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A Clinical Introduction to Freud: Techniques for Everyday Practice
Freud’s central theories explained in the context of modern therapy.
Often overlooked because he is so easy to mock, ridicule, or just plain misunderstand, Freud introduced many techniques for clinical practice that are still widely employed today. Yet surprisingly, there has never been a clinical introduction to Freud's work that might be of use to students and professionals in their everyday lives and careers. Until now.
Bruce Fink, who is his generation's most respected translator of Lacan's work and a profound interpreter of Freud's, has written the definitive clinical introduction to Freud. This book presents Freud in an eminently usable way, providing readers with a plethora of examples from everyday life and clinical practice illustrating the insightfulness and continued applicability of Freud's ideas.
The overriding focus is on techniques Freud developed for going directly toward the unconscious, illustrating how we can employ them today and perhaps even improve on them. Fink also lays out many of Freud's fundamental concepts—such as repression, isolation, displacement, anxiety, affect, free association, repetition, obsession, and wish-fulfillment—and situates them in highly applicable clinical contexts.
The emphasis throughout is on the myriad techniques developed by Freud that clinicians of all backgrounds and orientations can draw upon to put in their therapy toolbox, whether or not they identify as "Freudians."
With references ranging from Star Trek and the Moody Blues to hard drives and unicorns, Bruce Fink's elegant writing brings Freud into sharp focus for clinicians of all backgrounds. To readers who ask with an open mind "Does this approach allow me to see anything that I had not seen before in my clinical work?" this book will offer many new insights.
Often overlooked because he is so easy to mock, ridicule, or just plain misunderstand, Freud introduced many techniques for clinical practice that are still widely employed today. Yet surprisingly, there has never been a clinical introduction to Freud's work that might be of use to students and professionals in their everyday lives and careers. Until now.
Bruce Fink, who is his generation's most respected translator of Lacan's work and a profound interpreter of Freud's, has written the definitive clinical introduction to Freud. This book presents Freud in an eminently usable way, providing readers with a plethora of examples from everyday life and clinical practice illustrating the insightfulness and continued applicability of Freud's ideas.
The overriding focus is on techniques Freud developed for going directly toward the unconscious, illustrating how we can employ them today and perhaps even improve on them. Fink also lays out many of Freud's fundamental concepts—such as repression, isolation, displacement, anxiety, affect, free association, repetition, obsession, and wish-fulfillment—and situates them in highly applicable clinical contexts.
The emphasis throughout is on the myriad techniques developed by Freud that clinicians of all backgrounds and orientations can draw upon to put in their therapy toolbox, whether or not they identify as "Freudians."
With references ranging from Star Trek and the Moody Blues to hard drives and unicorns, Bruce Fink's elegant writing brings Freud into sharp focus for clinicians of all backgrounds. To readers who ask with an open mind "Does this approach allow me to see anything that I had not seen before in my clinical work?" this book will offer many new insights.
380 pages, Kindle Edition
Published March 21, 2017
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356 people want to read
About the author
Bruce Fink
59 books163 followersBruce Fink is a practicing Lacanian psychoanalyst and analytic supervisor. He trained as a psychoanalyst in France for seven years with and is now a member of the psychoanalytic institute Jacques Lacan created shortly before his death, the École de la Cause freudienne in Paris, and obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Psychoanalysis at the University of Paris VIII (Saint-Denis). He served as Professor of Psychology from 1993 to 2013 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and is currently an affiliated member of the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center.
