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The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian’an and the Three Kingdoms

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The turn of the third century CE―known as the Jian’an era or Three Kingdoms period―holds double significance for the Chinese cultural tradition. Its writings laid the foundation of classical poetry and literary criticism. Its historical personages and events have also inspired works of poetry, fiction, drama, film, and art throughout Chinese history, including Internet fantasy literature today. There is a vast body of secondary literature on these two subjects individually, but very little on their interface.

The image of the Jian’an era, with its feasting, drinking, heroism, and literary panache, as well as intense male friendship, was to return time and again in the romanticized narrative of the Three Kingdoms. How did Jian’an bifurcate into two distinct nostalgias, one of which was the first paradigmatic embodiment of wen (literary graces, cultural patterning), and the other of wu (heroic martial virtue)? How did these largely segregated nostalgias negotiate with one another? And how is the predominantly male world of the Three Kingdoms appropriated by young women in contemporary China? The Halberd at Red Cliff investigates how these associations were closely related in their complex origins and then came to be divergent in their later metamorphoses.

470 pages, Hardcover

Published June 4, 2018

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Xiaofei Tian

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Profile Image for Dennis Murphy.
1,014 reviews13 followers
November 6, 2023
The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms by Xiaofei Tian is an eminently readable book, at least compared to Goodman's Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision. I would caution any reader that this book is less about the Three Kingdoms, and more about the ways in which the Three Kingdoms are remembered across history. While the first two chapters of the book are, in my view, stellar and revealing, this is mostly from a historical perspective. The further one goes, the more and more removed the reader is from the past. By the time we leave Sun Ce's great grandkids, the Lu brothers, behind, we never really return to the historical period. What we encounter are ever more distant poems, before finally turning to plays, the Red Cliff movies, and a, somewhat bizarre, somewhat hilarious, extended discussion on homoerotic slash fan fiction as an example of feminine empowerment in the modern era.

I love the first three chapters or so of this book. I'm less of a fan of what follows. There is something profound about the idea that history is the constructed memory of people looking back, so much so that it was the descendants of Sun Ce (and I believe Lu Xun) making their way through the unified China that the house of Sima created who ultimately helped crystalize the image of the Bronze Bird Pavilion. That we are taken in by the idea of the Jian'an scholarly society, when it was a retroactive sanctification of the dead by Cao Pi in connection to a succession struggle with Cao Zhi which likely resulted in still-living greats being left out simply due to the time of their sublimation to senescence. Cao Pi's own rather human anguish at the loss of so many close friends was rather telling, as were the long list of anecdotes that make him a clearly attempting to mediate his relationships through that of a master-servant dynamic where he must always win. There's a lot to admire here.

But I'm less of a fan when Tian begins to dismiss history and historicity to embrace more modern telling's, even highly fictionalized plays, historical films, and fan fiction as part of the active memory of the Three Kingdoms, perhaps equal to, though not supplanting, the historical record. Its bizarre. Here is an example:
"If by their very nature as an art form all historical films are, as Pierre Sorlin reminds us, fictional, then so are all poetic representations of history and, indeed, all historical representations of history, in terms of their belatedness, their manipulation of source materials, and their shifting points of view. These representations are historical only insofar as they are productions of their own historical circumstances and the individual circumstances of their producers."

That's a bridge too far.

At its heart, this is a book of poetry, literature, and creative expression. It is just done so historically and through political study, insofar as its subject is connected to the past. The greater the distance, the more this book becomes what it is meant to be: an exploration of the imagination surrounding the Three Kingdoms, rather than an attempt to stitch together the reality of the Three Kingdoms period.

No greater point can be made to illustrate this than to take into consideration the eponymous title of the book: The Halberd at Red Cliff. The book takes very little notice of the actual events that transpired. They are dispatched with a couple of quotes, including from one of Cao Cao's letters. What it concerns itself with is the turn of the 8th century and the proliferation of poetry and southern imagination tied to the literary imagination of what that battlefield might have looked like or represented.

