עולם ללא יהודים - הדמיון הנאצי - מרדיפות לרצח עם

by Alon Confino

מה לאמיתו של דבר גרם לנאצים לשרוף ספרי תורה בכל רחבי גרמניה ב-9 בנובמבר 1938? בספר זה, המסתמך על שורה של ארכיונים, אלון קונפינו מציע פרשנות מעמיקה חדשה לשואה. קונפינו משרטט את הסיפורים שנאצים וגרמנים אחרים סיפרו לעצמם על עצמם, על המקום שממנו באו ועל המקום שפניהם מועדות אליו, וחושף כיצד הובילו הסיפורים הללו למסקנה כי לצורך כינונה של ציוויליזציה נאצית חדשה יש לבער את היהודים תחילה.
בעיני הנאצים, היהודים סימלו מקורות היסטוריים של רשע – מן התורה עד לקפיטליזם ולבולשביזם המודרניים – ויש לעקור אותם מן השורש כדי לכונן ציוויליזציה חפה מחוב ליהודים. מהותה של השואה, היתה ניסיון השתלטות על ההיסטוריה ועל הזיכרון של גרמניה ואירופה, של היהדות והנצרות.

בדמיון הנאצי, נתפסה השמדת היהודים כמעשה בראשית. משעה שהגרמנים דמיינו עולם עתידי ללא יהודים - ניתן היה להעלות על הדעת ולהצדיק מעשי רדיפה והשמדה. לפיכך אין לראות בשואה מאורע בלתי נתפס שאין להבינו; להפך, היא היתה מובנת. כך בנו הגרמנים את זהותם תוך טוויית סיפורים המתבססים על עובדות, המצאות, שקרים ודמיון. סיפורים מעניקים חיים, וסיפורים גם הורגים.
אלון קונפינו, פרופסור להיסטוריה באוניברסיטאות וירג'יניה וּבן-גוריון, גדל בירושלים. במוקד עבודתו ניצבים הדמיון והרגישויות שעליהם מושתתים הסיפורים שאנשים מספרים לעצמם בדבר עברם כדי להעניק משמעות לעולמם. פרסומים רבים פרי עטו ראו אור על ההיסטוריה הגרמנית והאירופית, לאומיות, זיכרון ועל השואה.

Genres: History, Holocaust, Nonfiction, Antisemitism, Jewish, Judaism, Germany

381 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2014

Reviews

[Maxine · Rating 5 out of 5]

“The Holocaust should be placed within a history of Nazi war and occupation, empire building, and comparative genocide. The Holocaust was not unique. But it was perceived during the war as unique by German Jews, and other Europeans, and if we want to understand why the Holocaust happened, we ought to explain this.”

In his book, A World Without Jews, author Alon Confino looks at many of the controversies and questions that still surround the Holocaust. Was the persecution of the Jews led from the top down by the Nazi leaders and were the German people aware of what was really happening to the Jewish peoples of Europe? Did Christian Churches play a role and, if so, to what extent? Confino looks at both primary and secondary sources and creates a horrifying picture of complicity and awareness of the German people including both the Catholic and Protestant Churches. He also includes many shocking photographs from the period including one of an effigy of a Jewish man hanging from a lamp post and signs outside of towns declaring them ‘Jew-free’.

It is often pointed out that other genocides were just as horrendous if not worse if the only criteria is body count and Confino concedes that. However, it is his contention that, although the Holocaust is not unique, it must be seen as separate from other genocides. He points out, for example that in the genocide of the Ukrainians by the Soviet Union during the 1930s, the Soviets did not ask other countries to send their Ukrainian citizens to be exterminated – what separates the Holocaust from other genocides was the extent to which the Nazis set out to create a world without Jews, not just a single country.

He contends that the Nazis weren’t motivated by past prejudice against the Jews although they were more than willing to use it to gain the support and complicity of the German populace. What they were seeking was a completely new and radical world in which a Christian Germany would be created without any ties or debt to the past. The Jews, with their long presence in Germany and with the obvious connection between the God of both Judaism and Christianity represented that past. In their attempt to deny the debt owed by Christianity and Germany to Judaism, the Germans not only persecuted the Jews and destroyed their temples but they also burned and desecrated the Hebrew Bible, a fact that has been mainly overlooked in discussions about the Holocaust, and eventually banned the Old Testament in German Churches. It is in this imagining of this new German Reich that the Nazis began to conceive of this world completely devoid of Jewish influence or presence.

“But the Nazis did imagine a clear narrative arch of the relations between Germans and Jews from the dawn of history to the present. Right from the beginning they were certain about one thing, which did not change until the last day of the Reich: the Jews and their historical roots, real or invented from the Bible down to the modern period, must be eliminated at all costs and whatever the consequences. The Nazis did not leave standing one cultural edifice that implied a cultural debt to the Jews: this amounted to making a new civilization by uprooting a key element of their own roots.”