Dr. Fink is the author of six books on Lacan (which have been translated into many different languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, German, Polish, Croatian, Greek, Turkish, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese):
• The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
• A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997)
• Lacan to the Letter: Reading Écrits Closely (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)
• Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique: A Lacanian Approach for Practitioners (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2007)
• Against Understanding: Commentary, Cases, and Critique in a Lacanian Key, 2 volumes (London: Routledge, 2013-2014)
He has translated several of Lacan’s works, including:
• The Seminar, Book XX (1972-1973): Encore, On Feminine Sexuality: The Limits of Love and Knowledge (New York: Norton, 1998)
• Écrits: A Selection (New York: Norton, 2002)
• Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English (New York: Norton, 2006), for which he received the 2007 nonfiction translation prize from the French-American Foundation and the Florence Gould Foundation
• On the Names-of-the-Father (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)
• The Triumph of Religion (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)
• The Seminar, Book VIII: Transference (Cambridge: Polity Press, forthcoming)
He is also the coeditor of three collections on Lacan’s work published by SUNY Press:
• Reading Seminar XI: Lacan’s Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (1995)
• Reading Seminars I and II: Lacan’s Return to Freud (1996)
• Reading Seminar XX: Lacan’s Major work on Love, Knowledge, and Feminine Sexuality (2002)
He has presented his theoretical and clinical work at close to a hundred different conferences, psychoanalytic institutes, and universities in the U.S. and abroad since 1986.
In recent years, he has authored mysteries involving a character based on Jacques Lacan: The Adventures of Inspector Canal (London: Karnac, 2010, and translated into Finnish). A second volume, Death by Analysis, was published by Karnac in 2013, to be followed by two further mysteries in 2014 (The Purloined Love and Odor di Murderer).
Dr. Fink is the author of six books on Lacan (which have been translated into many different languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, German, Polish, Croatian, Greek, Turkish, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese):
• The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
• A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997)
• Lacan to the Letter: Reading Écrits Closely (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)
• Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique: A Lacanian Approach for Practitioners (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2007)
• Against Understanding: Commentary, Cases, and Critique in a Lacanian Key, 2 volumes (London: Routledge, 2013-2014)
He has translated several of Lacan’s works, including:
• The Seminar, Book XX (1972-1973): Encore, On Feminine Sexuality: The Limits of Love and Knowledge (New York: Norton, 1998)
• Écrits: A Selection (New York: Norton, 2002)
• Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English (New York: Norton, 2006), for which he received the 2007 nonfiction translation prize from the French-American Foundation and the Florence Gould Foundation
• On the Names-of-the-Father (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)
• The Triumph of Religion (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)
• The Seminar, Book VIII: Transference (Cambridge: Polity Press, forthcoming)
He is also the coeditor of three collections on Lacan’s work published by SUNY Press:
• Reading Seminar XI: Lacan’s Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (1995)
• Reading Seminars I and II: Lacan’s Return to Freud (1996)
• Reading Seminar XX: Lacan’s Major work on Love, Knowledge, and Feminine Sexuality (2002)
He has presented his theoretical and clinical work at close to a hundred different conferences, psychoanalytic institutes, and universities in the U.S. and abroad since 1986.
In recent years, he has authored mysteries involving a character based on Jacques Lacan: The Adventures of Inspector Canal (London: Karnac, 2010, and translated into Finnish). A second volume, Death by Analysis, was published by Karnac in 2013, to be followed by two further mysteries in 2014 (The Purloined Love and Odor di Murderer).
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April 18, 2024
Chapter 1 – In ‘Tracing a Symptom Back to its Origin’ Fink explores how repressed memories become pathogenic and become part of the signifying chain in our unconscious. M1/M2-M3-M4 Memory 1 here is repressed ‘/’ due to its traumatic phenomenology it produces. Fink here offers both a simplified Lacanian terming of symptomology (which he deems as much more useful and sophisticated) referencing the signifier/signified relationship, but he is careful as to not push the reader away from the orthodox Freudian framing of symptomology.
Chapter 2 – ‘The Unconscious is the Exact Opposite of the Conscious’ demonstrates how speech and symptoms elicit the pathogenic memory, in a hidden way. One might imagine the Unconscious here as a thing in itself, with the ‘/’ barrier representing repression. Now, the analysts job is to undue the ‘/’ repression, to get at the M1 memory, by decoding speech, parapraxes and symptomology. Examples of this may be disguising unconscious thoughts, or asserting things like “I don’t mean to be rude but…” or “my childhood was great!”. Defence mechanisms often get in the way, but Fink offers clear advice, from massively overlooked Freudian texts to help get through the defensive wall the analysand puts up.
