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The End of American Exceptionalism: frontier anxiety from the Old West to the New Deal
The American frontier was officially closed, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1890. Yet more homesteads were settled in the first few decades of the twentieth century than in the entire nineteenth century.
"Frontier anxiety," then, really was caused not by the closing of the frontier, but by the perception that the frontier was closing, argues David Wrobel. As early as the 1870s and through the 1930s, many Americans believed an important era had ended and worried about how this closure would affect society and democracy.
The perceived expiration of a uniquely American way of life had an impact not only on the literature of the day but on public policy as well. While Frederick Jackson Turner and other intellectuals lamented nostalgically about the end of an era dominated by the rugged individualist and westward expansion, Zane Grey and other novelists brought to life cowboys and pioneers from bygone days who were more myth than reality. Presidents from Teddy Roosevelt to Franklin Roosevelt focused on the vanishing western frontier and its influence on the frontiers of the future.
In The End of American Exceptionalism , Wrobel illustrates more than just how the perceived demise of the frontier brought about a longing for wilderness and the pioneer spirit. He emphasizes how it influenced debate on public land and immigration policy, expansionism, and the merits of individualistic and cooperative political systems. In addition, he relates how it affected and was affected by such diverse social and political issues as racism, industrialization, irrigation, tenant farming, class struggle, government intervention, and the naturalist movement.
Wrobel doesn't focus rigidly on Turner or question the originality of Turner's thesis—that the frontier molded the nation's character—as historians have done in the past. Instead he suggests that the writings of Turner and other intellectuals were symptomatic of a frontier anxiety that began to take hold in the 1870s. Concentrating on the notions of these intellectuals over several decades, Wrobel shows how their reactions to the perceived ending of American exceptionalism—created by a unique frontier experience—helped shape the nation's cultural and political future.
"Frontier anxiety," then, really was caused not by the closing of the frontier, but by the perception that the frontier was closing, argues David Wrobel. As early as the 1870s and through the 1930s, many Americans believed an important era had ended and worried about how this closure would affect society and democracy.
The perceived expiration of a uniquely American way of life had an impact not only on the literature of the day but on public policy as well. While Frederick Jackson Turner and other intellectuals lamented nostalgically about the end of an era dominated by the rugged individualist and westward expansion, Zane Grey and other novelists brought to life cowboys and pioneers from bygone days who were more myth than reality. Presidents from Teddy Roosevelt to Franklin Roosevelt focused on the vanishing western frontier and its influence on the frontiers of the future.
In The End of American Exceptionalism , Wrobel illustrates more than just how the perceived demise of the frontier brought about a longing for wilderness and the pioneer spirit. He emphasizes how it influenced debate on public land and immigration policy, expansionism, and the merits of individualistic and cooperative political systems. In addition, he relates how it affected and was affected by such diverse social and political issues as racism, industrialization, irrigation, tenant farming, class struggle, government intervention, and the naturalist movement.
Wrobel doesn't focus rigidly on Turner or question the originality of Turner's thesis—that the frontier molded the nation's character—as historians have done in the past. Instead he suggests that the writings of Turner and other intellectuals were symptomatic of a frontier anxiety that began to take hold in the 1870s. Concentrating on the notions of these intellectuals over several decades, Wrobel shows how their reactions to the perceived ending of American exceptionalism—created by a unique frontier experience—helped shape the nation's cultural and political future.
256 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1993
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March 22, 2013
A very comprehensive account of attitudes toward the frontier at the turn of the 19th/20th century. An interesting window into a major cultural and intellectual hang-up that's been largely forgotten, and/or subsumed into the more general conversation around individualism, politics, and the American character. Those of us who still feel some nostalgia for open space and unexplored territory may not realize that during the final settlement of the Western US, these kinds of anxieties were potent and immediate.
Granted, this probably isn't a general recreational read, like most of the others I review, but if you have any interest in the topic or its corollaries (history of the US, the American character, iconic figures of the early 1900's) it's smart and fast-moving, worth every word.
Granted, this probably isn't a general recreational read, like most of the others I review, but if you have any interest in the topic or its corollaries (history of the US, the American character, iconic figures of the early 1900's) it's smart and fast-moving, worth every word.
Displaying 1 of 1 review