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意外的國度:蔣介石、美國、與近代台灣的形塑

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《意外的國度》探討「中華民國在台灣」究竟是如何形成的,而這個歷史過程中,美國所扮演的角色又如何轉變。台海兩岸兩個中國政權的存在──一個控制中國大陸,一個控制台灣島──常被理解為中國內戰不可避免的結果。蔣介石的國民黨遭毛澤東擊敗後逃到台灣,建立一個與中共相抗衡的國家,從而創造出國際間棘手的「兩個中國」難題。《意外的國度》挑戰這個傳統說法,帶領讀者從新的視角檢視近代台灣的創建與形塑。

台灣的政治地位從一開始就充滿曲折。此島於甲午戰爭後割讓日本,二次大戰期間同盟國承諾蔣介石,日本戰敗後台灣會還給中國。隨著國共內戰轉為不利於國民黨,美國的決策者重新評估是否繼續支持蔣介石,於是「台灣託管論」開始盛行。之後冷戰對立和擔心台灣落入共黨之手,又使華府調整其政策。但美國對以台灣為最後根據地的中華民國的支持,仍然模稜兩可。台灣這個雖未享有完整主權但實質上存在的國家,得奮力在國際舞台上爭得一席之地。

本書作者林孝庭以中、英文檔案史料為基礎,包括蔣中正總統文物、國民黨黨史資料、蔣介石私人日記、宋子文專檔與美國國務院、中央情報局等相關文件檔案,嘗試描繪出「中華民國在台灣」這段關鍵時刻的另一種歷史風貌,跳脫我們過去所普遍認知的框架,來重述這一段歷史。本書主張中華民國與中國國民黨的黨國體制在台灣形成的歷史過程,遠比過去學界所認知的,要更為複雜與詭譎,其中摻雜著許多以往為人所忽略的歷史因素與因緣際會。這個過程歸於諸多因素,包括二次大戰與戰後許多鮮為人知的,即興式的、未預先設定的、充滿著個人色彩的政策制訂與規畫,甚至蘊藏著歷史意外與巧合。「中華民國在台灣」的歷史形塑過程中,還充分體現出美國政府官方與民間諸多人物,其所曾經扮演過的複雜關鍵角色,同時也與二戰後至冷戰初期,美國在亞太地區的地緣戰略問題,究竟如何與國民黨政權的崩潰和內部權力鬥爭,關係密切。

從1945年到1954年短短十年裡,台灣從日本的一塊殖民地,成為戰後中國的一個省,再從中國邊陲島嶼,轉變為幾乎潰亡的中華民國最後一塊領土根據地,以及國民黨政府最後的權力據點,台灣成為中華民國反共中樞的歷史過程,是意外、偶然、極富戲劇性與不確定性。1943年的開羅會議上,當中、美、英同盟國三巨頭共同討論台灣與澎湖的前途時,沒有人能夠預見,短短十餘年內,台灣會有如此劇烈的演變。在此過程中,美國的角色,上自政府組織下至許許多多個別人士,其政策規劃與制定、諸多大膽的假設與曾經被束之高閣的建言、對國共內戰「錯誤」的局勢推論,其許多的作為與不作為,都對台灣的政治前途,帶來深遠影響,也對形塑「中華民國在台灣」的關鍵時刻,扮演了重要角色。這個1949年以後與由中國共產黨統治的中國大陸不相統屬的中華民國在台灣的形塑,其過程蘊含著許多機緣巧合,與國民黨政府營內部的政治傾軋,國共內戰,以及與冷戰開始後國際強權在東亞地區的地緣戰略與決策,都有著密不可分的關聯。

作者在探討中華民國如何在台灣形塑與深植的過程中,也揭露了許多過去鮮為人知的歷史,並提出新的詮釋。譬如,葛超智在二二八事件中所扮演的角色,其對事件後台灣未來政治發展走向的建言,輾轉為蔣介石所接受,讓台灣有機會脫離統制經濟,逐步推進新的政經架構,並在未來數年間國民黨黨國體制在台灣深化,扮演一個「鋪路」的工作。而1950年6月韓戰的爆發,可說是影響「中華民國在台灣」永久化此一歷史過程中,最重大也最關鍵的意外事件。鮮為人知的是,在韓戰爆發前後的一段時間裡,從蔣介石與南韓大使的密電中可知,他嘗試在東亞地區引發一場大戰,讓他有機會扭轉劣勢並且「翻盤」;加上美國對風雨飄搖國民黨政府的影響,藉由退役海軍上將柯克與其所領導的非正式顧問團,與之後在台灣設立的「西方公司」,以及蔣介石祕密延請日本軍事顧問「白團」,而走向私人化與地下化,都幫助蔣介石與國民黨在台灣存活下來。