Chapter 3 – ‘Dreams: The Royal Road to the Unconscious’. Often overlooked by modern analysts as a little laughable, Fink, like Lacan emphasises the importance of dreams in analysis. As Lacan explains “it is the very narrative of a dream – the verbal material – that serves as a basis for interpretation”. Taking Freud’s magnum opus ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’, psychoanalysis teaches us that dreams are formed by the ‘dream work’ wherein thoughts are transformed and congealed into visual-affective experiences, which often contort the thought into a strange narrative. Now, the therapist must take this contorted narrative an demystify it, undoing the dream work through breaking down the dream, focusing on the key aspects of it, and framing it within the analysand’s real life context to figure out the ‘hidden’ (for lack of a better term) meaning. Dreams are a wish-fulfilment, and the hermeneutic goal of the analyst is to uncover the desire behind the dream, creating a consistent narrative which is convincing and makes sense within the Freudian paradigm. A dream at the Fountainbleu, may be associated with blue balls, to use Fink’s comical example. Or an anxiety dream may be the result of a past traumatic experience that the analysand didn’t feel sufficiently prepared for. In that example the anxiety would fulfil the wish of preparation for the trauma, which wasn’t there the in the first instance of the experience. Also, an important thing to note in this chapter is the discrepancies between Lacan and Freud. Freud saw symbols in dreams as fixed, whilst Lacan saw them as constantly moving, a chain of infinite signifiers which were not stuck, but consistently shifting. Of course one can probably think of the typical Freud-basher who would say something like “a room means a vagina” or some other silly example. But of course, these examples may not be as ridiculous as is thought, but oftentimes are mean-spirited attempts to trivialise, and perhaps defend against the scientificity of analysis.
Chapter 4 – ‘Obsession and the Case of the Rat Man’ explores one of Freud’s most famous and controversial case studies. For the sake of brevity I will not summarise this case study for fear of missing important details, but the main takeaway in this chapter is a focus on obsession, which for the obsessive, helps to hide the unconscious trauma they’re dealing with. For Ernst (the Rat Man) obsessing over the trivial helped him escape the growing responsibilities of his life in the Jewish mitteleuropa, under an authoritarian father, whom he feared. This case in enlightening not just for a look into the kind of lives of the patients Freud dealt with, but Fink also suggests that this case may be relevant in treating young people suffering from things like OCD, ADHD and ADD, who, in seeking attention for the outbursts, may be trying to avoid putting attention on their repressed trauma.
Chapter 5 – ‘Hysteria and the Case of Dora’. Freud’s bread and butter was hysteria, and Dora (Ida Bauer) proved to be another of Freud’s most important and controversial cases. There is still a lot of debate around hysteria and Freud’s blindness to the social construction, and inherent sexism in the term, a term which originates from the word ‘womb’, and a diagnosis which was used for centuries, to suppress women. Another point of contention for this case is Freud’s brashness and ignorance towards Ida Bauer, who he often ignored, or even worse, ofter life advice to (despite this being against almost everything he’d advised in print). Fink in this chapter is very critical of Freud, as he is for Lacan, but he does analyse the case to show the failings of Freud (despite the scientificity of his theories) and importance of transference and countertransference in analysis. Furthermore, Fink explains the usefulness of Lacanian theory in issues of femininity and sexuality, which were handled atrociously by Freud, due to his narrowmindedness and social conditioning. Instead of speaking for patients, and letting society determine our notions of normativity, we ought to listen to the patient and only reach analysis when the patient is “one step away” from it themselves (193).
Chapter 6 – ‘Symptom Formation’. Like chapter 1 this chapter develops the notion of symptomology from a Freudian viewpoint. Freud explains that ‘we’re all a little neurotic’ in the sense that, our unconscious minds work exactly the same, structurally. Repression occurs within us all, so we needn’t construct normative boundaries around mental health in an particularly authoritive way. Of course this doesn’t mean we ought to jump to a Foucaultian notion of mental illness, as hysteria and obsessiveness still exist and disrupt the wellbeing of analysands, but this is largely in response to the social being of an individual. For example, psychopathy would serve a personal well if they were a politician or venture capitalist. However, attention deficit disorder wouldn’t be useful in those same careers. So, the point is for the analyst to be as aware of the individual unsconscious mind, as they are for the social being and social situation of the analysand, something many analysts seem to forget. Symptoms form in different ways, in chapter one symptoms were explained through the M1/M2-M3-M4 repression diagram, but this isn’t the case for patients who suffer from psychosis for example. Instead, ‘psychotics’ suffer from foreclosure, which is structurally different to repression. Symptoms of non-psychotic illnesses are overdetermined, caused by repression, bring a jouissance with them, and are not the same as a structure, but are caused by a structure. This means that due to the structure of a hysterical person’s mind, their symptoms may produce a myriad of psychosomatic symptoms, but the analyst must help to reduce or transfer the symptoms into a manageable form for the analysand. This means that analysis isn’t a one stop cure, like fixing a broken leg or healing blindness. Structures are hard-wired, typically between the age 6-9, it is the interaction with experience that causes symptoms, whether in adulthood or earlier.
