I think what I like the most about reading through this series is getting the inside scoop, as it were, in an abbreviated, concise manner, on the major events in American history that most of us, at least, kind of know, but often in just a general sense. This volume, as with many of the others, provides a solid introduction for the events which changed the world, as inexplicable as they often are. These short, easily-accessible treatises also usually do an admirable job of humanizing the figures they address, reminding readers that these were actually people, not just abstract figures or names to be memorized, in a way in which many other books, including school textbooks, just don't.
This series also demonstrates that it's rarely a single factor which leads to groundbreaking advances that usher in a new era. In this case, the Wright brothers were probably more heavily influenced by their mother rather than their father, who traveled extensively, in terms of their mechanical and scientific prowess, which was certainly unusual at the time. Susan Catherine Koener, who was reportedly something of a prodigy herself, like her sons, had in early childhood developed an almost unheard-of aptitude for mathematics and science, and likewise spent time in her father's workshop experimenting with tools and crafting experiments of her own. She later attended Hartville College in Indiana, a United Brethren institution, although it was highly unusual for a woman to attend university in the mid-nineteenth century. She continued studies in science and mathematics, and there met the boys' father, Milton Wright, at age 22. They were eventually married when she was 28 and he was 31. Susan had seven children, five of whom survived.
As the book notes, Susan was a skilled craftswoman herself, and tutored her children, as well as creating toys for them and appliances for herself. The boys continued to consult her when they needed mechanical advice, as in the construction of their sled, which is described in the book. Susan reportedly died after a years-long battle with tuberculosis in her 50s. After her death, Orville himself noted the great influence their mother had on their early life, stating that they were "lucky enough to grow up in a home where there was always much encouragement to children to pursue intellectual interests and to investigate whatever aroused their curiosity."
That curiosity for flight first manifested with bird-watching in early childhood, which graduated to kite construction. The brothers also worked on their family home on Hawthorn Street in Dayton, reportedly constructing an elaborate wrap-around porch in the 1890s. They became skilled craftsmen and inventors even in childhood, launching a carting business after building a wagon out of spare parts and offering hauling services to neighboring farms. They next launched a printing business, in 1889, after they built their own printing press and began a weekly newspaper, eventually expanding, as the book notes, to commercial printing. Upon becoming somewhat bored with that venture, the brothers then launched a bicycle construction business, capitalizing on its newly-realized popularity, and began building their own brand in 1896.
The proceeds from their highly successful bicycle venture was what allowed the boys to engage in their interest in flight. They had reportedly seen newspaper articles about gliders created by various European figures, including Otto Lilientha in Germany, an aviation pioneer who developed the modern curved wing design. Along with Octave Chanute, a French-American civil engineer who is often called the Father of Aviation, Lilientha's initial attempts with various glider models, first in 1891, are credited with the beginnings of human flight. Surviving photographs show a glider highly reminiscent of the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, as both were based on the mechanics of bird wings - in Lilientha's case, the white stork, in particular.
As with many other aviation pioneers, his life was relatively short-lived, however, as he suffered a fatal cervical fracture in a hang glider crash in 1896 at the age of 48. Lilientha reportedly lost control of his glider, which fell from an altitude of about 50 feet. Surviving for almost 36 hours after the crash (although accounts differ), his last words, which are inscribed on his monument, were reportedly "Opfer müssen gebracht werden!" or "Sacrifices must be made!" These haunting words ring as true today as they did then, and acknowledge the very real danger in developing flight technology - advances in a variety of scientific fields are often accompanied by a toll in human lives, not infrequently those of their developers.
Despite the dangers (both brothers were involved in a series of crashes themselves, although thankfully none resulting in serious injury) the Wright brothers began experimenting with gliders in their spare time, often after a long day spent constructing bicycles. I won't include the details here - the book does a fairly admirable job of that - but will just note the boys' continued efforts to perfect gliding from about 1900, until they achieved the first flight in 1903. The first powered flight occurred on Dec. 16, 1903, at a site known known as Kill Devil Hills, located about four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Prodigious young men with a strong work ethic and insatiable curiosity, the boys were reportedly good friends, despite their age difference (four years), even in childhood. Both were singularly obsessed with their work. Neither married or had children. Wilbur once stated that he "did not have time for both a wife and an airplane!" They were both named for clergymen that their bishop father reportedly admired (the brothers were known as the Bishop's Boys in their youth). As with Thomas Edison and other famous inventors and pioneers, neither even graduated from high school, preferring instead to work on their own projects and to make their own way. This became a serious impediment in their later years on account of their lack of business savvy when they began to encounter competitors, however.
As the book notes, although Orville nearly died from an episode of Typhoid fever as a young man, the same disease would ultimately claim the life of his brother, Wilbur, in 1912, at the age of 45. The latter reportedly had become ill on a business trip to Boston in April of that year - a malady sometimes attributed to eating bad shellfish at a banquet - but after returning to Dayton in early May, 1912, the condition returned, and Wilbur was diagnosed with Typhoid fever. He lingered only a few days before dying on May 30. Their father Milton died at their home in 1917, at the age of 88. Sister Katherine eventually married, in 1926, which reportedly infuriated surviving brother Orville, but she died of pneumonia only a few years later, in 1929. Orville lived another 35 years after his brother's death, dying at age 76, in 1948. He lived long enough to fly with Howard Hughes, however, in 1944, which was his last aircraft flight. Orville reportedly commented that the wingspan of Hughes' Lockheed Constellation aircraft was longer than the distance of his first flight!
That in and of itself is an astonishing statement. As close friend, Colonel Deeds, reportedly stated shortly after his death, Orville, at least, in his lifetime, had seen the progression of transportation technology from the horse and buggy to the dawn of supersonic flight. The Wright brothers' legacy lives on, however, and their immortality is assured. If you want to see the original 1903 Wright Flyer, it's located in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. In fact, pieces of the original even made it all the way to space (!), something which the Wright brothers probably never even dreamed of - pieces of fabric and wood from the 1903 Wright Flyer traveled to the Moon in the Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle, and are exhibited at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.
Notwithstanding their renown, is worth noting that flight, a pinnacle of human achievement, was certainly a collaborative effort, resulting from accumulated knowledge and contributions of many pioneers and brilliant minds - at least one of whom paid the ultimate price. These efforts included even behind-the-scenes figures such as the Wright brothers' mother, Susan, herself a brilliant and accomplished, groundbreaking woman who passed her gifts to her sons and fostered their love of learning. Building on the knowledge of others, correspondence with scientists and even weathermen via the National Weather Service, many factors had to be in place for this event to have occurred.
It's clear that someone would have figured it out shortly, if they brothers hadn't, but their advances, particularly the development of a lightweight aluminum engine and spruce propellers (the strength and lightness of which Howard Hughes would utilize decades later with his "Spruce Goose") ushered in a new era as great as that brought by the automobile. The one down side is that almost immediately, interest in a military application became apparent, as aircraft were seen as just another weapon of war. Perhaps an unanticipated consequence of the brothers' efforts, a mere decade later, aircraft would play a decisive role in the skies above Europe during WWI.