Nice collection of essays. I liked the title essay very much: "every time is transition time". In this essay von der Dunk convincingly argues against cultural pessimism: every time has his intellectuals - sometimes very prominent people - that warn against the downward trend of culture. By that they usually mean that the intellectual level of debates is getting very low, that young people no longer have knowledge of past things, and that shared values no longer are respected, in short, that everything goes to shit (pardon my language). Sometimes these lamentations are really fashionable amongst intellectuals. von der Dunk's analysis is very poignant: every generation holds on to what it has learned, to the values and standards they had to hold high in their youth, and every generation has a clear view on where it stands in history, as if this era is the culmination of the growth of civilization; it is a very natural tendency to make our own time into a normative one; but ... history shows a continuous shift in almost all human matters, "every time is a transition time", and thus there is a permanent tension between what has been and what is going to be. Perhaps (this is my interpretation) intellectuals are more susceptible to cultural pessimism, because they are - more than ordinary people - focussed on the analysis of their own time, and in that way can sooner detect what is changing. Von der Dunk adds a rather scornful remark to this: perhaps cultural pessimism is a psychological phenomenon, of people with megalomanic minds more susceptible of sublimation of their own frustrations... Who am I to disagree?