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What IS Sex?

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Consider sublimation -- conventionally understood as a substitute satisfaction for missing sexual satisfaction. But what if, as Lacan claims, we can get exactly the same satisfaction that we get from sex from talking (or writing, painting, praying, or other activities)? The point is not to explain the satisfaction from talking by pointing to its sexual origin, but that the satisfaction from talking is itself sexual. The satisfaction from talking contains a key to sexual satisfaction (and not the other way around) -- even a key to sexuality itself and its inherent contradictions. The Lacanian perspective would make the answer to the simple-seeming question, "What is sex?" rather more complex. In this volume in the Short Circuits series, Alenka Zupančič approaches the question from just this perspective, considering sexuality a properly philosophical problem for psychoanalysis; and by psychoanalysis, she means that of Freud and Lacan, not that of the kind of clinician practitioners called by Lacan "orthopedists of the unconscious."

Zupančič argues that sexuality is at the point of a "short circuit" between ontology and epistemology. Sexuality and knowledge are structured around a fundamental negativity, which unites them at the point of the unconscious. The unconscious (as linked to sexuality) is the concept of an inherent link between being and knowledge in their very negativity.

168 pages, Paperback

Published September 8, 2017

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About the author

Alenka Zupančič

36 books224 followers
Alenka Zupančič is a Slovenian philosopher whose work focuses on psychoanalysis and continental philosophy.

Born in Ljubljana, Zupančič graduated at the University of Ljubljana in 1990. She is currently a full-time researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and a visiting professor at the European Graduate School. Zupančič belongs to the Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis, which is known for its predominantly Lacanian foundations. Her philosophy was strongly influenced by Slovenian Lacanian scholars, especially Mladen Dolar and Slavoj Žižek.

Zupančič has written on several topics including ethics, literature, comedy, love and other topics. She is most renowned as a Nietzsche scholar, but Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Henri Bergson and Alain Badiou are also referenced in her work.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 62 reviews
Profile Image for Goatboy.
273 reviews115 followers
February 17, 2019
This was one of the most enjoyable critical theory / philosophy/ psychoanalytic / whatever books I've read in a while. I gave it five stars just for the number of brain explosions I experienced while reading it. A perfect compliment for Freud's Beyond the Pleasure Principle, both in being a further exploration of the concepts and also a further regression toward the birth moment of consciousness and our awareness - across a slivered yet impassable gap - of a restful inanimate non-conscious existence we became only too aware we were no longer part of. What is sex? It's something we create to cover over the fact that we don't know why we ever started existing in the first place.
Profile Image for Adam.
423 reviews181 followers
January 8, 2019
What? Sex IS!

"Immortal germ plasm."
-Freud

"All the 'primitive mind' sociologists scurry about trying to fathom this profession of identity, which is no more surprising upon reflection than declaring, 'I'm a doctor' or 'I'm a citizen of the French Republic,' and certainly presents fewer logical difficulties than claiming, 'I'm a man,' which at most can mean no more than, 'I'm like the person who, in recognizing him to be a man, I constitute as someone who can recognize me as a man.'"
-Lacan, E 96/118

"By taking one's bearings from the joint between the consequences of language and the desire for knowledge--a joint that the subject is--perhaps the paths will become more passable regarding what has always been known about the distance that separates the subject from his existence as a sexed being, not to mention as a living being."
-E 195/235

"No phenomenon can lay claim to a constant relationship to pleasure."
-E 646/766

"For, of course, psychoanalysis concerns the reality [réel] of the body and of its imaginary mental schema."*
-E 680/804 [cf. corps morcelé ]

"Psychoanalysis should be the science of language inhabited by the subject. From the Freudian point of view man is the subject captured and tortured by language."
-III, p. 243

"Desire, a function central to all human experience, is the desire for nothing nameable. And at the same time this desire lies at the origin of every variety of animation. If being were only what it is, there wouldn't even be room to talk about it. Being comes into existence as an exact function of this lack. Being attains a sense of self in relation to being as a function of this lack, in the experience of desire."
-II, p. 223

"In other words —for the moment, I am not fucking, I am talking to you. Well! I can have exactly the same satisfaction as if I were fucking. That's what it means. Indeed, it raises the question of whether in fact I am not fucking at this moment."
-XI, p. 165

"Psychoanalysis has contributed nothing by way of sexual techniques."
-Lacan, ad nauseum
---------------------------------------------------------------
*This was in fact the only quote I was seeking to pair with the next one. In blissfully squandering nearly 2 hours thumbing Ecrits I couldn't help but adduce the others.
---------------------------------------------------------------
And so on. I get off more perusing the lit than trying to push your buttons in some weird foreplay of reviewing, as if these mumbled enticements are requisite to penetrating the matter--you want The Real Thing anyway, and if only the stiffest Lacaniana whets your appetite you'll find a good piece of It through Zupancic. She continues the Slovenes' now eponymous orgiastic revel in Hegel-Marx-Lacan, reaching around to Kant, Badiou, and Deleuze. It's either marvelous or repulsive, depending on where you come from , and I can't get enough. Why? Because only this particular actualization of dialectical psychoanalysis as the vanishing mediator between knowledge and experience (epistemology and ontology) breaks the habits of intuition which confine one to repeating the narcissistic errors of the miraginary ego. ("The truth effect that is delivered up in the unconscious and the symptom requires that knowledge adopt an inflexible attitude in following its contours, for these contours run counter to intuitions that keep it all too comfortably safe. This truth effect culminates in a veiled irreducibility in which the primacy of the signifier is stamped, and we know from Freud's doctrine that nothing real shares in this more than sex." E 305/365)

I hope it's fair and forgivable to claim that Zupancic is like Zizek minus digressions: where Zizek the omnivore vomits up everything ever tasted, Zupancic carefully selects ingredients one at a time until the recipe reaches a delectable simmer. This is most evident in the final chapter where it becomes clear that the foregoing was just the necessary prep work of clearing away detritus to lay a proper basis, so now, at the end, we can truly begin again, this time at the meaty animal level.

I hate summarizing, but whatever: the usual suspects of sex ("doin' it") and sexuality ("I have it and express it!") must be interrogated by sexuation ("How am I supposed to catch up on half a century of interpretation and commentary?!"). Happily for us Angloid monoglots, we are heirs to a boon in the Englishing of Lacan. This matters because psychoanalysis can no longer be pilloried as The Family Circle. The concepts made available through analytical experience and theoretical ingenuity drastically alter the fields and claims of philosophy and science (to name only the preeminent figures). Whatever paths--through the void, the manifold, the infinite, the self, the other, the truth, the definite article--seek to pussyfoot around this are nugatory. Zizek's tocsin that psychoanalysis does not adjudicate whether this or that claim is true but rather how something like the dimension of truth itself can emerge is a recapitulation of Lacan's question not is psychoanalysis a science but what is a science that includes psychoanalysis which itself was a potent jaculation from Hegel who taught us not to think this or that but how to think, period...

"To spell it out in full: human sexuality is the placeholder of the missing signifier. It is a mess, but it is a mess that actually compensates for the sexual relation as impossible (to be written). This, I believe, is a crucial reversal of the common perception that we need to make: the messiness of our sexuality is not a consequence or result of there being no sexual relation, it is not that our sexuality is messy because it is without a clear signifying rule; it emerges only from, and at the place of, this lack, and attempts to deal with it. Sexuality is not ravaged by, or disturbed, because of a gap cutting deep into its “tissue,” it is, rather, the messy sewing up of this gap."
-AZ
Profile Image for Bookfreak.
215 reviews32 followers
September 3, 2021
Νομίζω ένα πολύ κρίσιμο κείμενο που εξερευνά αρχικά μόνο τη σεξουαλικότητα και φτάνει μέχρι τα κρίσιμα οντολογικά ερωτήματα. Πρέπει να ξαναδιαβαστεί.
Profile Image for Morné.
1 review43 followers
November 27, 2020
I don't write reviews and I'm super aware 'open letters' are cringe. And yet here I am contradicting myself, achieving the impossible. Sometimes you have to risk being cringe for a greater purpose. Or maybe you just need a little libidinal-R&R only the frantic typing out of obscurantist inflected language while listening to Max Richter's Reimagining of Vivaldi's Four Seasons can provide.

A review , like any 'public' statement, is usually a weird flex. Most of what passes as a review doesn't interest me. I find the idea of simply informing others I enjoyed or didn't enjoy a particular book so utterly banal as to be embarrassing. Reviews telling people how much they liked or didn't like a book are the gym selfies of people who read. If you could summarise an entire book in a review the book in question is a waste of time. Writing a review is also very hard work. An activity which always stumbles and is distorted by the writer's jouissance. The limit of his own sense-making.