時序進入二十一世紀,兩岸關係的起伏,已成為影響東亞地區國際政治格局的重要因素之一,從民進黨首次執政所造成兩岸關係的低潮,到國民黨重新執政期間兩岸關係快速發展,再到民進黨二度執政所帶來雙方未來關係的不確定,面對世局,今日我們重新探索半個多世紀以前,兩岸隔海分立的格局如何產生,中華民國如何在台灣島形塑,以及美國在此一歷史過程中如何扮演其角色,可謂正逢其時,本書各章節之討論,將有助於思考並回答這些重要議題。

368 pages, Paperback

First published March 14, 2016

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Hsiao-ting Lin

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Displaying 1 - 19 of 19 reviews
Profile Image for TG Lin.
289 reviews47 followers
February 22, 2019
如果與作者的另一書《台海、冷戰、蔣介石》比起來,這本由林孝庭所著的《意外的國度︰蔣介石、美國與近代台灣的形塑》的「可讀性」更高。但整體來講,《台海冷戰蔣介石》的內容,反而比較「好看」。原因,就在於「眼界的大小」,《台海冷戰蔣介石》遠比《意外的國度》更加宏觀與開闊︰前者可以看到當時的世界正在發生什麼事(但作者的個人評論較少),後者則是局限在幾位美國相關人士與台灣(但作者個人的評論頗多)。
 
作者的工夫所在是「整理爬梳史料」,因此本書每一章的內容都是「言必有徵」。然而,由於我讀過前書,因此這本專講台灣 1945 ~ 1954 之間所發生的事情,正因為「史料」太多太雜,所以要如何清理篩選,而作者的評論便常常跟著凌亂不堪。最明顯地,就是他書中的主角蔣介石的態度,很容易因著他的某一段日記、某一則他的公開發言、某一些美國人(國務院、中情局、大使館)的檔案內容,便呈現了上上下下起起伏伏的各色繽紛色彩了——這是很真實的描述,但給後人讀史,如此瑣碎反而沒有太大脈絡。比如像當年李敖最愛引蔣介石在某次開會時發飆講氣話說「中華民國已經滅亡了」,然後用這句話來「證明」中國民國已經滅亡,差不多就是這種只有閒聊雜談而無實際歷史意義可言……本書最有趣的正是這種史料抓一則便評論一句,使得蔣介石在他的筆下,一下子反攻大陸、一下子不反攻大陸,讓讀者在內文中看得十分凌亂。這就是資料篩選的問題了。
 
此外,作者似乎對於葛超智(George Kerr)留下的資料照單全收,並作出「台灣人民對國民黨統治的仇恨至今仍難消解」的評述。身為閩南裔的我,個人在青少年到青年的成長時期,正好可以為此作自己的見證︰這種對「二二八事件」的仇恨,不過才廿年的時間而已,主要還是由執政者利用輿論所炒作出來的。而二二八事件的史料已經非常多了,但本書卻未曾提及當年「左派思潮」的流行,特別著重在葛超智的事後回憶,也算是有所偏頗的。
 
至於本書描寫到大陸被中共席捲之後,美國國內各派別的對台評估與作法,只能用「一團混亂」來形容。究竟要不要支持蔣介石(或暗殺或政變)、對陳誠吳國禎與孫立人等實力者要如何利用對待、要不要派出軍援、把台灣託管、是否讓台灣加入韓戰,作者在本書中抓出了不少資料,證明美國對華政策的想法非常豐富,但實際上……如果沒有韓戰,最後啥事都沒幹,換個角度來看便是「優柔寡斷」。不過,我卻可以從書外得知非常簡單的解釋︰美國傳統上是「重歐輕亞」的,所以美國在國共鬥爭時「丟掉中國」一事,差不多像是清廷對於「鴉片戰爭」一樣,中央並不那麼在意,因為當年時空之下,美國最大的敵人在歐洲(具體而言是「蘇聯」),自然不可能放太多心力在這邊。因此,美國的對華政策最省力的作法,便以「維持現狀(Status Quo)」為主軸︰我在其它地方忙,你們先別作太多改變,等我空出手來回頭再處理你們。
 
