Eléments métaphysiques de la doctrine du droit

by Immanuel Kant

La paresse et la lâcheté sont les causes qui font qu'une grande partie des hommes, après avoir été depuis longtemps affranchis par la nature de toute direction étrangère, restent volontiers mineurs toute leur vie, et qu'il est si facile aux autres de s'ériger en tuteurs. Il est si commode d'être mineur! J'ai un livre qui a de l'esprit pour moi, un directeur qui a de la conscience pour moi, un médecin qui juge pour moi du régime qui me convient, etc... pourquoi me donnerais-je de la peine? Je n'ai pas besoin de penser, pourvu que je puisse payer; d'autres se chargeront pour moi de cette ennuyeuse occupation. Que la plus grande partie des hommes, (et avec eux le beau sexe tout entier), tiennent pour difficile, même pour très dangereux, le passage de la minorité à la majorité; c'est à quoi visent avant tout ces tuteurs qui se sont chargés avec tant de bonté de la haute surveillance de leurs semblables. Après les avoir d'abord abêtis en les traitant comme des animaux domestiques, et avoir pris toutes leurs précautions pour que ces paisibles créatures ne puissent tenter un seul pas hors de la charrette où ils les tiennent enfermés, ils leur montrent ensuite le danger qui les menace, s'ils essayent de marcher seuls. Or ce danger n'est pas sans doute aussi grand qu'ils veulent bien le dire, car au prix de quelques chutes, on finirait bien par apprendre à marcher; mais un exemple de ce genre rend timide et dégoûte ordinairement de toute tentative ultérieure.....

98 pages, Kindle Edition

Published April 30, 2016

About the author

Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.

Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.