Chapter 7 – ‘Beyond Freud’. Rejecting Jungian and NeoFreudian theories of analysis, Fink defends his Lacanian approach and explains why it is consistent with Freudian psychoanalysis, unlike many other very sophisticated theories, and yet still provides a reasonable clinical application without jumping to the positivism of the APA, or the pseudo-spirituality of folks like Jung, or the Transference Analysis School. Fink also explains discrepancies and developments from Freud to Lacan with regards to the couch, timing in analysis, biases around sexuality, and the treatment of psychosis.
Appendixes – Appendix 1 provides a fantastic defence of Freud against the ‘Freud bashers’ who critique Freud for being an adventurist and sexist, by explaining Freud’s failures, but demonstrating the truthfulness of his assertions and situating his actions or mistakes within a historical context. Here we get a picture of a headstrong Jewish psychologist, who wasn’t fame hungry (his magnum opus sold 351 copies in its first year) but a dedicated analyst who worked extremely hard (perhaps too hard) and pioneered a theory, which with tinkering, can help reduce symptoms that disturb patients. Appendix 2 explains Suggestion, Appendix 3 and 4 explain the case studies from Chapters 4 and 5 in more detail, and appendix 5 lists some of the psychoanalytic descriptions of symptoms versus the DSM-5’s.
Chapter 2 – ‘The Unconscious is the Exact Opposite of the Conscious’ demonstrates how speech and symptoms elicit the pathogenic memory, in a hidden way. One might imagine the Unconscious here as a thing in itself, with the ‘/’ barrier representing repression. Now, the analysts job is to undue the ‘/’ repression, to get at the M1 memory, by decoding speech, parapraxes and symptomology. Examples of this may be disguising unconscious thoughts, or asserting things like “I don’t mean to be rude but…” or “my childhood was great!”. Defence mechanisms often get in the way, but Fink offers clear advice, from massively overlooked Freudian texts to help get through the defensive wall the analysand puts up.
Chapter 3 – ‘Dreams: The Royal Road to the Unconscious’. Often overlooked by modern analysts as a little laughable, Fink, like Lacan emphasises the importance of dreams in analysis. As Lacan explains “it is the very narrative of a dream – the verbal material – that serves as a basis for interpretation”. Taking Freud’s magnum opus ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’, psychoanalysis teaches us that dreams are formed by the ‘dream work’ wherein thoughts are transformed and congealed into visual-affective experiences, which often contort the thought into a strange narrative. Now, the therapist must take this contorted narrative an demystify it, undoing the dream work through breaking down the dream, focusing on the key aspects of it, and framing it within the analysand’s real life context to figure out the ‘hidden’ (for lack of a better term) meaning. Dreams are a wish-fulfilment, and the hermeneutic goal of the analyst is to uncover the desire behind the dream, creating a consistent narrative which is convincing and makes sense within the Freudian paradigm. A dream at the Fountainbleu, may be associated with blue balls, to use Fink’s comical example. Or an anxiety dream may be the result of a past traumatic experience that the analysand didn’t feel sufficiently prepared for. In that example the anxiety would fulfil the wish of preparation for the trauma, which wasn’t there the in the first instance of the experience. Also, an important thing to note in this chapter is the discrepancies between Lacan and Freud. Freud saw symbols in dreams as fixed, whilst Lacan saw them as constantly moving, a chain of infinite signifiers which were not stuck, but consistently shifting. Of course one can probably think of the typical Freud-basher who would say something like “a room means a vagina” or some other silly example. But of course, these examples may not be as ridiculous as is thought, but oftentimes are mean-spirited attempts to trivialise, and perhaps defend against the scientificity of analysis.