Despite all my years of reading Lacan which I've come to accept as the critical stance I've committed myself to I cannot help but desire to construct an impossible metalanguage. But as Lacanian theory has also taught me some things continue to exist despite being impossible. I could manage to write something if I was compelled by a kind of personal transcendental Kantian ethical duty. Or just good old fashioned death-drive... That's all and why and how I'm able to write this now. For years I preferred not to give any book a star rating. I was never sure I wouldn't feel different later. I've been mostly cured of this ambivalence (or at least cope with the reality that this insecurity forms part of my particular inescapable existential condition) thanks to the work of Lacan. That what's so wonderful about psychoanalysis: it releases you from the psychic grip of a belief which no longer serves you.

The fear of attaching yourself to a truth claim is the central pathology and ethical cowardness of our time. Zupancic and Zizek point out this postmodern attitude manifest itself everywhere today. Most notably in the widespread use of the prefixes post or neo to describe all modern phenomena. The notion of postmodernism itself is largely an attempt to repress the difficult questions and work initiated by modernism. Zizek calls these ptolemizations:

“When a discipline is in crisis, attempts are made to change or supplement its theses within the terms of its basic framework — a procedure one might call ‘Ptolemization’ (since when data poured in which clashed with Ptolemy’s earth-centred astronomy, his partisans introduced additional complications to account for the anomalies). But the true ‘Copernican’ revolution takes place when, instead of just adding complications and changing minor premises, the basic framework itself undergoes a transformation. So, when we are dealing with a self-professed ‘scientific revolution’, the question to ask is always: is this truly a Copernican revolution, or merely a Ptolemization of the old paradigm?[…] all the ‘new paradigm’ proposals about the nature of the contemporary world (that we are entering a post-industrial society, a postmodern society, a risk society, an informational society . . . ) remain so many Ptolemizations of the ‘old paradigm’ of classic sociological models.” ... (Slavoj Zizek. The Sublime Object of Ideology)

Alenka Zupancic's 'What is Sex?' deals with another ptolemization I'll call gender constructivism. A constellation of several related understandings of identity which makes the following claims: gender is a social construct, gender is fluid, and gender is a spectrum.

There is so much disappointing (i.e. based) vulgarizations of incredibly profound and sophisticated psychoanalytic and deconstructive tools within queer discourse. I am especially frustrated by how much queer thinkers unknowably make use of classical Freudian concepts while enthusiastically dismissing psychoanalysis as fundamentally sexist and/or homophobic. Sexism, by the way, is another brilliant ptolemization. Sexism is basically the 'reverse racism' of liberal feminist activism. I prefer the now almost old-fashioned and more accurate signifier: misogyny. I should add "gender is a social construct" is the "I don't see colour" response to feminism. If patriarchy can be so easily overcome, women would have done it a long time ago.

A key strategy of ideology today is revealed in the framing of issues relating to gender. Today even non-experts (who very often feel they are experts) in the field of social theory are critical of binary systems. A great many people agree that it is desirable to move beyond 'the gender binary' and suggesting that a statement enforces the binary is enough to discredit it and you. But what does that actually mean and what precisely is a binary relation? These are questions very few go on to investigate in good faith. I suppose people are busy, tired, and spend most their time simply trying to survive, there literally isn't enough time in the vast majority of sincere and well-intentioned people's lives to go beyond reductive wokeness and liberal platitudes. Mark Fisher was right that the only way to get some reading done is to get convicted of murder. Most of what appears profoundly insightful is cheap moralization. Everywhere I look I see barely literate aspiring priests and bullies dressed like policemen.

Queer fluidity is presented in opposition to the problematized gender binary. The notion of queer identity, and the closely associated concepts of gender fluidity and the gender spectrum, repress at their core a deep conservatism. No one who insists gender is a spectrum seems to have noticed the topological structure of a spectrum... A spectrum is still a binary; a spectrum as two sides. Gender as a spectrum does not constitute a radically New epistemology. Gender as a spectrum is a highly problematic regression into a disguised pre-modern cosmology. At its most basic conceptual level queer thought (this version at least) is indistinguishable from New Age spirituality: the belief that masculinity and feminity are positively existing metaphysical forces (i.e "energies") which structure the universe.

The crucial point to notice is that 'yin-yang' type oppositions are NOT Two separate elements or beings. A 'yin-yang' (i.e. a spectrum) is One thing. But things are not so simple in a universe where the Unconscious is apparently a thing. What Alenka has made clear to me is that both One and Two are always already contaminated, invaded, undermined by the other and constituted through each other. Not in a symmetrical relation. They appear as a short-circuit or ontological glitch. Something Lacan calls a non-relation. This is what the famous statement "there is no sexual relationship' refers to. One needs a background against which One can appear and so One is always already not-One (i.e. Two). Every being, such as the being of man or woman, is first split within itself and appears simultaneously (on the same level) as it's own impossibility. Queerness and so-called heteronormativity are not actually two ontologically separate things and the act of "queering" anything is a pseudo-radical gesture due to the always already queer core of heterosexuality. Like the yin-yang: one thing, conceptually. But you can't 'cheat' by directly assuming the polyamorous perverse infantile body. The singular Freudian idea queers seem to like but only because they don't understand it. This is why contemporary queer thought has in recent years split into two separate factions they call queer 'normativity' and 'queer negativity'. All identity categories do this if they try to establish themselves as outside or beyond binary relations. Like non-binary, which is split between trans masculine non-binary and trans feminine non-binary. And even further into dysphoric non-binary and non-dysphoric non-binary identity. Or take for example asexuality's newly constructed spectrum they call the 'greyscale which splits different asexuals into aromantic and romantic asexuals. I could go on but I'm honestly exhausted. This is what Lacan calls the return of the repressed Real. There is a logical-temporal paradox within all essences. This is really the kind of stuff I'm interested in and if you are as well you should check out Alenka's book on Nietzsche.

All of this abstract theorising must be read back into the basic truth claims made by queer thought. When you do that, you start to see even though the queer-identifying consider people who identify as conservative as their enemy they both think the same way about 'gender'. The fact that virtually every queer activist Twitter bio explicitly disavows Nazism is very telling of the obfuscation at play in queer activist discourse.

The notion of queer identity (i.e. gender fluidity, the gender spectrum, non-binary identity categories) is sold as a much more democratic and just approach to identity formation. Queer fluidity designates a subjectivity supposedly existing beyond (i.e. free) of all binary oppositions. The queer is said to embody the final transcendence of binary antagonism. But the binary always returns and attempts at wholeness always fail. Queer thinkers desire an end to "gender dialectics" which betrays its deep teleological goals. Even though it avidly(-rabidly) rejects any teleological project. I'm sorry to have to tell you this but there is no queer heaven.

Fundamental to the queer worldview is the insistence that people should be allowed to constitute their identity through a conscious and deliberate process. Queer activists advocate the morality of 'identity through self-identification' as a practise leading to the proper amount of dignity and liberty accorded to subjects. A possibility the rigidity of the gender binary excludes, especially for those who fail to become "intelligible".

The ubiquitous unexamined "adoption" (a generous euphemistic description for queer discourses' violent colonisation of feminist and homosexuals territories) of queer (non)logic has led to the huge over-determination of the political potential of queer fluidity. Queers believe that an authentic non-alienated identity is achieved by freely choosing an identity, one that is most desirable or authentic. Here it reveals another one of its crypto binaries: authentic versus alienated identity although it claims to overcome all binaries... But identities will always be minimally alienated. Alienation is the very condition that makes identity possible. Into this world we're thrown and we just keep on falling forever.

Queer activists and liberal feminism harbour two main myths at their foundation 1) significant progress can be made through the application of individual will-power. 2) Everything begins and ends with a choice. According to queer propaganda campaigns, all we have to do is simply choose the morally right thing (which is always apparently obvious) and apply sufficient will-power. Considering this, the basic tenets of queerness, I can only see 'queer' as a 'bad infinity'. An image of infinity passing itself off as infinity itself. What I mean to say is queer thought is a form of idolatry. A blasphemous feminism.

I realise I can't fully but maybe also I don't want, recap Alenka's argument in 'What is Sex?' I have a better suggestion. If you do find yourself in the unfortunate situation of discovering within yourself a growing curiosity for Lacanian theorising. It would be better to just read her book. Read all of her books. And then read all of Zizek's, and all of the 'short circuit series'. And if you're too tired (that's okay) you can always start with this lecture by Alenka.. She starts at 33min in.

