The theoretical subtlety and interdisciplinary method employed in Dialectic of Enlightenment, making use of conceptual vocabularies with which I am unfamiliar, has afforded me little confidence that I’ve really grasped the overarching thesis, such as there is one. But having attempted to supplement my reading with other reviews, academic articles, YouTube videos, and even the unperplexable Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and having found each of them perfectly at odds with one another and with my own interpretation of the text, I am consoled with the knowledge that nobody truly understands what this book is trying to say, nor in fact is there any agreement on what the eponymous dialectic of enlightenment actually is. Each interpreter shares a vague notion that Enlightenment, defined very broadly as “the advance of thought,” has a heretofore hidden dialectical antithesis, which has made its historical development simultaneously one of progress and regress, knowledge and superstition, clarity and myth, freedom and enslavement; that the primitive, irrational forces that gathered in the land of the Aufklärer in the 1930s, at that time the most technologically advanced, industrially capacious, and intellectually sophisticated society in the world, represented not so much the supplantation of Enlightenment as something self-subverting in its very concept. But as for what this dialectical inversion entails and how it comes about, there seem to be as many hypotheses as there are readers. So here’s mine.
Enlightenment is the endeavor of humanity to free itself from its primordial fear of the irrational, unassimilated forces of nature by achieving what Francis Bacon called a “happy match” between mind and world. The establishment of a perfect correspondence between thought and nature promises liberation through total control; Enlightenment, by definition, must be totalizing in order to achieve its ends, leaving nothing outside of its purview. Knowledge is taken to be synonymous with power; both the collective power of humanity over a disenchanted world reduced to fungible use values and, in bourgeois society, the power of the individuated ego to sustain and aggrandize itself through the exploitation of others: “What human beings seek to learn from nature is how to use it to dominate wholly both it and human beings.” The world exists only insofar as it is useful according to the exclusive ethical imperative of self-preservation, whether it takes the form of natural resources or alienated labor. Scientific method, the philosophies of positivism and pragmatism, and the capitalist social order are all aspects of Enlightenment as a conceptual model which employs abstraction, quantification, and equivalence to make nature palatable to humanity’s material needs, which it takes to be its only needs. As such, Enlightenment is ultimately not a quest to understand the world in itself, but an effort to assimilate the world through technology, through method.
In this it is akin to magic and myth. In primitive consciousness, nature takes on the form of an undifferentiated mana, which is enhypostatized by animistic cultures as an array of spiritual powers whom the shaman channels, appeases, or indeed becomes—the individual ego-self is not yet strictly defined—through mimesis. Natural forces are domesticated within the magic circle just as they are within the ritual borders of the ancient polis or the boundaries of a work of art. Nature spirits become the mercurial and all-too-human gods of classical mythology, which still carry the uncircumscribed power of mana but are also capable both of feuding among themselves and being duped by mortals like the archetypal trickster-hero Odysseus, who uses their power against itself in a quasi-enlightened, “technological” way, but ultimately remains enmeshed within nature’s foreclosure of the absolute, experienced as tragedy, fate, the cyclicality of existence, the “eternality of the actual,” and the “domination of the world as truth.”
Monotheism, particularly as embodied by post-exilic Judaism, is the most successful effort to disempower nature by turning its magic against itself; a triumph memorably depicted in the figure of Moses the antimagician. It posits a single God Who is also the absolute reality; Who not only represents the full force of nature but also, as spirit and absolute self, opposes it, surpasses it, and offers liberation from it in the form of His covenants with humanity (Noahide, Abrahamic, Mosaic) and the Messianic promise. Insofar as it perfects the bifurcation between conscious self and nature while disarming the latter, Judaism is the patriarchal religion par excellence. The blindness and ambiguity of pagan fate is replaced by the judgments of an Omniscience Who enmeshes humanity in a web of law and transgression, debt and credit, sin and righteousness; inexorable fate becomes inescapable command. The performance of mitzvot preserves the "reconciling memory" of ritual adaptation to nature (mimesis), while the prohibition of idolatry prevents Judaism from "relapsing through symbols into mythology," which is, at base, the reification of unconscious nature as false truth—false consciousness. The authors thus present a sophisticated version of an idea that became a commonplace of subsequent theorizations about the nature of antisemitism: that the Jews attract the hatred of the ideologically blinded because they are in essence a people without myths.
Christianity, at least in common Protestant acceptations, offers liberation from the matrix of commandments by positing faith and love over works of the law; but for doing so it pays a heavy price. The doctrine of the Incarnation reintroduces the symbol in the form of Christ, the divine-human mediator, Whose mortal human appearance—and by extension, the appearance of the material world as such—is shown to be distinct from His divine essence. Nature again becomes a hidden "essence" or "force" lurking behind its local instantiations; the chief characteristic of magical thinking. The effect of this "doubling of nature into appearance and essence" is "the spiritualization of magic"; it represents a reversion to the animistic consciousness in which the totality of nature in its unassimilable power is "named" in a particular object which serves as its symbol and ameliorates human fear: a condition addressed by myth and science alike. By drawing the absolute closer to the finite, Christianity risks making the finite absolute, reintroducing an element of fetishism.
The progress of Enlightenment gradually purifies the world of its animistic presences, driving the gods and the shadowy metaphysical concepts that succeed them from the immanent realm to a transcendent one, which is then sealed off by positivism. The individual subject is established, and the multiplicity of nature is reduced to an abstract unity, disenchanted and made consumable for the subject’s self-preservation. Through the universal knowledge-power of technology and industry, Enlightenment seems poised to close its circle around the world, effecting the complete assimilation of nature by society and consummating Bacon’s happy match.
But herein lies a paradox: because Enlightenment entails the manipulation of nature through organized mimesis, “tricking” it to make it the servant of subjectivized human ends, the completion of Enlightenment, which promises the liberation of the subject from fear and powerlessness, becomes at the same time a reversion to myth, eradicating the subject and again foreclosing the absolute with the “domination of the world as truth.” “Myth is already enlightenment, and enlightenment reverts to mythology.” “Civilization is the triumph of society over nature—a triumph which transforms everything into mere nature.” In the very act of subjugating nature, Enlightenment blindly reproduces it. Once unified through the conceptual synthesis of Enlightenment, nature—including human beings, now themselves disenchanted and objectified—becomes an undifferentiated whole, not altogether distinct from the amorphous mana of primitive consciousness. The enclosure of nature by society becomes the collapse of the latter into the former; the “sameness” of the disenchanted world proves to be akin to the “sameness” of the shaman’s mimetic identification with nature.
Reality again proves itself beyond the remit of consciousness even under the guise of Enlightenment’s conceptual systems, reasserting itself in the form of new, unrecognized mythological symbols. Instead of realizing itself through true self-knowledge, Enlightenment humanity has become subject to extreme forms of self-alienation, unconscious projection, and blind self-assertion, all of which were manifested most notoriously in the irrationalism, paranoia, scapegoating, and extreme violence of the Third Reich.
What is needed, Adorno and Horkheimer argue, is a new concept of Enlightenment in which thought is liberated from power, and thus from violence and ideological blindness. Only a humanity which truly knows itself, having given up its quest for patriarchal domination and assimilated the darkness festering underneath its pretensions to omniscience, can achieve a truly human state, rather than succumbing to new forms of madness and barbarity.