Charles Dickens loved Christmas. In fact it is said that he is largely responsible for how we celebrate a traditional Christmas today, with more than a nod to the Victorian era. “A Christmas Carol” is the story millions of people will cite as being their favourite Christmas story, and Charles Dickens went on to make writing these an annual tradition every Christmas season, keeping to it throughout his life. “A Christmas Carol” was the first of five novellas, and these were followed by a special Christmas story each year, in his magazines. Not all of these have obviously Christmas themes, but they are usually tales which are imbued with the “spirit” of Christmas, emphasising themes of fellowship, family, kindness and compassion.
Some of the stories Charles Dickens wrote after the novellas are quite short, and more like essays or musings, whereas some are longer, more akin to the novellas in length. Each became a regular feature in his monthly magazine, “Household Words”. Charles Dickens wanted to make his Christmas Editions special, but he always had many literary and theatrical projects on the go, as well as a complicated personal life. For this reason, he began to recruit some of his “in-house” authors, to help him with the special Christmas story. The Wreck of the Golden Mary is one of these collaborations, and one of the contributing, initially uncredited authors, was Wilkie Collins.
Wilkie Collins was a great friend of Charles Dickens. The two authors had first met a few years earlier, on 12th March 1851, introduced by a mutual friend, the painter Augustus Egg. They then acted together in an amateur production of Bulwer Lytton’s play “Not So Bad as We Seem”. Charles Dickens was twelve years older and already an established author and public figure. He took Wilkie Collins under his wing, and a lifelong friendship followed. They dined together, went on holiday together, and visited the less reputable parts of London and Paris together. But what is perhaps most important to us, is that they also worked together on various collaborations.
For more than five years Wilkie Collins was employed on “Household Words” and also Charles Dickens’s later magazine, “All The Year Round”, including working with Dickens on several Christmas issues of both publications. Charles Dickens had been planning to write The Wreck of the ‘Golden Mary’ as his Christmas story for 1855, but felt that he needed more time to develop the idea properly. He mulled over the idea for a year, and then came up with his plan.
On 1st November 1856, he wrote to Wilkie Collins, suggesting to his friend that they walk: “through the fallen leaves in Cobham Park. I can then explain how I think you can get your division of the Christmas No. very originally and naturally. It came into my head to-day.”
His idea for the Christmas edition of 1856 was to present to the public his third collaborative Christmas piece. His first had been “The Seven Poor Travellers”, two years before in 1854, and his second the previous year “The Holly-tree Inn”. This year Charles Dickens planned to use one of his favourite themes, the sea. Even his very first Christmas novella “A Christmas Carol” had included a section where a spirit guided Ebenezer Scrooge over the sea, to see how the sailors celebrated Christmas. Enthusiastically, Charles Dickens explained his inspiration to his friend.
Charles Dickens’s idea was to present a set of stories with a first-hand account of a shipwreck; the description of the wreck itself being his own contribution. Wilkie Collins and others would then continue the story from many perspectives. Charles Dickens, with his great love of sea-faring tales, was very enthusiastic about this idea of a shipwreck, a terrible ordeal at sea in open boats, and finally a rescue. But Wilkie Collins was not sure, and took a little convincing. A week later Charles Dickens, wrote to another friend, Angela Burdett-Coutts, saying how impressed he was that Wilkie Collins had “got over the great difficulty of falling into my idea … When he read the Wreck he was so desperately afraid of the job, that I began to mistrust him. However, we went down to Gad’s Hill and walked through Cobham Woods, to talk it over; and he then went at it cheerfully, and came out as you see.”
The result was a magnificent collection of tales titled: “The Wreck of the Golden Mary: Being the Captain’s Account of the Loss of The Ship, and The Mate’s Account of the Great Deliverance of Her People in an Open Boat at Sea”. It comprised three main sections: “The Wreck”, “The Beguilement in the Boats” and “The Deliverance”. Charles Dickens was immensely pleased with the collaboration, and reported to Angela Burdett-Coutts, that it was “the prettiest Christmas Number we have had.”
Oddly, and very sadly, most of the editions now available are a travesty of Charles Dickens’s initial conception. Sometimes all they contain is “The Wreck”, or some include a little of the first mate’s tale “The Deliverance”, but very few include the middle section, which is five separate tales by four different authors. Therefore this work is a collaboration between six authors, and is actually the length of a short novel. No wonder the bowdlerised versions get such low ratings.