The last thing I will do for you, dear reader, if you have made it this far, is to describe to you, one (but central) feature of my own personal utopia. In my future perfect world, the use of Derridean concepts will be strictly regulated. Layman post-structuralists will have to undergo strict screenings to apply for a permit to be allowed to reference Derrida. This might seem authoritarian but the bastardizations of deconstructivism have revealed itself to be analogous to lobotomizing biological weaponry. A weapon of mass counter-revolutionary destruction if allowed to fall in the wrong hands.
36 reviews
June 25, 2023
Onbeschrijfelijk goed boek, hoewel ik conceptueel woorden tekort kom om te zeggen waarom precies. Maar misschien is dat net Zupancic haar punt?
Sex wordt gekenmerkt door negativiteit, eigen aan het onbewuste. Het is net die negativiteit die het onmogelijk maakt om sex te essentialiseren. Zupancic noemt het ook een kortsluiting tussen epistemologie en ontologie.
Als er een boodschap is die ik uit het boek haal, is dat de negativiteit constitutief is. Het produceren van nieuwe betekenaars geeft ons de mogelijkheid om op een andere manier na te denken over iets contradictorisch, iets waar we moeilijk vat op hebben. Deze onmogelijkheid is echter een noodzakelijkheid. In een periode waar benoeming centraal staat, is het misschien vruchtbaar om te focussen op de onmogelijkheid die met dat benoemen gepaard gaat.

Om af te sluiten geef ik graag nog een citaat mee dat ik magnifiek vond. Hoewel ik het niet volledig snap, vat ik op een manier wel wat Zupancic tracht te zeggen:

"The problem is deeper and much more fundamental: reality as it is independently of ourselves appears (comes into view) only "dependently on us" as subjects - not in the sense of being caused or constituted by us, but in the sense that reality's own inherent negativity/contradiction appears as part of this reality precisely in the form of the subject."

Misschien komt dit niet helemaal overeen met wat ik hierboven zei, maar de afhankelijkheid van het subject - een vrij Kantiaanse gedachte lijkt me - is hier vermeldenswaardig. Niet omdat het zou wijzen op een subject-object verhouding (wat het ook wel doet), maar omdat het net het belang van het subject in deze verhouding centraal plaatst.

Goed, dit waren enkele gedachten die ik kwijt wou. Er kunnen hier nog vele nieuwe betekenaars in de structuur ingeschreven worden. En misschien klopt niet alles wat ik hier zeg. Dit werk en Zupancic haar ideeën zijn enorm fascinerend, hoe conceptueel moeilijk ze ook mogen lijken. De enige boodschap die ik kan meegeven, is lees! Lees, en hopelijk kan je ergens de fascinatie vatten die ik hier tracht neer te schrijven :))
Profile Image for Seppe.
158 reviews8 followers
Read
December 27, 2022
Seksualiteit als gekenmerkt door intrinsieke problematieken, contradicties en paradoxen. Een aangrijpend en engagerend boek over seks en seksualiteit bij Lacan. Vooral bijblijvende behandeling van sublimering binnen Christelijke seksuele moraal en een uitgebreide analyse van de doodsdrift bij respectievelijk Freud, Lacan en Deleuze. In die zin een relevante bron over Freuds tekst "Voorbij het lustprincipe" (1920)
Profile Image for Alyssah Morrison.
46 reviews5 followers
June 6, 2023
BRAIN BLAST. Love Alenka. Admittedly, this book was challenging (I haven’t read enough Lacan, Deleuze, or Badiou) but it was a delight to try to keep my head above the waters of desire, lack, enjoyment, being, etc. After reading Freud, it was helpful to hear Alenka talk about the interplay of repression and repetition (concepts I had slightly confused previously). Love the end of the book where she goes off on the difference between passion and love and how to sustain the impossibility and surprise of the other instead of shifting into necessity in relationships. Felt convicted when she started paraphrasing Rosset’s description of the fantasy of an unreal and unobtainable object and the masochistic pleasure in engaging in the “diet of passion.” Oof. Would love to reread and read more by her 🤓
Profile Image for Mark William.
25 reviews43 followers
July 25, 2019
Amazingly compulsive reading. This has massively helped me situate Lacanian Psychoanalysis within/outside of philosophy, plus appreciate what have always been difficult terms for me, realism, correlationism, ontology, epistemology, materialism, dialectic. Thus, this is a five star read for me, a novice at all this philosophical stuff. For those with critical capacities out there however, it could very much be otherwise.
Profile Image for Michael.
165 reviews3 followers
August 4, 2024
Plenty of psychoanalytic mumbo jumbo here to make me squint my eyes and say “what?” at for chapters at a time, but also, found plenty of interesting ideas at play here and when this became lucid I found it to be a pretty good exploration of sexuality as a concept. I’m still no closer to being able to answer the question in the title, though. Some concepts I found interesting that I recall, a few months on:

- the idea that there is no “sexual relation;” that what we think of it is merely comprised of different drives and needs that we flatten down into one area
- in a section about the “animal” vs the human, there’s a lot of blurring and tearing down of the lines; however, really enjoyed the thoughts on how it feels good to hunger, and that an animal may not understand that- that feeling desire and need and longing can be a good feeling
- that shame around sexuality comes around due to feeling of embarrassment around lacking knowledge; that somewhere out there there is knowledge you don’t have access to, and it’s shameful to ask/experiences happen to you in negative ways because you lack that knowledge and thus you feel shame.
- A digression about the inclusion of belly buttons in paintings of the Garden of Eden to discuss how most everything ties back into sexuality
- A really well-written portion, about how romance and attraction and sexuality does not arise around well-ordered, logical reasoning of a match that “makes sense,” but around mysteries, around someone finding new ways to surprise you
- Some good stuff around Christianity in relation to the body and pain and fetishizing that pain, but not celebrating sexuality
- There was some good explanations of Freud's pleasure principle that has already left my brain (I may revisit the second I finish this one up)
Profile Image for Lily Ruban.
34 reviews53 followers
December 22, 2019
Funny how Zupancic says "One of the conceptual deadlocks is simply emphasizing that gender is an entirely social, or cultural, construction is that it remains within the dichotomy nature/culture." on p. 40 (and I am elated) and right after that develops her interpretation of Butler's performativity theory thing in a way that her theory breaks this dichtotomy. Which it doesn't : I have personally heard Butler express (in a public interview with Frederic Worms) that she is convinced that there is no natural difference between women and men, the conviction that lies underneath all her discourse, which even Zupancic has not been able to decipher as it is.

Zupancic's reasoning does inscribe itself into the feminine logos formation project (in which she participates unconsciously due to her inherent subjectivity as a straight woman) by the emphasis she makes (throughout the whole book) on negativity, negative knowledge, not-knowing.

310 reviews
August 9, 2018
Read this, if you like philosophical jargon that takes an outstanding ability to concentrate to at least sketchily follow the author's drift (at least for a layperson). Read this, if you are ready to accept that you might not get a satisfactory answer after all this heavy jargon-lifting, because you firmly believe that the journey is the destination and those little gems collected on the way are the true treasure. Read this, if after being heartily disillusioned by the words of old men, proof of the author's still intact faith in intimate relationships can touch you so deeply that it seems almost worth it. But in any case, bring time, commitment, and patience.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Sajid.
457 reviews111 followers
November 16, 2025
One of the most rewarding rereads

