Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life

by Henri Lefebvre, Gerald Moore (Translator), Stuart Elden (Translator)

Rhythmanalysis displays all the characteristics which made Lefebvre one of the most important Marxist thinkers of the twentieth century. In the analysis of rhythms -- both biological and social -- Lefebvre shows the interrelation of space and time in the understanding of everyday life.With dazzling skills, Lefebvre moves between discussions of music, the commodity, measurement, the media and the city. In doing so he shows how a non-linear conception of time and history balanced his famous rethinking of the question of space. This volume also includes his earlier essays on "The Rhythmanalysis Project" and "Attempt at the Rhythmanalysis of Mediterranean Towns."

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, Theory, Architecture, Urbanism, Music, Space

112 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1992

About the author

Henri Lefebvre was a French sociologist, Marxist intellectual, and philosopher, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism, existentialism, and structuralism.

In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles. He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as Philosophies, La Revue Marxiste, Arguments, Socialisme et Barbarie, Espaces et Sociétés.

Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosophy magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:
the most prolific of French Marxist intellectuals, died during the night of 28–29 June 1991, less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthday. During his long career, his work has gone in and out of fashion several times, and has influenced the development not only of philosophy but also of sociology, geography, political science and literary criticism.

Reviews

[Eli Za]

این کتاب را یکی از دوستان عزیز گودریدز، وقتی برای اولین بار همدیگر را ملاقات کردیم، به من هدیه داد. از آنجا که تجربه ملاقات حضوری دوستان مجازی، تجربه خاصی است، هدیه‌هایی هم که در این ملاقات‌ها رد و بدل می‌شوند، خاص می‌شوند. اما راستش را بخواهید، بخش اعظمی از کتاب را نفهمیدم. به نظرم محتوای کتاب، محتوای سختی است، ترجمه آن هم چندان چنگی به دل نمی‌زند. خود نویسنده هم در پروراندن دقیق ایده‌اش و نمایش کاربرد دقیق آنچه ارائه می‌کند در فلسفه و تحلیل اجتماعی و لزوم چنین کاربردی، آنقدرها موفق نبوده است. هرچند ارائه چنین ایده‌هایی همواره دروازه‌های جدیدی به روی تخیل می‌گشایند، برای تداوم پروژه‌های ناتمام. از طرفی آشنایی با بعضی مفاهیم حوزه موسیقی مثل ملودی، هارمونی و ... برای درک بخش‌ اعظمی از کتاب ضروری است (که متأسفانه من هیچ درکی از این مفاهیم ندارم و هنگام مطالعه کتاب، به شدت احساس بی‌سوادی کردم.).

کتاب مجموعه چند مقاله است با موضوع محوری ضرباهنگ. ضرباهنگ چیست؟ و تحلیل ضرباهنگ در فضای شهری چگونه است؟ در جایی از کتاب، نویسنده تحلیل ضرباهنگ شهر را تحلیل «حال و هوا»ی شهر می‌داند، امری که مستلزم ترکیب تحلیل منطقی و شاعرانگی است. حداقل کارکرد این کتاب برای من این بود که کنجکاوی‌ام را نسبت به پدیده‌ای به نام «ضرباهنگ» و کاربرد آن در تحلیل جهان اجتماعی، برانگیخت.

و در نهایت اینکه:
«هیچ تکرار مطلق نامحدودی وجود ندارد.»
‌

[S. Alberto ⁻⁷ (yearning) · Rating 4 out of 5]

Despite its dense and sometimes meandering prose, it offers a fascinating lens through which to understand the rhythms that structure our everyday lives. Lefebvre’s exploration of time, space, and movement as interconnected forces shaping urban life feels especially relevant in today’s fast-paced world. His concept of rhythmanalysis—examining the cyclical and linear patterns that govern both cities and bodies—adds a poetic and almost musical dimension to social theory.

I read this for my Sociology of Sound seminar, and it provided a unique theoretical foundation for thinking about how sound and rhythm influence social life. One of the aspects I particularly appreciated was Lefebvre’s distinction between linear cycles (such as work schedules, train timetables, or capitalist production cycles) and cyclical cycles (like seasons, bodily rhythms, or natural time). This contrast helped me think about how different types of time structure our experiences, with some rhythms feeling imposed and rigid, while others follow organic, recurring patterns.

That said, while the book offers brilliant insights, its structure and abstract style can make it a challenging read. Some sections feel repetitive, and the theoretical applications could have been expanded upon with more concrete examples. Still, I found its core ideas thought-provoking, particularly in how it invites us to think about the unnoticed rhythms that guide our experiences—whether it’s the tempo of a city street, the pacing of work and rest, or the interplay of natural and social rhythms.

