The poem stirs the reader with its utter despondent tone throughout its entirety. Whitman is the new-age poet, committed to breaking away from the shackles of established poetic practices and forming new ones, just as America is created for a different purpose, tearing away from the bondage of colonialism and steering clear of undermining the proletarian class.
Alternatively, Whitman uses similar poetic devices as that of William Wordsworth and Dante Alighieri. Speaking in the language of ordinary men, Whitman aspired to become the voice of the nation, speaking on the behest of the American population at the time.
Consequently, he has recorded the events, moods and character of the time superbly. Saddened by the results of first American civil war, Whitman wrote an elegy in memory of deceased American President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. The civil war occurred during his lifetime with Whitman a staunch supporter of unionist through and through.
The opening lines of the poem serve to begin the controlling metaphor upon which the rest of the poem builds. A metaphor is simply a figure of speech in which one thing is substituted for another, and a calculating metaphor is a metaphor that forces, directs, or unifies the entire poem.
In this poem, the “Captain” is a replacement for Abraham Lincoln, and the “ship” is the United States of America. “The fearful trip” is the Civil War, which had ended just prior to Lincoln’s assassination. Thus the ship is returning home to reassuring crowds having won “the prize” of victory, just as the Union, led by Lincoln, had returned triumphant from the Civil War. The utterance “O Captain! My Captain” is predominantly interesting in this light.
In one sense the speaker is addressing his Captain straightforwardly, but in another respect he seems to be speaking to himself about his Captain. The repetition helps to emphasize the indecision he feels at the Captain’s loss.
Lines 5-8 correspond the obnoxious news that the Captain has somehow fallen dead after the battle. More importantly, the repetition “heart! heart! heart!” talks of the speaker’s consternation and revulsion at realizing that his Captain has died.
The poem is then as much about the “I” of the poem and how he comes to terms with his misery, how he processes this information, as it is about the central figure of the Captain.
The “bleeding drops of red” are both the Captain’s bleeding wounds and the speakers wounded heart. These lines function as a broken heroic couplet, a two-line rhymed verse that originated in heroic epic poetry and is frequently, as is the case with these lines, written in iambic pentameter.
The broken lines are called ‘hemistiches’ and are commonly used, as they are here, to the underlying rhythm of the poem and to suggest emotional upheaval.
In this pivotal second stanza, the speaker of the poem beseeches his Captain to “Rise up and hear the bells.” In essence, the speaker laments that his Captain, having led his crew courageously to triumph, will not receive the trumpet blast that is his just due.
At the same time Whitman blends two distinct scenes:
1) where crowds gather to receive and rejoice the Captain (Lincoln) upon his return from military victory; and
2) in which the bells of the second stanza are apparently the bells rang in celebration of military victory; however, knowing the great Captain and leader has died the bells might also symbolize funeral bells tolled in mourning.
Similarly, the “flag” is flown in honor of the Captain both as a symbol of rejoicing and victory and as a symbol of lamentation — as in the tradition of flying the American flag at half-mast when a respected American dies.
The bugle, a characteristically military musical instrument, alludes to both military victory and to “Taps,” the elegy customarily played at funerals of fallen soldiers. Bouquets and wreathes are also common to both celebratory receptions and funerals.
Finally, the multitudes of people become symbolic as well. Not only are they representative of the people who welcomed and rejoiced at the Union’s victory in the Civil War, but they represent the throngs of people who gathered across the nation to mournfully view Lincoln’s coffin as it was taken by train from Washington, D.C., to Springfield, Illinois.
The crowds remind the reader that the speaker of the poem is not alone in lamenting his Captain’s death, but rather shares this experience with the masses.
In this manner the poem is in keeping with Whitman’s experience. The poet himself had a powerful personal reaction to the news of Lincoln’s death. Lincoln was the Captain and father- figure of an entire nation and so the poet’s grief, while central to the poem, is shared by the rest of the country.
In the next group of lines, the speaker of the poem again entreats his Captain to “hear.” In this case he may be referring to the bells of the first stanza, or perhaps to himself, his pleas. More importantly, the speaker for the first time calls his Captain “father.”
In this manner, Whitman expands the metaphor for Lincoln beyond the more limited scope of a military leader of men into a father figure, one whose wisdom and teachings led his children into adulthood.
The poem celebrates Lincoln as more than simply a great military leader who led the Union to victory during the Civil War and attaches to him a broader significance as the father of this new, posts slavery country.
In Lines 15-16 the speaker asserts that this must all be a bad dream. Here the poem captures the speaker’s denial; the emotional impact of Lincoln’s demise has made it almost impossible for the speaker to accept.
The refrain “fallen cold and dead,” is slightly altered in this stanza in that it is apparently addressed to the Captain. The effect is to again reinforce the speaker’s difficulty in coming to terms with his Captain’s death; even though his Captain is dead, the speaker continues to speak to him as though he were alive.
The speaker of the poem is no longer able to hold out hope and faces up to the reality of his Captain’s death. The details and images evoked in these lines all serve to reiterate that the Captain is deceased: his pallid lips, lack of a pulse, and lack of will.
Unlike the two previous stanzas, the speaker in no way addresses his Captain directly but speaks of him entirely in the third- person. In this sense, he has finally accepted that his Captain is dead.
Having finally faced up to his Captain’s death, the speaker then turns his attention back to the recent victory.
Lines 19-24 suggest again the internal division suffered by the speaker of the poem. Having accepted that his Captain is indeed dead, it would seem he can now return his attention to the military victory. After all, one could surely argue that the plight of an entire nation of people far outweighs the fate of a single man.
Nevertheless, the speaker of the poem chooses the individual over the larger nation. While “Exult O shores, and ring O bells” is explicitly a call for rejoicing, the speaker himself will not celebrate but will walk “with mournful tread,” knowing that his Captain is indeed “Fallen cold and dead.”
The speaker thus celebrates the end of the Civil War but continues to express his need to mourn his fallen hero.
A startling aspect of this poem is that the speaker shows such commitment his fallen leader, referring to him as “my Captain” and even “my father.” death, as a matter of fact, is sufficiently striking that it balances out the victory that is portrayed here as a voyage so successful that crowds eagerly cheer as the ship docks.
As a tribute to President Lincoln, a man whom Whitman never met once in his life, this poem shows more fierce loyalty ran could even be expected from actual ship’s crews or actual sons; it is a loyalty that does show itself sometimes in political followers. Whitman was politically involved, which was a part of his passion for life, and his enthusiasm was particularly sparked by Lincoln, who represented all that he thought a president should be.
As early as 1855, in his essay “The Eighteenth Presidency,” Whitman showed absolute, vinegary disgust with the quality of men who had been holding the highest office in the land. In that essay he asks, “Where is the spirit of manliness and common sense of These Sates? It does not appear in the government. It does not appear at all in the presidency.”
At times in that essay, Whitman’s annoyance and talent for metaphor took him beyond the spirit of analysis, down near a level of name-calling. The President,” he wrote, expressing sadness at Franklin Pierce’s policies of appeasing slave owners, “eats dirt and excrement for his daily meals, likes t. and tries to force it on The State.”
It is barely surprising that Whitman would feel, when Lincoln was elected in 1860, that at last someone what snared his spirit, courage, and love of democracy had finally arrived.
The art of loyalty described in this poem does not come from observing the world passively: it grows out of dealing with one disappointment after another and lastly finding one’s ideal turned into reality.