Freud did something Lacan couldn’t forget!
Lacan did something we couldn’t remember!
Gender,sex and what not?
What is there within us? Dot dot dot!
Very simple to break..
Too nasty a crack
Being is lack..
Or the lack of being?
Profile Image for Özgür Balmumcu.
249 reviews80 followers
June 6, 2021
Zizek'in Kendini Tutamayan Boşluk kitabı için okuduğum, normalde okumayacağım, ilgi duymayacağım bir kitap Zupancic'in eseri. İçeriği ve dili aşırı akademik, bu açıdan birçok okura okuma ritmi ve keyfi sunmayabilir. Bunun yanında ne yazık ki çevirisinin de çok iyi olduğunu söyleyemem. Bu tarz akademik niteliği yüksek kitaplarda çeviri esnekliği olmadığında metin iyice okuması zor bir hale bürünebiliyor. Kitabın akademik niteliği, psikanalize ve ele aldığı isimlerin görüşlerine ilişkin belli düzeyde bir terminolojiye hakim olmayı da gerektiriyor. Bu da okuma sürecini zorlaştıran bir başka faktör. Eserin son bölümünde patikasını bir miktar kaybettiğini ve konunun dağılır gibi olduğunu düşünüyorum ya da benim dikkatim dağıldığı için öyle hissettim. Yine de büyük bölümünde hiç ilgi duymadığım bir alan olmasına rağmen merakımı teşvik eden ve bütün zorluklarına rağmen beni metnin akışına sokan bir yapısı olduğunu belirtmeliyim. Yoksa bitiremezdim. Zizek'in bu kitapla kurduğu iktisadi bağlantıyı merak ediyor olmam da bunda büyük etken oldu tabii. Zupancic'in kitabında da birkaç sayfalık bir Adam Smith bölümü var ki bir gün mutlaka derslerimde de kullanmak isterim. Oldukça etkileyici tahlillerdi. Cinsellik Nedir? özellikle alana yabancı okurlar için çeşitli zorlukları bünyesinde barındırsa da iyi bir eser. Ama isminin ima ettiği şekilde doğrudan bir cinsellik tahlili barındırmıyor. Sizi yanıltmasın. Felsefe ve psikanaliz ekseninde çok dolaylı analizler üzerine inşa edilmiş bir eser bu.
Profile Image for Antonia.
88 reviews16 followers
November 23, 2025
Am adorat să mă întrebe câte un băiat ce carte citesc și să zic de cartea asta, iar el să creadă că citesc o carte freaky sau că sunt un big flirt și ca ambele aceste lucruri să fie adevărate dar într-un cu totul alt fel decât cel presupus și conceput de el. Ca persoană care a zis de nenumărate ori că a participa într-o operație se simte mult mai bine decât să te pupi cu cineva și ca o studentă veche a Școlii de Tânjire, am înțeles cartea asta sufletește mai mult decat rațional, pentru că este mult mai deșteaptă decât mine. Şi poate ideea cărții e faptul că am continuat să o citesc tocmai pentru că nu înțelegeam și îmi plăcea să-mi simt creierul întinzându-se după ceva.
Profile Image for Martin Hare Michno.
144 reviews30 followers
August 11, 2022
Very much a return to Freud. An engaging book, and sure to make its mark in the Hegelo-Lacanian field of philosophy. Alenka Zupancic lays out a theory of sexuality as the structural incompleteness of being, so can be read alongside Žižek's Sex & The Failed Absolute, from the same series.
Profile Image for Maxwell.
83 reviews3 followers
June 24, 2024
i found this book while frantically searching for pointers before a date last week. it didnt help much, mostly some shit about sexual differentiation and death drive, though "woman does not exist" was enlightening. enjoyable writing which was clear enough that even referencing deleuze actually answered more questions than it raised (a first for me)
Profile Image for Indrek Ojam.
20 reviews12 followers
Read
February 12, 2018
Alenka Zupančiči raamat "What is sex?" ei ole raamat 'seksist' selle tavalises mõttes. See on filosoofiline uurimus ontoloogiast (sellest, mis päriselt olemas on). Aga ka sellest, kuidas reaalsus kui selline kogu aeg läbi kukub. Ja kuidas inimese kõne, iha ja teadmistahe selle mitte-täieliku, ebajärjekindla ja igast küljest rebeneva reaalsusega suhestub, hoides alal mingisugustki inimliku tähenduse universumit, mis laseks kuidagi elada.
Nagu Freudki teadis, siis normaalset seksuaalsust ei ole ranges mõttes olemas ja me sipleme kogu aeg segaste tungide poolt ajendatuna erinevate osa-objektide võlu kütkes. Lisanaudingust hoogu saanud tung trumpab üle loomuliku vajaduse ja nii leiamegi end oma pööraste inimlike asja-ajamiste keskelt. Aga just elu seksuaalsete dimensioonide (ja mitte ainult tavamõistes seksi) juures meile avanev pinge ja kirg reedab meile midagi olulist kogu selle hapra tegelikkuse - ja seda käsitlevate valdkondade nagu teadus ja filosoofia - kohta.
Ehk siis: mida on psühhoanalüüsi teoorial öelda moodsa teaduse, filosoofia ja kultuuri toimimise kohta.

Kõigile, kellele pakub huvi filosoofia (ontoloogia ja teadusfilosoofia), moodne psühhoanalüüsi teooria (mitte seda kujutavad õlgmehikesed) ja lihtsalt see, miks osad asjad läbi kukuvad ja teised asjad töötavad.

(p.s. tegemist on tiheda ja üsna palju teoreetilist haridust vajava tekstiga.)
Profile Image for Chris.
51 reviews49 followers
June 7, 2018
When you try to swing on Badiou using Lacan but it only shows your lack of understanding Badiou. Honestly, Zupančič raises a lot of fruitless debates through the book and really fails at tying them off. There’s really no consequence of any stakes with this book.
Profile Image for Darío.
34 reviews20 followers
March 1, 2022
Sexo, política, ontología, teoría lacaniana, amor... este libro tiene de todo (incluso falta)
Profile Image for Deniz.
38 reviews6 followers
April 28, 2024
"Ama sonra bir sözcük çıkagelir ve gerçekliğe bambaşka bir erişim imkanı sunar. Gerçekliğin hatasız bir tarifi değildir bu sözcük; yeni bir gerçeklik doğurur."

Sözcüklere, epistemolojiye, ontolojiye, analize ve gediklere dair çok güçlü bir anlatı. Lacan'ı ve Žižek'i kafamda iyi bir temele oturttu, Freud'a dair de yeni perspektifler kazandırdı bana. Cinselliğin ne olduğunu söylemiyor bu kitap, keza "cinsel ilişki yoktur"; ama cinselliğin ne olmadığını da söylemezken pek çok şey söylüyor.

Aşka dair, hepimizin bildiği bir iddia, fazlasıyla talihli bir denk geliş olduğu. Fakat biz, kendi arzumuzla aşkın nesnesini denk getiriyor ve buna hayret ediyoruz esasında. Aşkta bölünme, kendini denk düşme olarak gösteriyor. Beni neden seviyorsun? Bana seni hatırlattığın için. Tu est toi!

"Gerçeği kaybetmiş değiliz (ona hiçbir zaman 'sahip' değildik zaten); doğru noktaya, zorunlu ile Gerçek(imkansız) arasındaki uyuşma(ma)ya 'isabet ettiğinde' gerçek etkiler doğurabilen adlandırma kapasitesini kaybediyoruz."
Profile Image for Janeite .
78 reviews25 followers
September 14, 2019
Profesyonel olarak felsefe ile ilgilenmeyen birinin okumasını önermem. Anlaması çok güç bir kitap.
Profile Image for Tvrtko Balić.
274 reviews73 followers
September 30, 2022
It starts of decent, but quickly develops into Butlerian nonsense dressed up with fancy ontology and left Lacanianism (which is less fun than when Žižek does it).
Profile Image for Christopher.
335 reviews43 followers
November 19, 2022
Simply brilliant. I completely ruined my digital copy with highlights. I basically highlighted the whole book.

Helpfully unpacks a lot of Lacan's more complex formulations in his lectures. It was sometimes very difficult but incredibly rewarding. If you, like me, barely understand Lacan but have a suspicion that there's something of value under his pretensions and feel like other writers are a little too free with his lingo without any of the intellectual heft, this book is essential. I felt like she actually clearly helped me understand Lacan as if for the first time.

I would recommend the physical book though. The chapter breaks aren't properly built in the kindle version and you'll probably want to write all over your margins and flip back and forth...
Profile Image for Attasit Sittidumrong.
157 reviews16 followers
June 23, 2025
เล่มนี้คือตัวอย่างของหนังสือที่อ่านยากแต่สนุก ผู้เขียนนำเสนอประเด็นที่ thought-provoking และเปิดหูเปิดตามาก

สิ่งที่ผู้เขียนเสนอคือการใช้ประเด็นเรื่องเพศมาเป็นจุดตั้งต้นสานต่อโครงการใหญ่ของตน นั่นคือการผสานจิตวิเคราะห์เข้ากับปรัชญา พูดอีกนัยหนึ่งก็คือผู้เขียนใช้ประเด็นเรื่องเพศมายกระดับให้การศึกษาจิตวิเคราะห์มีสถานะเป็นการศึกษาทางปรัชญา ด้วยการตีความและจัดวางประเด็นเรื่องเพศให้กลายเป็นประเด็นปัญหาทางภววิทยา (ontology) ซึ่งสัมพันธ์โดยตรงกับเงื่อนไขที่กำกับการมีอยู่ของสรรพสิ่งต่างๆ หนังสือเล่มนี้จึงไม่เพียงแต่มุ่งถกประเด็นทางจิตวิเคราะห์ถึงสิ่งที่เรียกว่าเพศ/เพศวิถี แต่คือการใช้ประเด็นดังกล่าวมาเป็นจุดตั้งต้นสำหรับการไต่สวนทางปรัชญาด้วยการนำเสนอคำอธิบายชุดใหม่ถึงภววิทยาที่กำหนดการดำรงอยู่ของสังคมการเมืองตลอดจนวิถีชีวิตของมนุษย์