Chapter 4 – ‘Obsession and the Case of the Rat Man’ explores one of Freud’s most famous and controversial case studies. For the sake of brevity I will not summarise this case study for fear of missing important details, but the main takeaway in this chapter is a focus on obsession, which for the obsessive, helps to hide the unconscious trauma they’re dealing with. For Ernst (the Rat Man) obsessing over the trivial helped him escape the growing responsibilities of his life in the Jewish mitteleuropa, under an authoritarian father, whom he feared. This case in enlightening not just for a look into the kind of lives of the patients Freud dealt with, but Fink also suggests that this case may be relevant in treating young people suffering from things like OCD, ADHD and ADD, who, in seeking attention for the outbursts, may be trying to avoid putting attention on their repressed trauma.
Chapter 5 – ‘Hysteria and the Case of Dora’. Freud’s bread and butter was hysteria, and Dora (Ida Bauer) proved to be another of Freud’s most important and controversial cases. There is still a lot of debate around hysteria and Freud’s blindness to the social construction, and inherent sexism in the term, a term which originates from the word ‘womb’, and a diagnosis which was used for centuries, to suppress women. Another point of contention for this case is Freud’s brashness and ignorance towards Ida Bauer, who he often ignored, or even worse, ofter life advice to (despite this being against almost everything he’d advised in print). Fink in this chapter is very critical of Freud, as he is for Lacan, but he does analyse the case to show the failings of Freud (despite the scientificity of his theories) and importance of transference and countertransference in analysis. Furthermore, Fink explains the usefulness of Lacanian theory in issues of femininity and sexuality, which were handled atrociously by Freud, due to his narrowmindedness and social conditioning. Instead of speaking for patients, and letting society determine our notions of normativity, we ought to listen to the patient and only reach analysis when the patient is “one step away” from it themselves (193).
Chapter 6 – ‘Symptom Formation’. Like chapter 1 this chapter develops the notion of symptomology from a Freudian viewpoint. Freud explains that ‘we’re all a little neurotic’ in the sense that, our unconscious minds work exactly the same, structurally. Repression occurs within us all, so we needn’t construct normative boundaries around mental health in an particularly authoritive way. Of course this doesn’t mean we ought to jump to a Foucaultian notion of mental illness, as hysteria and obsessiveness still exist and disrupt the wellbeing of analysands, but this is largely in response to the social being of an individual. For example, psychopathy would serve a personal well if they were a politician or venture capitalist. However, attention deficit disorder wouldn’t be useful in those same careers. So, the point is for the analyst to be as aware of the individual unsconscious mind, as they are for the social being and social situation of the analysand, something many analysts seem to forget. Symptoms form in different ways, in chapter one symptoms were explained through the M1/M2-M3-M4 repression diagram, but this isn’t the case for patients who suffer from psychosis for example. Instead, ‘psychotics’ suffer from foreclosure, which is structurally different to repression. Symptoms of non-psychotic illnesses are overdetermined, caused by repression, bring a jouissance with them, and are not the same as a structure, but are caused by a structure. This means that due to the structure of a hysterical person’s mind, their symptoms may produce a myriad of psychosomatic symptoms, but the analyst must help to reduce or transfer the symptoms into a manageable form for the analysand. This means that analysis isn’t a one stop cure, like fixing a broken leg or healing blindness. Structures are hard-wired, typically between the age 6-9, it is the interaction with experience that causes symptoms, whether in adulthood or earlier.
Chapter 7 – ‘Beyond Freud’. Rejecting Jungian and NeoFreudian theories of analysis, Fink defends his Lacanian approach and explains why it is consistent with Freudian psychoanalysis, unlike many other very sophisticated theories, and yet still provides a reasonable clinical application without jumping to the positivism of the APA, or the pseudo-spirituality of folks like Jung, or the Transference Analysis School. Fink also explains discrepancies and developments from Freud to Lacan with regards to the couch, timing in analysis, biases around sexuality, and the treatment of psychosis.
