David Powell's "The Chickamauga Campaign" -- Book 2
"Glory or the Grave: the Breakthrough, the Union Collapse, and the Defense of Horseshoe Ridge, September 20, 1863" is the second book of a trilogy of the Chickamauga Campaign of the American Civil War. The trilogy begins in June, 1863 with the Tullahoma Campaign and ends on September 21, 1863, with the Union retreat from the Chickamauga battlefield in northern Georgia into Chattanooga. During this time, William Rosecrans was the commanding general of the Union Army of the Cumberland while Braxton Bragg commanded the Confederate Army of Tennessee. With the exception of Gettysburg, Chickamauga was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War; but it has not received as many detailed studies as have some other battles. Powell's study offers a close, dense, and insightful consideration of the battle.
The opening book in the trilogy, "A Mad Irregular Battle from the Crossing of the Tennessee River through the Second Day, August 22 -- September 19, 1863" covers the maneuvering of the Army of the Cumberland south from Chattanooga and Bragg's counterattack at Chickamauga when the Union lines became scattered and over-extended. By comparison, the second book is much more focused, covering in its 700 pages only the eventful final day of fighting. Most of the famous events of the battle occurred on September 20. As a result of a botched order, the Union lines were broken at a critical time and Confederate troops under General James Longstreet rushed into the gap. While much of the Union Army retreated and left the field, including General Rosecrans, a substantial portion remained. Some of the remaining troops gravitated to Horseshoe Ridge, a mix of valleys and high ground on the road to Chattanooga. At Horseshoe Ridge, Union General George Thomas mounted a solid and gallant defense holding off the charges of the Army of Tennessee until nightfall and staving off almost certain disaster. For his efforts in holding Horseshoe Ridge, Thomas became known as the "Rock of Chickamauga". In his calmness, stolidity, and courage at Chickamauga and elsewhere, Thomas proved himself a hero for a United States today in need of iconic, inspiring figures from its past.
Because it tells a continuous story, this book is easier to follow than its predecessor. Powell begins this book with a chapter-long summary of the events leading to September 20. This summary helps make the book accessible for readers who have not read the first volume of the trilogy. The book then proceeds in a mostly chronological way to cover the events of September 20 beginning with the Councils of War held by both Rosecrans and Bragg and concluding with the Union withdrawal and retreat. The coverage is thorough and tells the history of the battle strategically and tactically by examining command decisions and actions at the corps, brigade, and individual levels. The book covers the pivotal events of the day including the Army of Tennessee's failure to implement Bragg's order to attack at dawn and its consequences, the withdrawal of a division from the center of the Union line at the heart of the battle and its consequences, the resultant rout of many Union forces, and more. The book offers a painstaking analysis of these events and of lesser-known aspects of the battle. Powell offers a full, measured, thoughtful account of the climactic day at Chickamauga.
The longest section of the book deals with the fighting at Horseshoe Ridge. The book taught me a great deal about the geography of the Ridge, the many Confederate attacks throughout the day, and the gallant if sometimes wavering Union defense. Before reading the book, I had a general but undetailed knowledge of the nature of the Union stand. Powell's treatment of Horseshoe Ridge is well-paced and eloquent. It shows tragedy, heroism, and bungling. The events at Horseshoe Ridge reminded me of attempts to take high ground at Gettysburg at, for example, Little Round Top, Culps Hill, and to an extent Cemetery Ridge. Comparisons and contrasts went through my mind as I read and learned about the specifics of the attack and defense of Horseshoe Ridge.
The book is long and detailed, both as part of a trilogy and as a single volume. Powell explains in the volume that he decided against adopting a simple narrative approach which states his own interpretation of the battle. Instead the book examines the vast, conflicting historical material available about Chickamauga and discusses conflicting interpretations and different sources in the text. This approach lengthens and complicates the book while offering the serious reader a nuanced view. I think Powell is right in finding the historiography of Chickamauga, or any major Civil War battle, as important to the understanding as the events of the battle itself. The density of this study makes it most suitable for readers with a passion for Civil War study.
The subtitle of the book, "Glory or the Grave", derives from an incident at Horseshoe Ridge. Union General Negley withdrew his troops from Horseshoe Ridge early on apparently believing the position was indefensible. While leading his troops away, Negley encountered topographical engineer Ambrose Bierce who would become a famous author of stories about the Civil War. Bierce tried to dissuade Negley from his chosen retreat, and to lead him back to action -- to what Bierce called "Glory or the Grave". Negley declined and in his retreat found neither glory nor the grave. His reputation has been seriously tarnished ever since. Powell's book includes this and many other small, telling anecdotes and incidents.
At the end of the volume, Powell offers a single paragraph summary of the momentous events of the day. Powell writes:
"And thus ended the third (and most desperate day) of the battle of Chickamauga. The Army of the Cumberland had been decisively defeated-- but not destroyed. Both sides had suffered heavily in the battle, and as the light faded across the smoke-shrouded woods and hills, uncertainty was the prevailing condition on both sides. The scope of any victory won by Bragg and the Army of Tennessee would only be gradually revealed, dictated in part by what came next."
David Powell studied history at the Virginia Military Institute. He lives and works in Chicago, but the passion of his life has been learning and writing about the Chickamauga Campaign. It is inspiring to see the result of his devotion, loyalty, and study of his lifelong love. The publisher of this book, Savas Beatie, is known for its volumes of military history, particularly of the Civil War. Most publishers would have difficulty with a three-volume study of this nature on the Battle of Chickamauga. Savas Beatie deserves praise for seeing Powell's project through. Savas Beatie also kindly sent me a review copy of this book. I am looking forward to reading the final volume of Powell's trilogy on the Chickamauga Campaign.
Robin Friedman