雖不上前書令我讀得很過癮,但本書對於尋找相關史料方面,卻有相當的價值。
Profile Image for Patrick.
489 reviews
June 28, 2021
A diplomatic history of ROC-USA relations from 1945-1954. Has some interesting details about the ROC’s attempts to form an Asian anti-communist alliance with South Korea and the Philippines at the outset of the Cold War.
Profile Image for Tianxiao.
134 reviews2 followers
August 28, 2019
自蒋介石兵败大陆退守台湾至今,台湾的地位都是由美国在亚洲政策影响的,甚至可以说主宰的。
看过去的几十年,台湾的地理位置和在台政权的政治选择,让它成为了美国全球政策中的一枚棋子,在放弃与维护之间不断的漂移。
看当下,中国经济和军力的崛起,造成了亚洲局势的重大变化,在全球范围内也已然变成一股无法忽视的力量,那么美国眼中的台湾,自然已经与70年前产生了变化。
看未来,残酷一点说,台湾可能越来越难掌控自己的命运。中美的对抗不可避免,这一地理位置对美国和对中国的意义不完全相同。“两害相权取其轻,两利相权取其重”,对中美而言,台湾问题的利与害,角度不同,程度更不同。
Profile Image for Ray-Hsin Chang.
74 reviews5 followers
August 21, 2017
蔣介石有很多秘密,作者在許多的文件中,一一比對顯示真實的面貌。歷史學者用科南,福爾摩斯的推理,將原來中美台日間的實情說給你知道。免得台灣人笨笨的被送進屠場都說蔣公偉大。原來老蔣喊的唱的口號反攻大陸,演的正經八百,其實是說給老美老共聽聽信以為真。其實就是在絕境中尋絕路。老共自願軍打韓戰,讓老美自己來協防台海,就是不准老共打來。靠老美逼日本與老蔣簽台北合約,老日就得承認中華民國,偏偏老日留一手範圍只限台灣澎湖,另一手準備給老共不含台澎的版本。老美要老蔣從海南島反攻華南,老蔣死都不幹。就算是艾森豪杜勒斯來命老蔣,他蔣公先提高酬碼要美援裝備61個師軍備。老共93砲戰砲打金門威脅老美不准讓老蔣參加東協,卻換來老美與老蔣簽訂「中美協防條約」保護台灣澎湖金馬。這樣中美與中日的約也簽了,甲方都是中華民國,範圍都是台灣澎湖。台灣地理上是美日都關切的戰略要地,美日死也不能給老共將台灣捧走。老蔣睡前的日記都是苦啊!恥啊!又忍辱啊!但是也自我安慰「還好還好」中華民國還有路可走。作者沒說老蔣在與老美奮鬥的幾十年,另外一本汪浩寫的書「意外的國父」就直接稱蔣公為意外之國的「國父」啦。老蔣已經替台灣穿上了「中華民國台灣澎湖」國的大禮服,美國也承認、日本也承認。老共嘴裏不承認心裡急也無可奈何。後來的台灣政府當然就繼續穿著中華民國台灣是也,有利而無害。還可以穿個幾代人沒有問題。等到一直到有一天「中華民國台灣」已經沒有中國人而全都是台灣人了,也不急著換招牌。扛中華民國的招牌,儘管打不過玻璃大猩猩。但是有老蔣與先人加上老美老日等等利害關係周邊有事的盟國加持,老共是無法也不能吃下「中華民國台灣」的。這兩本書的結論都是這的意思吧。
Profile Image for Rob Hocking.
248 reviews12 followers
March 1, 2020
What's mainly interesting about it so far is that one of the characters in the book is George Kerr - the author of another book called "Formosa Betrayed", which was published in the 60s. "Formosa Betrayed" is essentially a 300-page diatribe about how corrupt and awful the Nationalist government was during the first few years of the handover of Taiwan from Japan to Nationalist China, and it reads less like a book and more like a list of crimes prepared by an offence lawyer about to go to court. I made it through 100 pages and then got bored.* The thing that stands out about George Kerr, when you're reading about him, is just how angry he is. What this book does well is talk about WHY he was so angry, which parts were fair, and which parts he was letting his emotions get the better of him. It's interesting because this and another book called "Thunder out China" - which came out around the same time - were highly influential in making a generation of Westerns around your age very anti Chiang Kai-shek. That author ALSO went through a traumatic experience that made him hate Chiang Kai-shek, and the extent to which his anger is justified and where he is biased is addressed in another book I read recently called "China's War with Japan". This brings me back to an argument I had back in summer 2018 which I told you about, but which you probably have forgotten about, with a pair of amateur historians around your age. Their position: Chiang Kai-shek was a corrupt piece of shit - I read so in "Thunder out of China" and "Formosa Betrayed". My position: I read that in my own books that Chiang Kai-shek wasn't so much a corrupt piece of shit as a man dealt an extremely bad hand and trying to play it as best he could. So, it's interesting that the authors of the first generation of books about this topic are now appearing as characters in the newer generation of books and their biases analyzed. *to be clear, the nationalists really WERE corrupt and awful in their first years of rule in Taiwan - I didn't get bored of reading "Formosa Betrayed" because I didn't believe this. Rather, I just felt like I was reading the same thing again and again. The other point is that yes, the nationalists were corrupt and awful in Taiwan - but you have to look at the bigger picture. The bigger picture is that Chiang Kai-shek is in the middle of an increasingly desperate civil war with Mao Zedong- while at the same time there are revolts in Xinjiang, Tibet, and yes, Taiwan. If Chiang Kai-shek didn't have so much else doing on, I'm convinced he would have handled the Taiwan uprising (this is the famous 228 incident) better. But he's losing a civil war, and Taiwan is one of THREE uprisings he's supposed to somehow deal with while also turning the war around. What would you do in that position? The obvious thing is you make a quick but not necessarily pretty decision that you know for sure will make the uprising go away - that is, you kill the people responsible for it, without expending energy trying to figure out right and wrong - allowing you to continue to focus the majority of your mental energy on the battle for China. Of course, in the end, Chiang got the worst of both worlds - he lost the civil war AND he's hated for 228 incident.
Profile Image for Ryota.
32 reviews
July 11, 2025
This book is the most comprehensive and accurate work on the subject of the Great Generalissimo and Taiwan, and it should be consulted in comparison to any general historical books and biographies on the subject. This approach is advantageous because it directly addresses the salient points.

