She does not use a personal account like Friedan. Instead, she makes a historical argument that the roots of 2nd wave feminism come from women’s experiences in earlier social movements. Black power and the experiences of organizing, protesting, and cross gender involvement in the Civil Rights movement shaped 2nd wave feminism. The New Left also shaped the Women’s Liberation movement both positively and negatively. Positively in that organizational skill, self-confidence, political acumen, and a language by which to espouse dissatisfaction were all found in the New Left. Negatively because the Machismo of the New Left often did not treat women as equals; it relegated them to making coffee and copies. In short, they were exploited in the New Left as well as outside of it.
Evans discovers that, in a telling example, one prominent SDSer could not recall the name of a single female member, while a comparison with meeting minutes reveals that many women played a number of important roles in the very same meeting. Problematically, Personal Politics has a limited scope. It is convincing in showing the effects SDS had on its members, but these experiences do not speak to the larger American population of the 1960s. Evan’s cites women’s trend of decentralization and short-lived groupings as a failure in organization. Yet as Linda Gordon points out, feminist thought and New Left thought both endorsed these approaches as critiques to bureaucratization and over-management inherent in the US society, government, and universities.
The first to draw comparisons between racial and gender inequality were southerners in the 1830s-1840s. Missionizing brought whites women into black communities where they first discovered equality (soc book review). This mimics the pattern of the 1960s, when southern white women got involved with Civil Rights. White women were expelled from the center of a campaign meant to end discrimination. Male-Female relationships in Civil Rights were compounded by race; not so in the New Left. IN this white middle-class movement, “reactions to sexism could not be labeled racism.” (711 contemporary sociology, sept. 1980, 9, no. 5). The New Left pushed for personal politics—a way to motivate activists by having them self-identify with social issues. Women within the movement also began to focus on the personal as political. Their personal experiences with discrimination (sexism) were more authentic than say, that of white middle class males engaged in political actions against a war they never fought or against discrimination they never felt. Turning the personal into the political was a powerful way for women to exert agency. The New Left failed to acknowledge women’s place in their movement, and women began to break with the New Left. In 1967, women made a clean break with the New Left and began to build the radical feminist movement. BECAUSE WOMEN WERE EXCLUDED FROM CIVIL RIGHT AND THE NEW LEFT, THEY FORMED THEIR OWN MOVEMENT. STILL, IT WAS WITHIN THE NEW LEFT AND CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS THAT WOMEN ORGANIZED. So, not necessarily a response to these movements, but an offshoot of them.
(According to a review in Contemporary Sociology) five factors shaped women’s consciousness.
1. Protest movements (Civil Rights, New Left) allowed for women to realize their capabilities and self-worth.
2. With success, certain women became role models for other women. The movement built upon itself.
3. Ideology that explained the sources of injustice were in place by the New Left and Civil Rights movement. Feminists need only to adopt this model, not create a new one.
4. Women involved in movements attempted to change a culture of passivity; these movements did not allow for such changes.
5. Civil Rights and New Left provided a network by which women could meet and later organize.