ผู้เขียนเริ่มต้นนำเสนอประเด็นเรื่องเพศดังกล่าวผ่านการนำเสนอข้อพิจารณาถึงการดำรงอยู่ของเพศ/เพศวิถีตามความคิดของ ฌาร์ค ลากอง (Jacques Lacan) นักคิดจิตวิเคราะห์คนสำคัญเมื่อศตวรรษที่แล้ว ผู้มองการดำรงอยู่ของเพศว่าเป็นการมีอยู่ของความไม่ลงรอยระหว่างระเบียบที่กำกับข้อเท็จจริงเชิงประจักษ์กับระเบียบที่กำกับแบบแผนความคิดรวบยอดของมนุษย์ กล่าวคือ แม้เพศจะดำรงอยู่ในฐานะสิ่งที่ทุกคนต่างก็คุ้นชินภายใต้แบบแผนการใช้ชีวิตเชิงประจักษ์ แต่ฐานะทางความคิดของตัวเพศเองก็กลับเต็มไปด้วยลักษณะที่กำกวม ไม่แน่ไม่นอนจนไม่สามาร���รวบยอดความคิดเพื่อสร้างทฤษฎีที่ช่วยอธิบายถึงตัวมันได้ ความไม่ลงรอยดังกล่าวนี้ถือว่าแปลกประหลาดกว่าความไม่ลงรอยในประเด็นนามธรรมอื่นๆไม่ว่าจะเป็น ความยุติธรรม/เสรีภาพ/ความดี หรือแม้กระทั่งความรัก เพราะในขณะที่ประเด็นนามธรรมเหล่านั้นอาจไม่มีความชัดเจนเชิงรูปธรรมเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับ “นามธรรม” หรือความคิดรวบยอด(ซึ่งอธิบายถึงสิ่งที่มันเป็น) เพศกลับเป็นประเด็นที่ปราศจากความชัดเจนในเชิงนามธรรมทั้งๆที่ตัวมันเองปรากฏให้เห็นเป็นรูปธรรมเชิงประจักษ์ในชีวิตประจำวันของผู้คนตลอดเวลา เพศสำหรับลากองจึงเป็นการดำรงอยู่ของสิ่งที่อธิบายไม่ได้ เป็นการดำรงอยู่เชิงประจักษ์ที่ข้ามผ่านความสามารถของมนุษย์ในการรวบยอดความคิดเพื่ออธิบายถึงตัวมัน หรือก็คือเป็นการดำรงอยู่ที่สะท้อนถึงความอ่อนหัด/ไร้น้ำยาในความสามารถที่จะคิดของมนุษย์

ด้วยเหตุนี้ การดำรงอยู่ของประเด็นเรื่องเพศจึงเป็นการดำรงอยู่ที่น่าอับอายขายหน้า ไม่ใช่เพราะประเด็นดังกล่าวสกปรก ต่ำตม โสโครกเหมือนที่วาทกรรมทางศาสนาและปรัชญาบางสำนักพยายามนำเสนอ แต่เพราะการดำรงอยู่ของเพศคือการดำรงอยู่ของสิ่งที่มนุษย์ไม่สามารถใช้ความคิดมา “จัดการ” และอธิบายได้ต่างหาก การปกปิดเรื่องเพศจึงไม่ใช่เรื่องของการปกปิดคุณลักษณะไม่พึงประสงค์ของตัวเพศ แต่คือการปกปิดความไม่พึงประสงค์ของมนุษย์ที่จะยอมรับว่าตนเองไม่รู้อะไรเกี่ยวกับเพศจริงๆต่างหาก เพศเป็นสิ่งที่ต้องถูกปกปิดไม่ใช่เพราะ Being ของตัวมัน แต่เพราะ Non-being ของตัวมัน อารยธรรม/ศาสนา/วัฒนธรรมที่มุ่งปกปิดการมีอยู่ของเพศจึงไม่ได้เริ่มต้นด้วยการ “รู้ถึงลักษณะอันชั่วร้าย” ของเพศจนต้องหาทางปกปิดเอาไว้ แต่กลับเริ่มต้นด้วยการรู้ว่าตนเอง “ไม่มีความสามารถที่จะรู้” เรื่องเพศได้จริงๆ (จึงจำเป็นต้องหาทางปกปิดเพื่อซ่อนความไม่รู้ของตน) เพศจึงไม่ต่างไปจาก “ที่ว่าง” หรือ void ภายในระบบความคิด/วัฒนธรรมทั้งหลายของมนุษย์ที่การปรากฏตัวของมันจะส่งผลสั่นคลอนระบบคิดและวัฒนธรรมทั้งหมดด้วยการชี้ให้เห็นว่าความรู้ของมนุษย์นั้นถึงที่สุดแล้วก็ไม่ใช่อะไรเลยนอกจากการปกปิดความไม่รู้ของตนเอง ความรู้คือการปกปิดความไม่รู้หาใช่การขจัดความไม่รู้ด้วยสัจธรรมที่เที่ยงแท้แต่อย่างใด พูดอีกนัยหนึ่งก็คือสำหรับลากองแล้วเพศคือสิ่งที่ดำรงอยู่ในฐานะของ The real หรือความจริง ความจริงที่จะไม่ใช่สิ่งที่มนุษย์สามารถมองเห็นสัมผัสได้ในการใช้ชีวิตประจำวันของตน แต่คือสิ่งที่จะปรากฏเมื่อระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ หรือ symbolic order ที่คอยกำหนด “ความหมาย” ของสิ่งต่างๆในชีวิตของมนุษย์ถูกทำลายลงไปต่างหาก เพศคือ the real นั่นคือเพศเป็นตัวการทำลาย symbolic order

การอ้างอิงลากองของผู้เขียนดังกล่าวเป็นการอ้างที่ไม่เพียงแต่จะมุ่งสถาปนาฐานะความเป็นปรัชญาให้กับจิตวิเคราะห์เท่านั้น หากแต่ยังยกระดับจิตวิเคราะห์ด้วยการเสนอสิ่งที่เรียกว่า “อรรถาธิบายของจิตวิเคราะห์แบบก้าวหน้า” หรือ progressive psychoanalytic explanation โดยแกนหลักของการยกระดับจิตวิเคราะห์ตรงนี้จะรวมศูนย์อยู่ที่การรื้อสร้างจิตวิเคราะห์แบบดั้งเดิมที่พยายามให้ความหมายกับสิ่งที่เรียกว่าเพศโดยเทียบเคียงเพศเข้ากับแรงขับหรือ drive ซึ่งผู้เขียนมองว่าเป็นผลมาจากการตีความงานเขียนของซิกมันด์ ฟรอยด์บิดาแห่งวิชาจิตวิเคราะห์ที่ผิดพลาด กล่าวคือนักจิตวิเคราะห์โดยทั่วไปนั้นมักเข้าใจคุณูปการของฟรอยด์ว่าเป็นผู้สถาปนาการศึกษาจิตวิเคราะห์ผ่านการให้ความสำคัญกับ “จิตไร้สำนึก” ในฐานะของสิ่งที่ถูกจิตสำนึกกดทับ โดยสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับจากจิตสำนึกให้ต้องไปอยู่ในพื้นที่ของจิตไร้สำนึกนั้นก็คือประเด็นเรื่องเพศซึ่งจะดำรงอยู่ในฐานะแรงขับที่เกิดขึ้นตามธรรมชาติของมนุษย์ จิตวิเคราะห์กระแสหลักจึงเป็นจิตวิเคราะห์ที่ให้ความหมายกับเพศว่าคือแรงขับที่ถูกกดทับจนไปดำรงอยู่ภายในพื้นที่ของจิตไร้สำนึก แน่นอน การพิจารณาว่าเพศคือสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับอยู่ในจิตไร้สำนึกนี้ เป็นการพิจารณาพื้นฐานที่สุดของการศึกษาจิตวิเคราะห์ กระนั้น หากว่าเพศคือสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับ ผู้เขียนก็มองว่าการกดทับดังกล่าวนั้นไม่ควรเป็นการกดทับในฐานะของแรงขับตามธรรมชาติของมนุษย์ เพราะการจัดวางให้เพศเท่ากับแรงขับตามธรรมชาติของมนุษย์คือการจัดวางที่ลดทอนความซับซ้อนของประเด็นเรื่องเพศให้กลายเป็นแค่เรื่องของกลไกตามธรรมชาติในการสืบพันธ์เท่านั้น (หรือก็คือทำให้เรื่องเพศกลายเป็นสิ่งที่ดำรงอยู่ในระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์แทนที่จะดำรงอยู่ในฐานะความจริงที่ข้ามผ่านระเบียบ)