Appendixes – Appendix 1 provides a fantastic defence of Freud against the ‘Freud bashers’ who critique Freud for being an adventurist and sexist, by explaining Freud’s failures, but demonstrating the truthfulness of his assertions and situating his actions or mistakes within a historical context. Here we get a picture of a headstrong Jewish psychologist, who wasn’t fame hungry (his magnum opus sold 351 copies in its first year) but a dedicated analyst who worked extremely hard (perhaps too hard) and pioneered a theory, which with tinkering, can help reduce symptoms that disturb patients. Appendix 2 explains Suggestion, Appendix 3 and 4 explain the case studies from Chapters 4 and 5 in more detail, and appendix 5 lists some of the psychoanalytic descriptions of symptoms versus the DSM-5’s.
June 19, 2019
Hard to imagine a better introduction to the practical (clinical/therapeutic) aspects of Freudian psychoanalysis. Fink's writing is clear, concise, peppered with historical and contemporary case studies to illustrate concepts, and even makes Lacan understandable. Fink is no Freud apologist - he takes Freud to task when he needs to be, namely that (perhaps because Freud was never analyzed properly and that he was the first psychoanalyst, among other reasons) he wasn't really the best analyst and in fact hindered analysis in many cases, namely in the Dora case. But this doesn't discredit Freud's genius (as Fink put it, a bad practitioner of medicine does not negate the truth of medical science), and Freud's self-reflection several years later seems to me that Freud at least learned a little bit from his mistakes. Fink summed Freud's reflections up as: "do as I say, not as I do".
Although I have read Fink's book on the Lacanian subject, I think I need to re-read that and explore his other works.
Although I have read Fink's book on the Lacanian subject, I think I need to re-read that and explore his other works.
Read
April 4, 2022A great introduction to Freud, even for non-practitioners. Fink clearly has a wealth of experience in the clinic and as a theorist. I'm interested in following up on Fink's polemic against mainstream psychiatry and the DSM-5; a lot of his criticisms of them seem quite on the mark. If psychotropic meds really do work as well as placebos, then why have we been so quick to abandon analysis? Perhaps in a few decades or centuries we will accept that research into the brain-mind connection is not going as quickly as we had first hoped, so we had better heal people with tools from Freud and Lacan in the meantime.
September 17, 2017
Good book for an introduction, although a bit too speculative at times when it comes to the some of the symptoms suffered by the example cases.
March 6, 2025
THE introductory book on Freud. Most people never consider Freud as a clinician, and that really paints a distorted picture of him and his work. Covers major topics such as: symptom formation, the unconscious, transference, dream-interpretation, Dora & Rat Man case studies, and more. I'd go as far as to say you cannot have a serious opinion on Freud and psychoanalysis without having read this book.
there's nothing I can say that other reviews haven't already said. absolutely recommended.
there's nothing I can say that other reviews haven't already said. absolutely recommended.
May 13, 2023
Way better than his texts about Lacan.
Fink makes one of the most complete lists about clinical concepts, techniques and controversies from classic psychoanalytic theory / freudian approach.
Unlike his previous books, he now criticizes capitalist practices such as big pharma in defense of psychoanalysis.
Good stuff and essential for practitioners.
Fink makes one of the most complete lists about clinical concepts, techniques and controversies from classic psychoanalytic theory / freudian approach.
Unlike his previous books, he now criticizes capitalist practices such as big pharma in defense of psychoanalysis.
Good stuff and essential for practitioners.
December 28, 2020
Am amazing read which brings Freud's work to life.
Read
February 24, 2023Fink is where anyone should go for intro to psychoanalysis. This and the clinical intro to Lacan.
August 20, 2024
Great introduction to the practical aspects of Freudian psychoanalysis. Need to read his book on Lacan next.
October 3, 2025
maravilhoso! explica mt bem as teorias freudianas, sintetiza tudo de uma forma muito entendível.
April 15, 2025
Qualquer pessoa que consegue escrever a psicanálise de forma descomplicada é incrivel de ler
Displaying 1 - 12 of 12 reviews