SAND CASTING - SAND MOLDS-TYPES OF MOLDING SANDS AND TESTING -SAND MOLDING MACHINES GATING SYSTEM - VACUUM CASTING - SLUSH CASTING - PRESSURE CASTING - DIE CASTING - CENTRIFUGAL -DEFECTS IN CASTINGS - SIMPLE -NEUTRAL POINT - HOT AND COLD ROLLING - ROLLING OF TUBES, WHEELS, AXLES - COINING - HEADING PIERCING - DRAFT ANGLES - DIE MATERIALS AND LUBRICATION DIE - 3-2-1 PRINCIPLE OF LOCATING - CLAMPS -SWING CLAMPS -HINGE CLAMPS - BENDING FORCE - STRETCH FORMING