ในแง่นี้ ผู้เขียนจึงได้รื้อวิธีคิดแบบจิตวิเคราะห์เสียใหม่ โดยนำเอาทฤษฎีการประกอบสร้างตัวตนของลากองเข้ามาอ่านประเด็นเรื่องเพศอีกรอบ ทั้งนี้ สำหรับลากองแล้วการสร้างตัวตนของมนุษย์คือการสร้างความหมายให้กับตนเองผ่านการซึมซับ/รับการถ่ายทอดระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ของสังคมที่มนุษย์เหล่านั้นถือกำเนิดและใช้ชีวิตอยู่ ประเด็นก็คือถ้าการสร้างตัวตนของมนุษย์ตามทฤษฎีของลากองเป็นการสร้างผ่านการรับเอาระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์เข้ามา มนุษย์ก็ย่อมที่จะรับเอาขอบเขตหรือขีดจำกัดของระเบียบดังกล่าวเข้ามาในตัวตนของเขาเอง อันสามารถอนุมานต่อไปได้ถึงการยอมรับสิ่งที่เป็น “ความจริง” ที่อยู่เหนือระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์เช่นกัน และตรงส่วนนี้เองที่ผู้เขียนได้ชี้ให้เห็นลักษณะของเพศในฐานะของสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับว่าไม่ใช่เรื่องของแรงขับที่มนุษย์แต่ละคนต่างก็กดเอาไว้ในจิตไร้สำนึก เพราะถ้าเพศคือสิ่งที่ดำรงอยู่ในฐานะ "ความจริง" ซึ่งอยู่เหนือขอบเขตของระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ที่คอยกำกับการใช้ชีวิตของมนุษย์ การกดทับประเด็นเรื่องเพศก็ย่อมจะไม่ใช่เรื่องของการกดทับแรงขับตามแบบที่นักจิตวิเคราะห์โดยทั่วไปเสนอ แต่คือการกดทับในระดับภววิทยาอันเป็นผลจากการที่มนุษย์ถูกดูดกลืนเข้าไปในระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์และรับเอาฐานะของเพศซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่ถูกปกปิดและกดทับในทางภววิทยาเข้ามาด้วย ดังนั้น การกดทับประเด็นเรื่องเพศจึงไม่ใช่การกดทับในระดับอัตวิสัยภายใต้จิต(ไร้)สำนึกของแต่ละคน แต่คือการกดทับในระดับภววิสัย หรือก็คือการกดทับบนระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ที่ไม่ได้ติดอยู่กับจิตของใครคนใดคนหนึ่ง เพศในฐานะของสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับจึงเป็นสิ่งที่ผู้เขียนเรียกว่า the minus one (-1) หรือตัวลบหนึ่งที่สัมพันธ์กับระเบียบของสัญลักษณ์ในฐานะของสิ่งที่ถูกระเบียบปิดบัง ซึ่งจะยืนยันการมีอยู่ของตนผ่านฐานะที่ตัวมันเองเป็นสิ่งที่ถูกกดทับ/ปิดบังเท่านั้น การตระหนักถึงดำรงอยู่ของเพศจึงเป็นการตระหนักผ่านการปฏิเสธตัวมันเอง เพศจะถูกตระหนักด้วยการที่ตัวมันเองหายไปจากระบบเสมอ เพศมีอยู่ด้วยการไม่มีอยู่ เพศจึงเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่สัมพันธ์กับอะไรทั้งสิ้น เพราะความสัมพันธ์เป็นสิ่งที่อยู่ภายใต้กำกับของระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ ในขณะที่เพศดำรงอยู่ในความจริงเหนือสัญลักษณ์ เพศคือ the non-relation

ถึงตรงนี้ ผู้เขียนก็ได้สรุปตำแหน่งแห่งที่ของเพศโดยอ้างอิงคำพูดที่โด่งดังที่สุดของลากองที่กล่าวว่า “ไม่มีสิ่งที่เรียกว่าความสัมพันธ์ทางเพศ” หรือ there is no sexual relation เพราะเพศสำหรับลากองย่อมไม่ใช่เรื่องของความสัมพันธ์ แน่นอน ว่าการอ้างคำพูดดังกล่าวของลากองย่อมมีนัยชี้ชวนให้เห็นถึงการพิจารณาสิ่งต่างๆตามแบบของพวกอนุรักษ์นิยมที่มุ่งให้ละทิ้งการเปลี่ยนแปลงทั้งหลายทั้งปวง ด้วยถือว่าการเปลี่ยนแปลงเหล่านั้นคือการฝืนศักยภาพของมนุษย��ที่สุดท้ายแล้วก็ไร้น้ำยา ไม่สามารถรับรู้หรือเข้าถึงความจริงที่อยู่นอกเหนือระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ที่ตนคุ้นชินได้(จึงไม่มีปัญญาจะไปเปลี่ยนแปลงสังคมการเมืองใดๆ) แต่ผู้เขียนกลับย้อนศรวิธีคิดนี้ด้วยการชี้ให้เห็นถึงนัยยะแบบก้าวหน้าในคำพูดข้างต้นของลากอง ด้วยการชี้ให้เห็นว่าแม้เพศอาจไม่ใช่เรื่องของความสัมพันธ์ แต่ก็เพราะว่าตัวมันไม่ใช่ความสัมพันธ์ สิ���งที่ถูกเข้าใจว่าเป็นความสัมพันธ์ทั้งหลายที่เกี่ยวกับเพศจึงเป็นสิ่งที่สามารถถูกสร้าง ซึ่งย่อมอนุมานต่อได้ว่าเป็นสิ่งที่สามารถรื้อ/ทำลายและสร้างขึ้นมาใหม่ได้เสมอ การเป็น non-relation ของเพศจึงเป็น non-relation ที่สร้าง relation ให้กับเพศเอง เพราะเพศคือสิ่งที่ไร้สายสัมพันธ์กับสิ่งต่างๆ เพศจึงเป็นสิ่งที่ถูกสวมทับด้วยแบบแผนความสัมพันธ์ชุดใหม่ได้เสมอ การสวมทับที่จะส่องสะท้อนกลับไปถึงแบบแผนทางการเมือง/วัฒนธรรมของมนุษย์ในภาพรวมที่โดยแก่นแกนแล้วจะถูกกำกับด้วยระเบียบทางสัญลักษณ์ที่พร้อมถูกปรับเปลี่ยน รื้อ/ทำลายและสร้างขึ้นมาใหม่ได้ตลอดเวลา ในแง่นี้ การที่มนุษย์ไม่มีความสามารถที่จะรู้เรื่องเพศ จึงกลับเป็นเงื่อนไขที่ช่วยให้มนุษย์สามารถสร้างเพศ/เพศวิถีตามแบบที่ตนต้องการได้ การไม่รู้ไม่ใช่ขีดจำกัด ตรงกันข้าม การไม่รู้คือโอกาส การไม่รู้คือประตูที่เปิดให้มนุษย์สามารถรื้อสร้างสิ่งต่างๆได้เสมอ การไม่รู้คือสิ่งที่ช่วยปลดปล่อยศักยภาพนักปฏิวัติให้กับมนุษย์

ถ้าครั้งหนึ่งเพศคือหัวใจที่ช่วยเปลี่ยนแปลงความเข้าใจต่อสิ่งที่เรียกว่าการเมือง ดังที่ครั้งหนึ่งตัวมันเองคือจุดเริ่มต้นของคำขวัญที่ว่า personal is political เพศในวันนี้ก็ได้ผลักและขยายกรอบขอบเขตของการเมืองให้ก้าวไปอีกขั้นหนึ่ง เพราะสำหรับผู้เขียนแล้ว เพศจะไม่ได้สัมพันธ์กับการเมืองในแง่ของ personal is political อีกต่อไป แต่คือ impossibility is political ต่างหาก เพศคือการเมืองของความเป็นไปไม่ได้ที่ตั้งคำถามและพร้อมเปิดศักยภาพให้กับการสร้างระเบียบทุกอย่างไม่เว้นแม้แต่สิ่งที่เรียกว่าความเป็นการเมืองเอง
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142 reviews
December 8, 2025
I don't know how to articulate the experience of reading this book in any other way than comparing it to a tv show that takes a five season run to build up to the perfect finale. Each section was interesting in its own right and I got a lot out of it, but it was truly the last sections of the last chapter of this book, pertaining to what love is, that truly hit me like a ton of bricks. There the fundamental thesis of the book, that sex is our means of sinewing over a messy gap in reality, finally made sense and began to cohere into something I understood not just intellectually but also emotionally.

Zupančič begins with a dissection of our culturally mediated understanding of sex and jouissance, citing religious taboos surrounding sexuality--something in my own culture war malaise of incels and egirls I had forgotten was totally a shaping and constituent factor of how we talk about sex. There is also an elaboration on the Lacanian object a in a sexual context and on how being implies lacking, that we would not form a subjectivity if all of our needs were met.

Zupančič then articulates the way in which we must assimilate ourselves (as sexual beings) into the semiotic order of things. Sexuality relies on a completely unpredictable Other; to mediate this we psychologically undergo two operations (which I believe Zupančič calls the anti-sexus device). First, we extract the sexual from the Other, therefore producing a masturbatory physical drive toward sex. This also results in the extraction of the Other from the sexual, allowing for all sorts of platonic and non-sexual relationships. As Zupančič says “In this way we get two separate entities: as the result of the first operation, we get a sexless Other (to whom one can now relate in a friendly and non-problematic way); as the result of the second operation, we get a pure substance of sex, which we can enjoy directly whenever we want to.”