The Cairo Meeting of 1943 and the subsequent finalization of the island state in 1954 marked the establishment of the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China (formally known as the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China). The two primary events that serve as the foundation for the entire process are of particular significance.

Contrary to the portrayal in textbooks, the Generalissimo embodied a pragmatic realpolitik approach, akin to that of Bismarck. He had already relinquished the endeavor to reconquer the mainland well in advance of the expectations of the Taiwanese in 1954. This decision was accompanied by the strategic transfer of military authority to the United States, a maneuver analogous to that of Japan in the post-war era. The United States' role in preventing a war in the Taiwan Strait between the mainland and Taiwan remains significant. The U.S. has demonstrated a reluctance to become embroiled in a direct military conflict with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

The book's emphasis on Taiwan's distinctiveness from Ukraine is noteworthy, despite the earlier conceptualization of the East Asian NATO in 1953. This phenomenon represents a notable deviation from the prevailing contemporary context and narratives. For Hong Kong, the more surprising fact is that Hong Kong was nominated as a member of the Asian NATO.

Furthermore, the Generalissimo disclosed that the Hong Kong political forces are regarded as the third force that has been cultivated independently from the KMT. The so-called "third force" is evidently comprised of the prevailing political and economic forces in Hong Kong at present. These forces have maintained their uninterrupted preservation of vested interests, with some exhibiting superficial links to the KMT.

The approach of this book has been demonstrated to provide insights and more accurate information about Taiwan and China. The most significant contrast for us is that Taiwan is still the model society for the people of the Greater China Region as planned by the KMT, while the "1C2S" is also presented as a model to attract Taiwanese people. Which of these factors is the most intriguing, and which one is worthy of our support and respect? The answer is evident in this context.
Profile Image for Carlos  Wang.
451 reviews173 followers
February 11, 2023
林孝庭先生是留美的台灣學者,在近代史領域寫了不少出色的作品,陸續譯成中文引進繁體市場。之前那本《台海‧冷戰‧蔣介石》曾引起我的注意,但因為預算不足先擺一旁,這本蒙友惠贈,於是就趕快來拜讀一下。

作者這本書的內容主要放在外交互動,描述從抗戰後到韓戰爆發左右,國府遷台的經過,林孝庭的文筆很清晰,要點式的介紹了每個促成今天海峽兩岸態勢的關節。讀者其實還蠻容易掌握林孝庭想表示的東西。

以下是個人的要點:

1.強權��治就是誰拳頭大誰說了算。台灣到底是地位未定還是“中國領土”也只是看哪個符合華府利益。
2.不管是什麼體制的國家,肯定難免都有多方利益團體存在,政策難免會有分裂的時候,特別是像美國這樣的民主國家,在東亞外交上難免會有各方角逐,互相衝突的情況。光就“合乎美國利益“這件事情就夠難定義了。然後再加上其他參與者:國民黨、中共、兩韓等難以預測的行動,彼此互相牽動,今天的結果本來就只會是“意外”。
3.今天的局勢跟冷戰時期時的海峽兩岸其實本質上還是相同,不管是中共、美國還是台灣,就算有什麼“長遠”的政策或方針,也隨時可能被意外事件打亂,結果也只能臨機應變,走一步算一步。最終是“統一”還是“獨立”都是“意外”。(那些預言者的,就算論述再有力,也跟賭徒差不多)