In fact Charles Dickens’s own introductory story, “The Wreck” is a treat. It is set just 5 years earlier. Charles Dickens painted his portrait from life, observing crusty seafaring fellows very well. Born in Postsmouth, he often went back to visit, and liked to mingle with the sailors and boatspeople. I can imagine this tale being told by Captain Cuttle, a crusty character from his novel “Dombey and Son”.
Captain Ravender, the narrator in this story has a great air of authenticity. He is solid man, 56 years of age; an experienced, fair, dependable man. He tells how he has been offered a commission to sail to California to deliver gold mining tools and bring back goods. What makes this enterprise irresistible to the good Captain is the glorious ship: “The Golden Mary”. He enthuses about this wonderful craft, where everything is of the best, and the most shipshape. He also has the chance to choose his chief mate, and he is adamant about who he knows will be the best: the competent and supremely reliable John Steadiman. (With a name like that, how can he fail!)
Charles Dickens tells the story in a jaunty way, with great good humour, and we smile as we read this first tale. We get to know and care about both the captain and his mate, and the passengers and small crew. It is a small complement, and three stand out most of all, perhaps because Captain Ravender believes that they are the ones who need the most consideration. Two are females: a young woman of about 25 called Mrs. Atherfield. She is going to join her husband, taking their daughter Lucy, who is 3 years old, with her. (The little girl has never seen her father.) Miss Coleshaw is the second woman: a little older, at about 30 years of age. She is going to join her brother. The third passenger who occupies Captain Ravender’s attention is a strange, unlikable man called Mr. Rarx. He talks of nothing but gold: mining for gold, and collecting it. He is avaricious and selfish, not divulging to anyone why he is travelling to California. Nobody likes Mr. Rarx, but, oddly, he is interested and protective of Lucy and never lets her out of his sight. Everyone loves Lucy, who is a happy, friendly child, full of joy. She lifts everyone’s spirits.
We are swept up in this story, following those we feel we have begun to know. We know their fate from the start: we know there is to be a shipwreck and that there are three lifeboats. And we fear for them. Will they survive? Who will live to tell this tale for themselves?
The shipwreck itself is very dramatic and powerfully described. They are surrounded by icebergs and the nights are pitch dark. There is delirium, burgeoning madness, and supernatural elements - and there is a great tragedy. The story “ends” in a lifeboat, where some passengers and crew are desperately eking out their rations, hoping against hope to be rescued. They are in the middle of the ocean, half dead from starvation and cold, with no hope in sight, and not knowing the captain’s fate. Yet most editions stop at this point! No wonder that readers now reading this story feel that it is so odd, and wonder why it is unbalanced and unresolved.
If you are reading the complete book, “The Wreck” by Charles Dickens has three chapters. There is then a fourth chapter titled “John Steadiman’s Account”, which links the whole to the middle section: “The Beguilement in the Boats”. “John Steadiman’s Account” was written by Wilkie Collins, and is sometimes included as a concluding segment to “The Wreck”. It is subtitled “All that Follows was written by John Steadiman, Chief Mate”, and although the story itself is seamless, the feel of chapter 4 is different. Instead of Captain Ravender’s jauntiness, we now switch to an earnest tone.
John Steadiman narrates, reporting the events quietly. It has a slightly more sombre feel, and is less dramatic. Wilkie Collins’s imagery is superb, describing the moon shining “so white and ghastly”. He is a master at thrilling us, but there is no grotesque imagery here; no mention of cannibalism, as Charles Dickens has, and no exuberant humour in this section. It is a solidly crafted piece with carefully mounting tension, from which we move on quite rapidly to the middle section: “The Beguilement in the Boats”.
This section, rarely published, comprises five stories, by authors whom Charles Dickens found conformed to his ideals for Christmas tales. “Household Words” and his next magazine “All the Year Round” were conceived by Charles Dickens as vehicles to express his voice in all things, and any stories, poems and articles by contributors were expected to reflect his own views. The authors needed to share his vision, and to emphasise the values endemic in “Household Words”, such as fellowship, morality and optimism. There was to be nothing repellent, he said, but stories and a little poetry, fancies and romances, to entertain and fill his readers with joy.