Worth a read though.
Profile Image for Dust007.
44 reviews1 follower
December 18, 2022
书评-赤壁之戟

本书讲文本与历史的互动,跟柯文的研究走向类似(《历时三调》、《与历史对话》)。以诗证史的研究方法,与陈寅恪一脉相承。本书以诗歌为材料,构建了建安及三国时期的一些人物形象和诗歌意像在历史中的流变。其中,对于三曹形象的重塑尤为精彩,曹丕道德文章的虚伪,曹植拉拢党羽的自私冷血,曹操临死前分香卖屡的愚顽,比小说笔法更为传神。

第一章“瘟疫与诗歌-重新思考建安”。
区别于政治时期的建安,作为文学概念的建安,经曹丕创造(《典论·论文》)、谢灵运的想象构建(《拟魏太子邺中集》仿照七子与曹丕的口吻的拟作与七子之原作之间的互动)、重塑于萧梁宫廷(《文选》)。成书稍晚的《艺文类聚》中,一些未选入《文选》的诗篇则记录了一个不一样的颇为黑暗的建安。

本章对诗歌的解读,多参考李善注,释义则以作者自己的解读为主,辅以当代学者的解读,例如,同为中国诗歌研究大家的宇文所安的见解在文中被多次提及。李善注只解事典,不解诗意。从曹丕、七子、谢灵运和萧氏皇子的诗文里解读到的建安的形象,只是反映作者本人根据当前的社会背景、自身的经历和知识积累做出的解读。而历代诗话、诗歌选本,研究专著的作者,和我们有不一样的社会背景,不一样的知识和经历,他们的解读或许可以对建安这一文学概念的演变有提供不一样的视角。

诚然,一些公宴诗是有明确时间地点和作者,这些有用的信息可以帮我们全面理解诗歌的原意和当时的社会情境。然而,这类应制诗很难摆脱屈意奉承的指责,这类诗歌中反映出时代精神面貌只是众多视角中的一个。虽然本章也提到《艺文类聚》中七子的一些不太符合当时官方舆情的诗歌书写,可惜这一视角本章只是点到即止,未做深入探讨。特别是建安前后大量出现的无题佚名诗,未被纳入系统的研究,颇为遗憾。

不同于具有官方属性的应制诗,私人诗歌书写则没有命题作文中官方威权的束缚与压迫,其自由度大大增加,诗人所遇、所感、所思、所想皆能在诗歌中畅快抒发。建安前后出现的大量书写个人情感的诗歌,主题多为伤悼生离死别、感慨人生失意与无常,其诗多无题且作者佚名,我认为这可能并非完全由时间的磨蚀而造成,也有可能是有意为之,其背后或许有一些更深层次的原因在起作用。

以诗本身而论,无题胜有题。王国维《人间词话》有云:“诗词中之意,不能以题尽之也……诗有题而诗亡,词有题而词亡”。有题则具体,诗词拘泥于一时一事,则不能体现人的共通的情感,所以无法引起不同时空读者的共鸣。当诗歌超越具象的羁绊,升华到抽象思维,则诗意的时空就大为拓宽,千年之后仍回响涟涟。

作为五言无题佚名诗的翘楚,《古诗十九首》历来为各诗歌名家所重,甚至有“风余”、“诗母”之称。其作者不详,主流看法是“非一人一时作”(沈德潜《古诗源》)。我觉得有可能是诗歌作者有意为之。从内容来看,十九首都是思念远人,抒发人生无常的个人内心真情实感。历代名家无不感叹于十九首的真,“情真、景真、事真、意真,澄至清,发至情”(陈绎曾《诗谱》),这些私人情感的书写,在当时有违于“经国之大业”(曹丕《典论·论文》),为时代之不容,是以作者特地隐去自己的名字,然而“天生丽质难自弃”,以其真切感人,是以流传千古,这完全是那些命题作文的应制诗所无法比拟的。