Overall, Rhythmanalysis is an essential read for anyone interested in sociology, philosophy, or urban studies. It may not be the easiest text to digest, but its reflections on space, time, and embodiment make it well worth the effort.

[Elisa · Rating 3 out of 5]

Oh those French post-structuralists make my head hurt a little bit.

[Aaron Schmid · Rating 4 out of 5]

[Some of my highlights at the bottom]

This was not an easy book... probably because I hardly ever read things so "academically oriented".

Let me be the first to tell you, that I almost definitely failed to grasp (at least in totality) the depths of Lefebvre's pontifications :P

This book absolutely belongs to the realm of analysis and critique - a genre to which I'm relatively new. That being said, I'm finding these sort of books to be extremely rewarding and more than a little enlightening :) Disclaimer: This is some extremely wordy literature, and it took quite a bit of effort for me to get through. The way Lefebvre writes - with a billion questions - is borderline insanity. I respect his self-awareness in this regard, as he does mention his propensity for questions, but please... just phrase the question into a statement, Henri! Perhaps it's simply due to the difficulty of translation, but Rhythmanalysis definitely pushed my comprehension skill to the limit (although the upstairs neighbors didn't help). I could only tackle it in small chunks (as it's extremely dense), and almost never right before bed... I needed to be wide awake for this one.

However, the difficulty never stymied my curiosity, and I found myself reaching for this time and time again - never with a grimace. I hardly want to return it to my friend... I could imagine going back to these pages again in the future, for reference on ideas that come to mind during those quiet hours of the night... maybe I'll just send him a new copy, haha.

Let's get this straight: I don't consider myself a Marxist (AT ALL), but I definitely felt the attraction of Lefebvre's anti-capitalist bent. However, there were several passages that I'm not sure I quite agree with. Much of this book seemed almost melancholy - like it was reminiscent of some alternate historical reality, where man was tuned to different senses and (wait for it) rhythms.

Bah, I could go on, but I won't... I doubt anyone will read this whole review anyway. I'll just drop a few highlights for those who are interested in sampling:

"The visible moving parts hide the machinery"

"Might there be hidden, secret, rhythms, hence inaccessible movements and temporalities? No, because there are no secrets. Everything knows itself, but not everything says itself, publicises itself. Do not confuse silence with secrets! That which is forbidden from being said, be it external or intimate, produces an obscure, but not a secret, zone."

"If you take it for what it is (a paint-daubed or coloured scrap of paper), it falls short of its goal. If you take it for what it seeks to evoke, it accomplishes it. You have to 'have confidence' in the photo, painting, drawing. It has become a sort of social, also known as aesthetic (not moral), obligation that gives rise to abuse. But if you have the ability to take the flows and streams (T.V., the press, etc.) as rhythms among others, you avoid the trap of the present that gives itself as presence and seeks the effects of presences. The latter are the facts of both nature and culture, at the same time sensible, affective and moral rather than imaginary.
Through a kind of magic, images change what they reach (and claim to reproduce) into things, and presence into simulacra, the present, the this."

"Just as beyond the horizon, other horizons loom without being present, so beyond the sensible and visible order, which reveals political power, other orders suggest themselves: a logic, a division of labour, leisure activities are also produced (and productive), although they are proclaimed free and even 'free time'. Isn't this freedom also a product?"

I'll probably be doing more research into Rhythmanalysis very soon.

I have no idea what kind of person I'd recommend this to :P haha.

[Kevin · Rating 5 out of 5]

An amazing little book that significantly advances how social scientists can think about time and incorporate time into their work. This little book has had a major influence on my own work--particularly on my book OBJECTS OF TIME.

[Margarita · Rating 4 out of 5]

The (social) production of (social) time.

[s · Rating 5 out of 5]

People really are the measure of all things... much to think about

[Esteban · Rating 2 out of 5]

El entusiasmo del programatismo perpetuo: "¡Me propongo fundar una ciencia entera! ¡Va a ser crítica, transformadora y de izquierda! ¡Reivindicará al cuerpo, nos librará de la alienación burguesa y tendrá por nombre un neologismo nauseabundo!".
Más allá de ese rasgo de estilo típico de los ensayistas franceses, las pocas intuiciones interesantes en este conjunto de artículos están empantanadas por la pedantería y el esquematismo, que se hacen especialmente graves cuando Lefebvre habla de música.
Es una lástima, porque la idea de plantear al ritmo como noción elemental transdisciplinaria es buena. Merece que la traten mejor.