This was of particular interest to me, as I've been evaluating what a sexual relationship fundamentally is... in fact it's odd at all that we are able to so clearly discern and place these things into boxes, to articulate what is romantic or sexual or a care driven relationship when reality is so complicated and so messy that to be able to make sense of any of this at all feels like a minor miracle.

In the third section, Zupančič then tackles the concept of gender as a differentiated entity. This is where the book really gets interesting, arguing that “masculinity is a matter of belief, femininity is a matter of pretense." It's interesting to think about the relation gender has to this chain of signification and I appreciate the author taking this places beyond what can be quite myopically focused on male subjectivity in Lacan's original work.

There's another illuminating bit in this section where Zupančič articulates the purpose of the analyst in psychoanalysis, something I've been struggling with understanding in relation to both the theoretical elements of the discipline as well as my own position as an analysand/subject, which I will leave here as a quote in its entirety:

“What is a symptom that one “brings” to analysis? It is always a subjective solution to some contradiction or impasse. And it is a solution that usually makes one’s life very complicated; it comes with some degree of suffering. Yet it is a solution, and it involves serious subjective investment. The work of analysis consists in forcing out the contradiction “solved” by the symptom, in relating the symptom to the singular contradiction of which it is a solution. Psychoanalysis does not solve the contradiction; rather, it solves its solution (given by the symptom). It bores a hole where the symptom has built a dense net of significations. And the subject needs to “reconstruct” herself as part of this contradiction, as directly implied in it”

I found this so illuminating for personal use, that perhaps instead of chasing my own tail about my problems, I begin to think about them as solutions which have tried to messily close some gap or contradiction inherent to human experience. It made me ponder what I might do to bore a hole through these dense signification and reconstruct myself within the contradiction!

Then of course the final section, object disoriented ontology. Zupančič begins this section discussing the death drive, arguing that if life can be articulated as a detour from death, then jouissance is the detour from this detour. As living beings, we are mere perversions of the inanimate world itself; life is but a nightmare of the inanimate. Zupančič articulates the death drive here in a way which has illuminated it far more than the Jungian/Freudian nonsense I had been trying to assimilate into my own experience:

“Yet it cannot be described in terms of destructive tendencies that want (us) to return to the inanimate, but precisely as constituting alternative paths to death (from those immanent in the organism itself). We could say: the death drive is what makes it possible for us to die differently. And perhaps in the end this is what matters, and what breaks out from the fatigue of life: not the capacity to live forever, but the capacity to die differently. We could even paraphrase the famous Beckettian line and formulate the motto of the death drive as follows: Die again, die better!”

This is all fine enough and I had been getting a lot out of the book already, but then Zupančič moves from discussing the death drive to discussing what we get out of love. She contrasts passionate love which is inherently rooted in nothing real with actual love: before deconstructing our need to separate both at all. What follows is one of the most stunning paragraphs I've read recently in a theory text:

“A love (encounter) is not simply about everything falling into its rightful place. A love encounter is not simply about a contingent match between two different pathologies, about two individuals being lucky enough to encounter in each other what “works for them.” Rather, love is what makes it work. Love does something to us. It makes, or allows for, the cause of our desire to condescend to, to coincide with, our lover. And the affect of this is surprise—only this surprise, and not simply our infatuation, is the sign of love proper. It is the sign of the subject, of the subjective figure of love. It says not simply: “You are it!,” but rather: “How surprising that you are it!” Or, in a simpler formula of how love operates: How surprising that you are you!”

And thus we come to a fundamental thesis of the book: the sexual is a means of messily resolving some fundamental gap in our experience, it exists precisely between what can be articulated. And yet, love is precisely the performance of a disjunction of the necessary and the impossible. In love the impossible happens and we must proceed from there.

Here Zupančič returns to an idea previously dropped at the beginning of the work, that the job of the analyst is to find the right words to make sense of the contradictions experienced by the analysand. Yet now, the words carry new meaning as she applies them to love. This recontextualisation of hundreds of pages of rather dense semiotic theory into a feeling so overpowering and germane to everyday existence suddenly made everything click into place: it was as though Zupančič had found the right words to articulate these truths about reality. It is with the right words that we might “name something about our reality for the first time, and hence make this something an object of the world, and of thought.” It is through this process that we are able to introduce a new notion of reality, just as Marx did when introducing the concept of class struggle.
Profile Image for T. T..
19 reviews2 followers
August 20, 2020
If there is one thing I know about myself, it is the (sexual) joy I feel reading contemporary philosophers of Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis :) I think, with the bridge they built between Hegel and Lacan, they are probably the most important thinkers of our time and yet only a few recognize them. That is a shame – but not the shame of sex ;) We’ll get there. Zupancic is one of them. And she asks the ultimate question, ‘What is Sex?’ It is definitely much more than genders, genital organs or intercourse. It is what drives people to engage in intellectual debates, pursue knowledge, compose songs, make paintings, fight for a cause, create or destruct things around them. Maybe the satisfaction we get from taking place in those activities is sexual since, as Lacan claims, there is only one drive which is Death Drive and all the other drives including sexual drives are different aspects of it. And we feel shame of our sexuality not because of something that is there (e.g. naked bodies), but because of something that isn’t there. We try to cover it because we inherently know sexuality is shaped around the gap of the Real which is irreducible to language. We can’t fathom it either. And that scares us.

It is not an easy read, I am warning you :) But it is worth it. It is definitely not a poetic book either but there is a part I want to finish my short review with. It was poetic enough for me ;) “Life is but a dream of the inanimate. More precisely, it is a nightmare of the inanimate (its nightmarish disturbance), since the inanimate wants nothing but to be left alone. In this sense we could say that the death drive is not so much a drive as an ontological fatigue as a fundamental affect of life – not that it is necessarily experienced, 'felt' as fatigue; it is present as a kind of 'objective affect' of life....”
Profile Image for Mark Martin.
27 reviews3 followers
June 28, 2018
An excellent text elucidating the Slovenian interpretation of Lacan in relation to sexual ontology. The argument is very clear but intricate and detailed. Lacanian thought regards sexual difference as a differential (masculine and feminine subject positions) response to an incomplete reality. This view is at odds with most approaches, which tend to mirror the Enlightenment view that only the reality of the subject is incomplete (as revealed in everyday talk "oh, that's only subjective" as in "it's only your opinion (taste, etc.)," whereas "reality" is complete, fully structured, and logical. Lacan is here drawing upon (what were) the latest discoveries in physics, etc. to criticize prevalent views. It is also at odds with pre-Enlightenment and New Age views of a sexualized cosmology (yin/yang, masculine/feminine principles as structuring reality). Zupancic draws upon and contrasts such views with the Slovenian interpretation of Lacan, of which she, along with Slavoj Zizek and Mladen Dolar, is one of the principal expositors. One particularly contentious aspect of Lacan's teaching, the "formulas of sexuation" as presented in his late seminar XX, Encore, on Feminine Sexuality, is presented in a clear, albiet to this reader, not always convincing manner. Short, clear, detailed, and intellectually rigorous, this book should be read by all those interested in such issues. For those looking for a how-to manual or a guide to sex or anything else, you should search elsewhere.
Profile Image for Salvador Ramírez.
Author 2 books12 followers
September 29, 2022
Aquí es posible encontrar una reseña que escribí del libro

https://intervencionycoyuntura.org/re...

Esta obra de Alenka Zupančič aborda el sexo como una pregunta esencial del psicoanálisis, un problema ontológico, que tiene repercusiones sobre la filosofía y nuestro entendimiento del mundo. Para ello, parte de dos tesis centrales sobre el sexo (p. 23). La primera, en el psicoanálisis el sexo es un concepto que formula una contradicción persistente de la realidad. La segunda, dicha contradicción no puede ser circunscrita o reducida a un nivel secundario (como contradicción entre entidades /seres ya establecidos), sino que es – en tanto contradicción- parte de la estructura de esas entidades, de un ser mismo.

En este sentido, explica el sexo relacionándolo con la pulsión y el inconsciente desde una interpretación lacaniana. Para el psicoanálisis el sexo es no-natural , ya que es una naturalización artificial de las pulsiones originalmente desnaturalizadas (como el goce oral separado de la necesidad de comer ni se tienen relaciones sexuales soló por la reproducción). Pulsiones que son la automatización del goce, lo cual está determinado por el lenguaje, le represión y el inconsciente. El orden simbólico (incluyendo el lenguaje) surge e incluye la falta de un significante sobre el cual se estructura las contradicciones y las represiones, es decir, el inconsciente, y que define al sujeto. Por lo que la sexualidad es constitutivamente inconsciente, incluso cuando sucede por primera vez: “la sexualidad pertenece al mismo ser-ahí del inconsciente, en su misma incertidumbre ontológica” (p 38).

Como resultado hay una no-relación, pues la sexualidad no está presente en algún lugar, no tiene un significado, pero al mismo tiempo es un punto donde se presenta un exceso de goce . El “no existe relación sexual” no implica que sean imposibles las relaciones, sino establece el marco dentro del cual operan las relaciones sexuales entre dos sujetos. Su ausencia curva y define el espacio de lo sexual, cual agujero negro que curva el espacio.