若是能系统考察建安七子私人诗歌(非官方)的书写,并加入后世历代的解读的分析,我觉得建安/建安七子的形象会更加饱满与多彩。

第二章“绕树三匝-主公、臣僚、群落”。
本章讲建安文学团体的书写活动所展示出的极具张力的互动,例如,主公提供宴会vs.臣僚回报宴会诗作,作为宴会食物的雁凫同时具有自由和困境的矛盾意向,主公自我期许的形象与地位(“一个有品味的人”)与臣属的回应与服从。

本章是第一章的延续,曹丕在《典论·论文》中自诩“盖君子审己以度人,故能免于斯累,而作论文”,他认为自己不偏不倚是个道德模范,所以能公正的评价其他人的文章,本章则将这个裁判的角色扩大到食物、菊、鼎、玉、宝带、音乐等事物上。

作者通过对曹丕与臣属之间书信交换的解读,再现了主臣双方的控制与服从、竞争与配合、拉拢与回应,各种微妙的权力动态在精彩的解读中纤毫再现,有力的说明了“主臣之间……并不是简单的从上到下行使单方面的绝对权威”,这个过程就是作者在前言中所强调的“解构”。

在解构的过程中,作者揭示了建安“文学集团”作为政治性团体的本质,诗歌只不过是控制与聚拢这个政治集团的一个工具,而曹丕所谓的“审己以度人”也完全是从其政治需要出发的。

传统印象中曹丕刻板而模糊的个人形象也在一封封的书信、一首首的诗歌中丰满鲜活起来,敏感、自大、犹疑、尖刻、好胜……而在传统叙事中作为受害人形象出现的曹植,以其不世出的才华与孤寂的身影让人怜惜不已,然而在“黑暗的交易”一节中,作者通过三首同题诗的解读,从不同的视角重建三良从殉的叙事细节(自杀/被杀)、影响和政治意义,让我们了解到一位作为统治者面貌出现的冷酷强权的曹植,他试图以“忠义”和身后的荣名来强制绑定臣属与他个人的政治前途,这一点在结语引用曹植《赠王粲》“我愿执此鸟”一句中得到了响亮的回应。

本章中,作者对五言诗的发展发展也有所表述,“精英阶层对五言诗兴趣的激增是一个新现象,这不仅是一个文学史事件,而且是一个值得注意的历史事件。这个时代的诗歌,从两层意义上来看都属于公共表演:其一,作为在公开场合演唱的歌词;其二,作为精英阶层在社会场合创作的篇章。……不像诗歌被大量用于精英社会活动那样新颖,尤其是当时还被视为低级体裁的五言诗”。作者认为五言诗是公开场合演唱的歌词,下一章作者有进一步表述:“早期“乐府”与“古诗”无别”。另外,作者认为五言诗是低级体裁,这点与钱志熙《中国诗歌通史·魏晋南北朝卷》观点相同:“综观魏晋南北朝时期,五言为主体,四言为雅正复古之体,七言、杂言则 为流荡之体,俳谐倡乐用之”。

不过一种文学体裁在当时的文学/政治地位,跟体裁的成熟度并无直接关系。我们以《古诗十九首》为参考点,隋树森认为十九首是两汉之作,“古诗十九首便是这五言新体诗的星宿海。它一方面继承了诗三百篇,一方面又开了建安魏晋的五言诗的风气。它的艺术价值也到了纯熟的境界,它既有完整优美的外形,复有丰富充实的内容,而表现的方法,特具的风味,更是妙得难以用言语形容出来。它是五言诗的规范”。马茂元认为“《古诗十九首》产生于东汉末期,它标志着五言诗在发展中达到成熟的阶段”。无论是隋或是马,二者都认为五言诗在创作时期早于建安的古诗十九首时就已经成熟了。关于五言诗的发展历史,虽然我很感兴趣,非常想了解作者对此的看法,但因为跟本书主题无关,作者点到即止。

