effort to keep with it. I found myself contemplating abandoning it, and counting the pages to the end. It does seem to mellow a bit when the Last Man narrator reaches his own time.

Half a dozen pages from the end, I came across this passage: "And this book, so admirable in our conception, has issued from the brain of the writer, your contemporary, in such disorder as to be mostly rubbish."

[Jeremy Eaton · Rating 1 out of 5]

I get that this was written in the 1930s, so maybe it was a banger back then, but it certainly doesn't play in 2019. Coal power being used for the next 500 million years? The invention of rockets not for another billion?

This book isn't so much a look forward 2 billion years into the future as it is a look backward 90 years into the past, where cultural and technological progress moved at a snail's pace.

I read this because I wanted to read Star Maker and this is the prequel. Now I don't want to read Star Maker.

Avoid.

[Chris Lynch · Rating 5 out of 5]

Where's that sixth star when you need it? I am in awe of this book and the mind that produced it.

In my youth, I'd spotted this on the shelves in the local bookstore and my curiosity was piqued, but I never got around to reading it. Ah, if only I'd known what lurked inside those covers....

Many later titans of Science Fiction, notably Arthur C Clarke, Doris Lessing, Stanislaw Lem, Theodore Sturgeon, cite Stapledon as a key influence. It's easy to see why. Published in 1930, when science fiction as a genre barely existed, before the existence of computers, when molecular biology was, at best, in its infancy, when we'd barely discovered Pluto and were only just beginning to grasp the true size of the universe, this mild-mannered man, Olaf Stapledon, a student of history and philosophy and a teacher working in adult education, wrote a book outlining a speculative future history of mankind spanning the next 2 billion years. It wasn't intended to be a piece of science fiction, in fact Stapledon wasn't even aware that such a thing existed.

In the foreword to the first U.S. edition published in 1987, Greg Benford advises the reader to skip the first four chapters. This advice is misguided. The earlier parts of the book deal with Stapledon's predictions for the immediate future post-1930. As such they are an easy target for criticism by the too-literally minded; his Second World War and the alliances between nations and further subsequent wars that follow are rather different to the way things actually turned out. And yet...there's a ghostly resonance between Stapledon's alternate history and our own.

A word about the science. Stapledon's knowledge of physics comes across as slightly dated in places, having an air of victoriana about it with his references to 'Aetheric Vibrations', and he's clearly a bit confused about antimatter, appearing to have been informed by the older victorian theories of antimatter rather than the newer ideas espoused by Dirac in 1928. Stapledon's estimates of the speed of mankind's future technological development and evolution also seem somewhat conservative. His timescales would feel more believable if you divide by a factor of ten, or even more in certain places.

And yet...he makes some gigantic and highly prescient forward leaps of scientific imagination, predicting genetic engineering, terraforming of other planets, use of wind, wave and geothermal power sources, biological computers - 'the Great Brains' - and, for me the spookiest of all given that he was writing this in the late 1920's, the use of gravitational corridors for interplanetary travel, a technique we have only recently started to explore with modern spacecraft (the Genesis probe used this technique to cut its fuel requirements to 1/10th of that required using a conventional trajectory).

A word of warning. This isn't a book full of action and excitement, though there's plenty of drama. It's an epic, sweeping history, in which millions of years sometimes flash by in an instant. Stapledon occasionally zooms in on scenes involving individual characters - some of which come across as more allegorical than literal. The writing might be thought of as rather dry by some. It's a thinker's book, not a piece of pulp sci-fi.

Despite its flaws (which are actually a part of its charm, in my opinion) there is only one word to describe this book, given the context in which it was written - genius.

[Stephen · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a book that has a vast ambition. It tells the story of humanity over the course of 2 trillion years and through eighteen iterations of the human species. We are the first, and the story is presented as an account of our future by the last. I thought that it was great - exactly my sort of futuring.

In terms of usefulness, the first third of the book is most telling. It takes us from the point where the book was written (1930) to the downfall of the first men, which it puts at about 9,000,000 AD (nine million years after Christ), as we measure time. It is not an account of our future history, but an account of the forces that will shape our history.

After the First World War, Stapledon sees a struggle between France and Great Britain for the mastery of Europe. Both destroy each other, leaving Germany as the dominant force in Europe. Beyond that lies the struggle between Germany, as the leader of a unified Europe, and Russia. This draws in America, who wages war with Europe, prevails, and then wages war with China, to prevail again.

There is quite a lot to unpack from this. The concept of a unified Europe under the leadership of Germany, with Great Britain and France as idle bystanders, certainly has resonance today. Europe at loggerheads with Russia also has a certain ring to it, along with a geopolitical tussle between America and China. This part of the book really did have my attention.

I can see why American readers are uncomfortable with the book. After achieving world dominance, America set about creating the world in its own image. This struck a chord as I was reminded of Bush Jr's wars, and the policy of spreading American democracy at bayonet point. In the end, the crass consumerism of the American model brings about the downfall of the First Men. We just simply strip the planet naked of resources. That has a familiar chill to it.

The second two thirds of the book considers what happens after we have denuded the planet. By sheer fluke humanity survives and goes on to evolve into a range of successor species. Not quite human, but human nonetheless. Eventually, the solar system wears out the capacity of humanity to survive. Beyond that we can only guess.

I really liked the book and would recommend it to all. It is well written, well paced, and quite easy to read. It is not a set of predictions or a standard against which we can measure events. It does come to grips with some of the meta-trends that we currently face, if only centuries earlier. However, for a work written in 1930, it is on the money for more than one issue. That in itself recommends the book.