[Steve Chisnell · Rating 4 out of 5]

The last line of one of the appendices reads "To be undertaken." And that feels a just summation of this work, a book of promises and perspectives, occasional near-profound ideas and the argument for a transdisciplinary approach to understanding the world through the not-metaphor of rhythms. If we choose to become reflective analysts (not a contradiction) and perceive that the dialectic is not limited to binary and social discourse, we fall into a necessity (or definition of justice) for building a healthy society through the alignment of the layers of our creation with those of the planet itself. Lefebvre's idea is alluring, though perhaps insurmountable for our limited cognition, and I'm not certain from this text that he foresees a kind of determinism in the outcomes that would work in opposition to free will and Marxist thinking. Too, it seems equally possible for a simplification of his ideas to fall into a sort of mysticism. Neither of these preferable, his own forays into applications of the idea (in a very brief and intentional introductory work) offer no insights that point to pragmatic use.

[Alexandra · Rating 4 out of 5]

Do we think he listened to the Eurythmics' Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) while writing?

[Jade Aslain · Rating 4 out of 5]

Admittedly, this text is an unfinished 4th volume of Critique of Everyday Life, and that is why it leaves something to be desired. It would be a 5 star had Lefebvre managed to complete it before his time expired. Such is the rhythm of history.
A thorough-going research project, to further develop the theory, might pair this text with Kohler's Gestalt Psychology, Mauss's Physio-psycho-sociology, Lehar's Harmonic Resonance Theory, and, though its direct connection may require demonstration, Adorno's Aesthetic Theory. Yes, I was quite taken aback by Lefebvre's essay on musical rhythm, which struck me as an Adornian (qua negative dialectics and socio-historical development) take on the triadic movement of melody-harmony-rhythm. Most noteworthy is the role of rhythmanalysis in organization theory, as a form of spontaneous organization. Hence it coincides with gestalt theory and aesthetic theory; and with Mauss, because of the primordial link between the body, the psyche, and the socius, through rhythm, song and dance. But Lefebvre has much insight to offer that none of these other studies covered. He places each of these other studies (and more) specifically in the context of rhythm, where the field is transformed by being translated into a dialectic of time-space-energy. Thus the concepts of a physio-psycho-sociology blossom in ways perhaps never before explored. Most intriguing to me was the idea that rhythm blurs the distinction between time and space, or put more distinctly in the essay on musical rhythm, rhythm defies the distinction between melody (temporal) and harmony (spatial). That is, much in the same way that movements, rhythms, of energy, blur the distinction between time and space. Derrida lovers will notice the value of this, where in Derrida's Gramatology, in the discussion on differance, there is the spatialization of time and its reciprocal, the temporalization of space. In this basic concept lies the kernel of communication, communicative reason; isorhythmia in the present context.
There is so much more to be said about this book. All I will say further is that I highly recommend it, but to those especially who are prepared to extrapolate from the text based on a prior knowledge of sociology, of phenomenology (which this text most certainly is) and of dialectics. Otherwise this text, for want of completion, may say little more to you than the obvious.

[Books from Faeries · Rating 1 out of 5]

"If you take it for what it is (a paint daubed or colored scrap of paper), it fall short of its goal. If you take it for what it seeks to evoke, it accomplish it". [on art]

⇻ What I Found Interesting :

I liked the reflections on art and images, the importance of what they want to represent or stand for. As seen in the quote above.

He also discusses the idea of time being in small segments (rhythms) that are different depending on the situation, moment, place. He also discusses repetitions and that, despite repeating things seem that they are the same action, they are not because many other elements can change, and because it is not the first time doing it so, it will necessarily be different.

⇻ What I Found Horrible :

Lefebvre writes a a Maxist philosopher, and obviously he will write against Capitalism. But what's wrong with hygiene?! Like no, Capitalism didn't invent hygiene nor the Western!!! How can he highlight this so much?

Even saying that Women have been submitted and mistreated by the pressure of following hygienic issues, and that Feminist movements have been blind on that.

As a matter of fact, hygiene was relevant for indigenous people BEFORE Europeans came to destroy their cultures! It is not a modern creation! Indigenous people bathed themselves everyday, cleaned their teeths, and even wore some products for shinning. Mapuche women, for example, used some plants, like Quillay, in their hair for shinning and cleaning BEFORE it was used in a shampoo that you can nowadays can buy at supermarket even if you don't have access to Quillay and don't live in South America!!!! And what about Shea butter used since years and years ago by some African women?!

Another example that you can even find in literature, in Toni Morrison's "A Mercy" where she clearly explains that some Native American people were even punished because they bathed everyday, and European missionaries fooly said that they did that because they were sinful!

As a feminist myself, I truly disliked that discussion. It is terrible when authors use generalisations about something just to argue against their political ideals. They end destroying and marginalising other beliefs!!!!