Esta explicación de la no-relación, es fundamental pues su existencia no se limita sólo al sujeto, se presentan en otros vínculos sociales y puede ser negada, encubierta o explotada a favor relaciones de poder (domino, explotación y discriminación) (p. 66), por lo que comprenderla es básico en pos de la generación de proyectos emancipatorios. A continuación, se recuperan algunos ejemplos de cómo se presenta la no-relación diferentes vínculos y sus implicaciones políticas, dentro de esta obra de Zupančič.

El encubrimiento del sexo

El caso más conocido sobre el encubrimiento del sexo es realizado por la religión, tratando de normarlo y ordenarlo sólo a la reproducción humana. Por lo que busca ocultar las representaciones sexuales, pero no sólo por los cuerpos u órganos sexuales en sí mismos, sino que sirve a otro propósito, tratar de encubrir que el sexo no tiene significado, que está lleno de inconsistencias y que llevan a preguntas más profundas. Trata de ocultar la no-relación. Un ejemplo de esto las encontramos en las obras de arte cristianas donde la hoja de parra se alarga, no sólo para ocultar los órganos sexuales, también para ocultar el ombligo. Esto debido a la inconsistencia religiosa que genera, pues si el hombre fue hecho a imagen de dios, implicaría que no deberíamos de tener ombligo o que dios nació como el hombre: con un ombligo y mediante el sexo (p 237).

Otro caso de evitar abordar la no-relación es abandonando o margina el concepto de la diferencia sexual, la cual se establece como una “imposibilidad ontológica (implícita en la sexualidad) que abre el espacio social (donde, a su vez, se generan las identidades)” (p 76). Zupančič señala que en el mismo psicoanálisis hay una tendencia a dejar del lado este concepto y lo remplaza por el de género, con lo que reduce la importancia de sus implicaciones. Pero aún más problemático es la teoría de género, pues como señala Joan Copjec (2011) “ejecutó una proeza mayor: le quito el sexo al sexo, ya que mientras los teóricos de genero continuar hablando de prácticas sexuales, dejaron de preguntarse qué son el sexo y la sexualidad” (p. 77). Desexualizando la ontología por lo que “ya no se concibe en términos de una combinatoria de dos principios “masculino” y femenino” …(y) se le quita el elemento mismo que ha revelado de lo que se trata el problema de la diferencia sexual. El problema no se elimina, solo se elimina la forma en que se hace visible y la forma en que se ve cómo opera” (p. 88).

Los nuevos materialismos

Zupančič menciona que tal cual como sucedió hace unas décadas cuando la ética prometió arrojar mejores resultados que la política, llevando a remplazar conceptos como “antagonismo”, “la lucha de clases”, “emancipación” y “política” con nociones como “tolerancia”, “reconocer al Otro” y las reglas autoimpuestas de lo políticamente correcto” (p. 212); de igual manera, las nuevas ontologías y nuevos materialismos prometen realizar un mejor trabajo político que la política (y qué la ética no logró).

Estas nuevas ontologías llevan a postular que el sujeto es un objeto entre otros objetos, convirtiéndolo sólo en el término de “persona” o “humano”. Con lo cual se pierde la dimensión política de la ontología, que inspira algunos proyectos democráticos e igualitarios, al encubrir los antagonismos de la realidad.

La tesis que sostiene Zupančič es que “el sujeto no es simplemente un objeto entre otros objetos, es también la forma en la que existe la contradicción y el antagonismo que opera en la existencia misma de los objetos” (p. 208), por lo cual rechaza todas estas nuevas ontologías.

De la mano invisible a la manuela invisible

Un ejemplo de cómo la no-relación se presenta en las relaciones de poder, es en el capitalismo que la utiliza a su favor. Para Zupančič, Adam Smith establece que no existe la acumulación “mercantilista” cerrada y controlada, por lo que no existen relaciones económicas determinadas sólo bajo juegos suma cero (la riqueza que existe es un monto dado y lo que gano, alguien más lo pierde). Más bien, postula que la riqueza social depende de los interese egoístas de los individuos que buscan su propio interés (mediante sus actividades económicas), los cuales se coordinarán a través de la mano invisible del mercado para lograr el beneficio general. Así, Adam Smith establece (ideológicamente) la no-relación, y a su vez el mecanismo de su explotación en el capitalismo.
No obstante, en realidad dicha “mano invisible” no reparte equitativamente la riqueza para el beneficio social; es más una “manuela invisible” que asegura el goce de los capitalistas, que asegura la riqueza se acumule en las manos de pocos. Esto se debe a la conversión de la fuerza de trabajo en mercancía, que es tanto fuente de valor y cuyo consumo es la creación de valor. Por ello, Zupančič menciona que se puede sostener que el “trabajador no existe”, existe la persona cuyo trabajo se compra y se vende de otra manera se trataría de un esclavo. De tal manera, los capitalistas explotan la no-relación para apropiarse de la plusvalía que genera el trabajo y enriquecerse a ellos mismos; tal como lo describió Marx.

La búsqueda de un nuevo significante (maestro)

Un punto importante es que la no-relación lacaniana no implica genera una neutralidad plural del ser (social), implica que este ser no es neutral, pues ya está sesgado. “La no relación no es una simple ausencia de relación, sino que se refiere a la curvatura constitutiva o sesgo del espacio discursivo” (p. 59). Esto resulta fundamental, pues “reconocer la no-relación no implica aceptar “lo imposible” (como algo que no puede ser realizado), sino ver cómo se adhiere a todas las cosas posibles y cómo las con-forma, qué tipo de antagonismo perpetúa en casa caso en concreto y cómo funciona. Este tipo de reconocimiento es el único que, en vez de clausurar abre el espacio de la invención e intervención política” (p. 60).

En este sentido, el fin del análisis psicoanalítico debe de cambiar al sujeto de tal manera que la esperanza es remplazada por el coraje de hacer algo diferente. Se elimina el goce y las ilusiones relacionadas con cierta relación imaginaria y se abre el espacio de crear algo nuevo.
Como ejemplo de lo anterior cita a Rosset que menciona que “nada mediocre sucede sin pasión” (p. 229). La pasión se constituye como un obstáculo, al posponer indefinidamente alcanzar el objeto de goce. La pasión es la pesquisa de un objeto que es obscuro e indefinido, y al mismo tiempo no tiene ninguna utilidad, es decir esta fuera de alcance y es inútil. La pasión revolucionara funciona de esta manera busca la revolución por la revolución algo que no sucede en lugar de generar el cambio posible.

Por este motivo, Zupančič propone la búsqueda de un nuevo significante que revele una dimensión invisible de la realidad, y que se enfoque en el punto del conflicto social, para trabajar así en evitar su repetición. Un paso básico para las luchas emancipatorias. Pone, por ejemplo, la lucha de clases sobre el cual da una dimensión para cambiar la realidad. O el concepto marxista del proletariado, como clase social explotada, es clave pues “es el concepto que nombra el punto sintomático de este sistema, su negatividad desmentida y explotada” (p. 72). Lo cual permite exponer esta situación de explotación y confrontarla.

En suma

La importancia que Zupančič plantea del sexo sobre la filosofía es clara. Como lo que puede ser una muestra de ello, diversos planteamientos que desarrolla son discutidos por Slavoj Žižek en El sexo y el fracaso del absoluto (Paidos, 2020), como sobre el carácter fallido de la realidad y la sexualidad como el contacto privilegiado con lo absoluto. Como paréntesis vale señalar que la obra de Zupančič apareció originalmente en 2017 y la de Žižek dos años después. No debería de sorprender este dialogo, ya que ambos perteneces a la misma escuela filosófica de Lubiana (junto con Mladen Dolar) y tienen obras en conjunto. Por ello, sus aplicaciones políticas son ampliamente similares (Žižek, 2020 &2022), en especial respecto a los nuevos materialismos y la naturaleza: enfrentar crisis como el cambio climático requiere que la humanidad utilice toda su capacidad transformadora para superarla. No tomar posiciones “modestas” frente a la naturaleza, que en poco contribuirá a enfrentar esta crisis ya presente.

Referencias

Copjec, Joan. (2011). El compacto sexual. México: Paradiso Editores.
Žižek, Slavoj. (2020). El sexo y el fracaso del absoluto. México: Paidós.
Žižek, Slavoj. (2022a). The stupidity of nature. Compact Mag. Marzo 22, 2002. Consultado el 12 de junio de 2022. https://compactmag.com/article/the-st...
Zupančič, Alenka (2013). ¿Porqué el psicoanálisis? México: Paradiso Editores.
Zupančič, Alenka (2021). ¿Qué es el sexo? México: Paradiso Editores

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