另外,林孝庭提到美國在內戰中期判斷中國會最終再次陷入軍閥分裂是個有趣的說法,雖然這也是無可厚非,畢竟就算是毛,也沒有認為短期內可以迅速結束這場戰爭的預想(又是一個“意外”)。



基本上,這本《意外的國度》雖然沒有很大的創見,不過其運用一些新的史料跟條理分明的鋪陳直述,做為一部投石問路,偏通俗的作品,還是值得讀者詳閱。
26 reviews1 follower
September 28, 2023
Good overview of an unknown history— that the US played both a covert and overt rome in the creation of the “accidental state” Taiwan and the selection of its first leader.

It is important this book exists for someone like me, who was unaware of that history, who can now make inferences about US action today being influenced by that history.

But the book itself is quite repetitive, or tells uninteresting details. Overall, a necessary read but details less important.
Profile Image for Frank Wu.
54 reviews
March 26, 2023
Excellent tightly documented and told story of a particular in time in Taiwan starting in 1943 w the Cairo Accords and ending w the American Mutual Defense Pact in 1955. Great if you are interested in inner politics of KMT or various ways American policy transformed towards Taiwan depending on global geo political circumstances.
Profile Image for Chyi.
170 reviews19 followers
May 2, 2024
林孝庭认为,“中华民国在台湾”的形成,是一系列巧合与意外的综合作用,而不是自然而然的结果。其间,美国的对台、对蒋政策一变再变,让人眼花缭乱,目不暇接。朝鲜战争的爆发,使美国真正确定援蒋保台的方针,1954年的《中美共同防御条约》则标志这一方针的落实和具体化。作者用丰富的档案将这段历史描述得精彩纷呈,每一个具体的故事都有继续延展与深挖的可能。历史的魅力在于细节之中,此书可谓这一格言的具体体现。
2 reviews
April 25, 2025
看完了,不知道为什么在大陆豆瓣被禁了,但是这本没什么对大陆敏感内容,除了书名“国度”吧,可以改改在大陆尝试出版的。
Profile Image for Rogue-like Quirel.
9 reviews
February 6, 2024
An excellent book, written by an excellent author, exploring in depth the trials and hardship that led to the ultimate creation of a Nationalist Chinese State on Taïwan.
Albeit, by the author's own admission, the views and reactions of the Chinese Communist Party are less seen in the book, it remains probably, to me, one of the greatest accounts of the last years of the Chinese Civil War.
It's well written, precise and synthetic enough to avoid losing the reader. You can see Chiang Kai-Shek's ideas, changes of mind, his reactions, as well as the general mood in the KMT as the Nationalist Government is engulfed in general warfare, corruption, plans for guerilla attacks, potential coup attempts, massacres, and a difficult bargain with Washington for survival.
Lin Hsiao-Ting describes really well the situation of a country in disarray, with its government in limbo, finding itself forced to retreat to that island fortress.
Lin Hsiao-Ting explains also really well how Taiwan came to be claimed as a Chinese core territory while it was never really that and how this sudden claim in WW2 led to the creation of a defined, armed and internationally defended island-state.
I read this book while in Taiwan during the Chinese exercises against Pelosi's visit and it gave it an even more acute sense. I would advise this reading to anyone who is interested in Taiwan's History, as well as in Nationalist China's History.
Profile Image for Pei-jean Lu.
314 reviews1 follower
March 6, 2024
The concept that Taiwan having been established as an accidental state is probably the best way to describe Taiwan and its current predicament.

Taiwan’s 20th century history has been shaped by consequences of allied intervention or depending on who you ask lack of.

For me this book fills in a lot of the blanks in my understanding of the later years of the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the PRC and the exile of the Nationalist forces to Taiwan.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for 寻找家园.
79 reviews
January 3, 2022
(下段文字为几个序言的部分摘抄,略加小改)此书可以视为林孝庭这些年对战后台湾历史研究的阶段性总结,与前一本著作相比,这本书提供了更具系统、更为完整的叙事。他从一九四七年的二二八事件开始,一路写到一九五四年台美签订共同防御条约,透过档案的交相比对,细密地重建了其中的历史演变。但是应该注意到在这个故事中,还有一个主角,就是中共的角色似乎隐而不显,使得故事的完整性有所不足。作者在“导论”中也提到了这个问题,指出中国共产党与中华人民共和国的“作为与不作为、成与败,在中华民国如何于台湾定型的历史过程中,同样具有举足轻重的地位,值得日后进一步探讨”。
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