My interest in art, music, and literature - and the powerful attraction it has in our lives - has taken me to books by art critics, philosophers, and neuroscientists. When I found this 2010 Verso edition at a bookstore and read the back cover summary about the relationship between the creative imagination and social reality, the author’s avowed rejection of rampant consumerism, and the index showing references to everybody from Beckett to Beethoven, Schopenhauer to Stravinsky, I couldn’t pass it up. I was therefore quite surprised to get on Goodreads and discover that this was originally published as The Necessity of Art: A Marxist Approach. That subtitle appears nowhere on my edition, otherwise I would have rejected the book outright. Now that I’ve discovered that the author was very active in the Leftist-Communist party in Austria after WWII, I feel like I have to put forth the disclaimer that I in no way share Fischer’s views on politics or economics. I think we can all agree by now just how tragically misguided communism was as an ideology.
Organized into five chapters, the first chapter has some interesting observations, but little by little I began to see that every topical exploration was colored by the lens of somebody who uses art (primarily literature, but also painting and music) to support his political ideas. Here is my summary:
The Function of Art. Basically, art pulls us out of our own shell of limited experiences and joins us with the insights and inspirations of another’s life experiences. Already in the first chapter we see Fischer’s anti-Occidental viewpoint, that in lionizing the individual’s autonomy in the world the ancient Greeks set us on a road for an internal conflict between emotion and reason. Fischer and Bertolt Brecht both favored the viewpoint that art acts as a corrective salve, as a surrogate for social (communal) cohesion. Fischer’s concept of art is specifically that the individual being is lost (or absorbed) into a greater collective consciousness. In Fischer’s own words about art: “Whether art soothes or awakens, cast shadows or brings light, it is never merely a clinical description of reality. Its function is to move the whole man, to enable the ‘I’ to identify with another’s life, to make its own what it is not and yet capable of being.”
The Origins of Art. Because man has the advantage of a grasping hand, modern homo-sapiens became, as Benjamin Franklin put it, “a tool-making animal.” From simple tools of utilitarian purpose came tools that made captivating sounds or sprayed color on a cave wall. When man first discovered that his ability to reach fruit in tree was extended by grabbing a stick, this set into motion the idea to compare the efficiency of tools: that a longer stick or stronger stick is better for certain intentions. The development of language from the primate’s primal scream of pain or frustration to sounds that conveyed ever more refined specificity. Lots of discussion of myths, magic, religious rituals, and eleven pages about how class divisions affect the ‘I’ and ‘we’ balance of society.
Art and Capitalism. As the loss of the tradesman and the direct interaction of craftsman and patron fell sway to impersonal and soulless commerce [but this is exactly what Beethoven railed against: being subject to the fickle whims of wealthy patrons!], “Romanticism led out of the well-tended park of Classicism into the wilderness of the wide world,” its movement an inchoate lashing out, the fulmination of the emotion vs. intellect dichotomy set in motion by the ancient Greeks, and the delusional admiration of society for the lone hero against the tyrants of oppression. This led to the degenerate art of nihilism, and the utter failure of modern poetry, citing Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and W.H. Auden as examples of a “montage of heterogeneous scraps” and “intellectual irrationalism.”
Content and Form. Some really wild talking points, including a ten-page aside about how in the Stone Age and primitive societies women used to suckle orphaned animals at their breasts, mostly dogs, who were valued members of the tribe. By Fischer’s reckoning this proves our innate tribal and animal nature, before the terrible affliction of intellect left us lonely and bereft of fellowship. A six-page aside on crystals and how structure and symmetry demonstrate what we value as ‘beautiful’ when the “I” and “we” are in balance (individual molecules and quantum matter are overridden by the “formative order principle”). Talking of van Gogh: “took his motifs from the ‘heart of the people’ , sensing enormous social changes ahead; he lived before the great storm [1917], filled with the bitter knowledge that he would not live to see those better times of clear air after the great storm.” The chapter ends with a discussion of Beethoven’s music, pitting Schopenhauer against Hegel on whether or not music expresses vague in abstracto moods and emotions, or whether we can recognize certain definite and distinctive varieties of joy or sorrow based on context. In this regard I think Fischer has hit upon a reasonable and worthwhile approach to music.
The Loss and Discovery of Realty. A philosophical look at 20th Century writers. After castigating Existentialists like Camus for their “emphasis on detachment and coldness” and their “refusal to recognize any priority among objects, feelings, or events,” Fischer then contrasts this with the ‘innocent’ childlike observational detachment of J.D. Salinger. We also get discussions of Kafka and Goethe, and always how their art dealt with a post-realism world: “The industrialized, commercialized capitalist world has become an outside world of impenetrable connexions and relationships.” Fischer rails against the overt negativity in the creative sphere, and I too share a dislike for most dystopian literature. But he paints socialism as the answer: “Despite all the conflicts it has undergone, socialism remains convinced of the unlimited possibilities that exist for man. The vision of the future expressed by many of the most gifted and sincere artists and writers of the late bourgeois world is negative, indeed apocalyptic. Superficial optimism cannot provide a counterweight to these gloomy views.”
Verdict: a few worthy nuggets are buried deep within - if you care to go digging in the muck. I’ll let Fischer have the final word:
Man, who became man through work, who stepped out of the animal kingdom as transformer of the natural into the artificial, who became therefore the magician, man the creator of social reality, will always stay the great magician, will always be Prometheus bringing fire from heaven to earth.