The stories Charles Dickens chose were “The Armourer” by Percy Fitzgerald, “Poor Dick’s Story” by Harriet Parr, (who also wrote as “Holme Lee”), “The Supercargo’s Story”, again by Percy Fitzgerald, “The Old Seaman’s Story” by Adelaide Anne Procter, and “The Scotch Boy’s Story” by the Reverend James White. This middle section: “The Beguilement in the Boats” is usually missing from most editions of The Wreck of the ‘Golden Mary’, but each separate story can be found online. If your edition of the book contains them, they will most likely not be titled, but form chapters 1 - 5 in the middle section of the book.
There is no space for a detailed examination of each story, but they are typical Victorian tales, high on emotion even to the point of melodrama, and no doubt would have been very appealing to the readership of “Household Words”. It is easy to imagine families of that time, saving a story up to read daily round the fire each evening. A designated reader, if there was one who could read, would tell of Ding Dong Will, who was determined never to be trapped into marriage, and of the tragedy which befell him. Or of poor Dick, unloved and unwanted, who went to the bad, before perhaps turning over a new leaf. Of young women who were, as they say, “no better than they ought to be”. Of tragedy, betrayal and bloody murder. Or of the terror of a haunted ship, with the curse of Jan Fagel upon it. Or of a seaman, shipwrecked into slavery in a strange land for many years, before his return and cruel revelation. Or of missing sweethearts Domine and Jean, so much loved by Jean’s parents: another ghostly tale told by Jean’s young brother, Willy. If you enjoy Victorian fiction, these are all worth tracking down to read. They are poignant, exciting tales, and depending on your taste, one or other may well prove your favourite in this collaboration.
“The Beguilement in the Boats” brings us closer to several of the passengers in the “Golden Mary”, and we see their hopes and aspirations through these stories, which include characters from their past who have touched their lives. Some are running away from their earlier life, and some are running towards bright opportunities, amid the gold rush of California. What is certain is that all are hoping for a new life; to start afresh in a new country. Some of these hopes are shattered. There is both tragedy and insanity in store, and much grief and starvation, but there is also great steadfastness, self-sacrifice and bravery.
The third and final section is entitled “The Deliverance” and it was written by Wilkie Collins. It is an ominous doom-laden story, with a the kind of ghastly feel Wilkie Collins did so well; there is none of Charles Dickens’s lighthearted optimism here. It is a powerful tale. And yet we know from the title that all will be well; indeed many of the original passengers do survive to tell the tale. Their courage and inner strength has served them well.
Originally the authors were not credited, which was Charles Dickens’s preference for his in-house authors. As he wrote to one invited contributor, Mary Howitt, that way they could always publish their story elsewhere in the future. He was reluctant to divulge their names, and when the Reverend R. H. Davies wrote to him, praising the poem which concludes “Poor Dick’s Story” and asking who the author was, Charles Dickens even went so far as to reply (on 24th December 1856), “ I am myself the writer you refer to”. However when pressed later to reveal the authors, he did credit Harriet Parr for these verses. Indeed the verses were eventually printed in a Congregationalist hymn book. The section “The Old Seaman’s Story” is additionally all told in verse.
The little girl who features: “Golden Lucy”, the darling of the tale, had a real life inspiration, as have so many of Charles Dickens’s characters. She was based on the sister of George Stronghill, a friend of Charles Dickens. They were neighbours in Chatham, and apparently “youthful sweethearts”.
The whole reviewed here is a kindle edition. The best book edition in my opinion has illustrations by John Dugan. They are plentiful, with at least one for each story, and conform to the style Charles Dickens preferred his illustrators to have, although they were made far later, in 1955. The nautical ones in particular are very fine pen and ink drawings. Altogether, however you access it, this is a collection of stories which deserves a much wider readership. At the time it was an astounding success, as the special edition of “Household Words” for Christmas 1856, containing this whole set of stories, reached a phenomenal sale of 100,000 copies. It was then published in book form in 1898, entitled “‘The Wreck of the Golden Mary’ by Charles Dickens and Others”.
For whatever reason, Charles Dickens kept his name firmly to the fore. Perhaps it was merely the businessman in him, knowing that his name would draw the audience. And perhaps after all, for Wilkie Collins et al, it was enough at that stage, to know that they were published in the same volume as “The Inimitable” Charles Dickens.