第三章“南方视角-“扇的书写””。
作者认为“早期“乐府”与“古诗”无别,其区别多据文本来源而定:一首诗可以见于《宋书·乐志》而被视为乐府,但也可能作为“古诗”引用收录在其他地方”。

这个观点是从文本考据角度出发,确实是有些作品既被当作古诗又被当作乐府,但这只能说古诗和乐府有交叉的部分,不能说古诗和乐府完全重叠“无别”,除非遍历所有的古诗都有被当作乐府的证据,并且遍历所有的乐府都被当作古诗的证据。

一个很明显的例子是,没有人把《古诗十九首》当作乐府的。

徐晋如老师《国文课》“乐府与古诗之别”则从诗歌创作的角度阐释了乐府与古诗的根本区别:“相比于乐府,诗中体现的情感更个性、更幽曲,这正是不依附于音乐的文学与音乐文学的区别所在…乐府是为传唱而生的音乐文学,故重视叙事,古诗为的是抒写诗人隐曲的心灵世界,故重抒情…古诗为己,表达贤士大夫幽微隐曲排侧难言之情,故必求深刻;乐府为众,故必求浅近”。个人认为徐老师的看法鞭辟入里。

此外,本章作者再次提到“五言诗在当时还是比较低俗的形式,而陆机尝试在修辞方面提升五言诗……”,这句表述直接把《古诗十九首》,曹植五言诗和与陆机五言诗放到了一个擂台上进行比试,且作者已经决出了自己的冠军-陆机更胜一筹。个人认为作者这句表述争议较大。徐晋如老师在《国文课》中有明确的不同意见“《古诗十九首》后来仿作者众,钟嵘《诗品》推崇陆机的十二首拟作“文温以丽,意悲而远,惊心动魄,可谓几乎一字干金”,其实这话用来形容《古诗十九首》原作,才更合适吧!”

第四章“台与瓦:想象一座失落的城池”。
此章极为精彩。显性的讲铜雀台、铜雀伎和铜雀砚的兴衰,隐性则是讲曹魏形象在文本中的演变:致力于建立大一统王朝的曹氏家族为彰显权势与天命而筑台,却戏剧性的因为曹氏父子之儿女情长而成为藏娇之金屋;当曹氏的英雄光环在后世的演义中褪去,铜雀伎逐渐浮现于一众豢养文人的猎艳之眼中,君王多情之虚伪与欲眼望穿之真切,装饰在宫体诗的盈盈浓艳与袅袅余哀里,终归于枯寂;其后,理学扯起儒学的虎皮竖立起了正统的大旗,从曹氏自我标榜的承继大统到后世唾弃的乱臣贼子的渐次演变,在千年的轮回中诉说着历史的吊诡,铜雀台也罢,铜雀伎也罢,统统都土崩瓦解为文人手中把玩的文房四宝,协助着占有者抒发宣泄当下的心境,历史的真相从来不在他们考虑范围之内。

第五章“修复折戟”。
这一章很有意思,讲三国与时下流行的同人小说和影视改编之间的互动。有句话流传甚广,“一切历史都是当代史”,虽然这句话是否是作者“克罗齐”真实想要表达的观点存在争议,但“流传开来”的这个结果确实也体现了大众感受身受的某种共识。三国各英雄人物在同人小说和各种影视作品中的呈现与观众接受程度的反馈之间,折射出的我们所处的这个时代在社会习俗与文化风貌的只麟片甲。较为遗憾的是,本章虽然紧密联系生活与娱乐而颇为贴近时代潮流,例如对LGBT团队的声援等,但在一些更为广阔的命题上,例如说政治文化、官方意识形态等方面的却未如前几章那样进行深入探索,我猜也可能是圉于书籍出版的种种限制吧,颇为遗憾。
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