My one star is on how he discusses art and time. But, it reminds me a bit of The Life of the Modern Artist by Charles Baudelaire where he discusses Modernity. Also, some ideas are discussed by Michelle Foucault, and Frederick Jameson.

[Laçin Tutalar · Rating 3 out of 5]

In my third round reading this, coming back to the book after a fieldwork and several other materials on sound and noise, I am sad that this remained an incomplete text. There are downsides next to upsides; there are questionable perspective next to great insights on especially the Mediterranean; there are parts to the book that requires referring to Lefebvre's other works in order not to mistake the arguments and explications for doing some crude dualism. But this is only an introduction; it was meant to go on. I find solace that I get away with a number of critical turnstiles to use in my work; after all, he never let go of the body!

[Tom · Rating 3 out of 5]

A moderately interesting account of how rhythm can play a quintessential role in understanding complex social and spatial issues. Lefebvre has quite a few interesting ideas, but fails to supply a convincing practical use for them. I did like his views on cyclical and linear progression of time, but I felt as if 'Rhythmanalysis' is mostly interesting on a poetic level, and not so much on a philosophical level.

[Amir Heidari · Rating 5 out of 5]

شرح تك تك لحظات پرسه زدن من در خيابان ها

[Frobisher Smith · Rating 5 out of 5]

A very dense, very rewarding text by Lefebvre. This is the general theory of the space-time of the everyday: the relative and rhythmic interactions of subjects and objects in space and time, as experienced in everyday, human dimensions. It is wonderful compendium of fascinating thoughts on the rhythms of life, and I think it's quite valuable today for anyone who wants to encounter some deep thinking on how rhythms connect, shape and in many ways, both produce and are produced by the human condition.

[Kendra Strand · Rating 4 out of 5]

I like the idea of rhythm — movements, patterns and repetition, both cyclical and linear— as a key to understanding the relationships between space and time. everything else about Lefebvre’s world view is based on binaries, which is not surprising considering his context but still makes for a strange and often awkward contrast to this complex and otherwise dynamic discussion of rhythm and what/how it can make meaning.

[Hollay · Rating 4 out of 5]

I enjoyed this, and kinda wished I would’ve had a counter for how many times the word rhythm is used. Oh, and thanks to this book I can confidently spell rhythm now.

It offers a good way to think about life and society, and our roles in it and the way our complacency and comfort can play into the perpetuation of toxic systems. Though this part is less apparent and more of a personal extrapolation.

[Taylor Alexander · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a super interesting concept to explore. Lefebvre explores his idea of a new “science” wherein individuals explore facets of how they are influenced by the social world, by simply observing their surroundings.

Naturally this is a more complicated read, less for entertainment, but it does reveal a lot about how our behaviours, thoughts, and even biology are deeply influenced by society.

We could all benefit from some rhythm analysis.

[Cheryl · Rating 2 out of 5]

Yeah it’s fine - some decently interesting bits, but largely waffle which can be skimmed through. I think really this book is a watered down version of an earlier essay by Lefebvre which is handily published at the end of Rhythmanalysis, titled ‘The Rhythmanalytical Project’ - I’d suggest jut reading the essay, I found it a lot more impactful

[christian metoyer · Rating 4 out of 5]

Rhythm analysis! Rhythms are all around us from our body and the society surrounding us. He combines space, time, and energy together into rhythm. EXACTLY what i have been looking for for my thesis and decided this is my topic. Namely looking at how we can slow down rhythms in an ever quickening society. LETS GOOOO

[Ömer Fidan · Rating 4 out of 5]

Hayatınızdaki ritimleri görebilmek adına yararlı bir kaynak diyebilirim. Eğer konuya ilginiz olmayıp meraktan oluyacaksanız sıkılma ihtimaliniz yüksek. Bu nedenle yabancı diliniz varsa orjinalinden okumanızı öneririm. Keyifli okumalar. @gundembizim

[Kawthar Wamala · Rating 4 out of 5]

Thought provoking read on the relations between rhythm of the body and other subjects. While it is inconclusive, it offers a great starting point in analysing the need for complex and diverse cities and the role this plays in setting the tone of the urban.

[Berat Chavez · Rating 5 out of 5]

One of the best things I've read in a long time.

[Kellynn Wee · Rating 3 out of 5]

i just really like it when lefebvre gets all poetic

[Edward Irons · Rating 3 out of 5]

Lefebvre has brilliant insights, some stimulating ideas on method. But hard to pin down in details and definitions. Place is a consistent theme in all his writings.

[Ayush · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting extension of Production of Space, and one that has to be read multiple times before one gets at the heart of what LEfebvre is suggesting.

[atito]

i forgor i read this

[liv · Rating 2 out of 5]

this killed me

[Sara Hosseini · Rating 2 out of 5]

I love reading about time.