With this book, Alon Confino answers unconditionally the question of whether the German people including the Catholic and protestant Churches knew and were complicit in the persecution of the Jews. It gives a well-documented and damning explanation of what led to the Holocaust and should be on the reading list of anyone who wants to see a world without genocide.

[Zeb Kantrowitz · Rating 4 out of 5]

How do you define obsession? Under the Nazis, the Germans were determined to rid the world of the Jews. They spent more material and manpower (except for making war) on the destruction of a ‘people’ to the point where it may have become a factor in the loss of WW2. Even as the massive Soviet offensive was bearing down on the Reich in 1944, precious railway locomotives and rolling stock was used to transport over 400,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz.

How do you explain that one of the most advanced cultures in the world became obsessed with destroying a miniscule part (0.75%) of their population? In 1933 there were 500,000 Jews in Germany out of a population of 66 million. Beginning on January 31, 1933 the Nazis turned the power of their State to liquidating the Jews. In 1944 when there were less than 100,000 Jews left in Greater Germany, Goebbels (the Minister of Propaganda) spent a part of his daily speeches excoriating the Jews.

Why this all-consuming hatred, and how did the Nazis indoctrinate their countrymen to a point where average Germans were ‘happy’ to participate in this destruction. First you stigmatize, then you denigrate, then you humiliate then you segregated, then you obliterate. The Nazis not only put into action their plan to eliminate the Jews from German society, this plan included eradicating them from memory except as a demon destroyed. In some of their first actions against the Jews they destroyed the cultural infrastructure by burning the Torahs (Old Testament) and Synagogues. By 1939 almost every Synagogue in Germany had been destroyed. Many had been leveled and turned into car parks.

But it wasn’t just the Jews in Germany. The 3 million Jews in Poland and the 1.5 million in the Soviet Union that came under German rule were all destroyed. How obsessive, in 1944 when pulling out of Greece, the 2000 Jews on the island of Corfu (a Sephardic remnant from the Jews who had left Spain in 1492) were taken to Auschwitz. Why destroy people who had nothing to do with Germany except that they were the cultural co-religionist of a “hated” people? That’s what this book is about, an unexplainable obsession and how the German people willingly became an accomplice to this
genocide.

Well written and documented. Great read.
Zeb Kantrowitz

[Inna · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a wonderful book it which the author explains how radical Nazism really was. His main point is that the Nazis wished to eliminate the Jews from the world, precisely since Jews are so important to the Judeo-Christian culture, of which they were a part. The Nazis, according to him, wished to take over the Christian culture and recreate it, with themselves as the chosen people. Therefore everything that had to do with the Old Testament and with its living representatives - the Jews, had to disappear. Therefore, the author claims, the Holocaust was a logical development from the attacks on German Jews and the burning of books and of synagogues which took place in the 1930s. The wish not to see the Jews in the public space, supported by extreme violence, could not but develop into mass murder.

[Marie Andrews · Rating 4 out of 5]

*Read for research for my dissertation*
This book was very informative and provided a lot of interpretations of events that happened. It also had a lot of detail for various policies that were introduced targeting Jews. Things were explained clearly and it regularly gave background information which helped provide more context. There was also a nice balance between a reflection on what happened from today's perspective, but also had photos/diary entries/speeches from the time. One of the best and informative books I've read for my dissertation on this subject - super helpful!

[Chloe · Rating 5 out of 5]

A World Without Jews: The Nazi Imagination from Persecution to GenocideReading A World Without Jews was like sitting shiva on every page. For those who believe in error that the Nazi war on Jews started with "Arbeit Mach Frei" at the gates of Auschwitz and that the idea of Holocaust just happened as it was eventually played out, will find this book a devastating eye-opener and familiarity with the helpful and willing people of the Reich who began in 1933 erasing the idea of Jews from the history planet with gusto. Holocaust, genocide and annihilation - as envisioned by Adolf Hitler was cold and calculated. The methodology was so subtle and so palatably arranged it was hard for any good German (not even Nazi Germans) to resist the fun and games Hitler set in motion when he became Chancellor of German in 1933. It should answer the question asked by so many "Why did the Jews go along with it?" The subtleties of Hitler's campaign made it pro forma and to not enjoy the antics was almost unthinkable. It started with such simple acts of ugliness, bullying, humiliation and fomented dependence on the antiquity of Jew hating that the opportunity to lash out at Jews seemed too good to be true. And Jews themselves clearly must have imagined as each act of ugliness was instituted this was as bad as it would get - after all, Jews were assimilated Germans and as such had nothing to fear. Hitler's plan was to eliminate the very idea of the Jewish body of faith, writings and belief out of global existence. Each act of persecution would seem petty and yet as they accumulated they formed the body of the Final Solution. Hitler meant final and he meant a World Without Jews or their existence ever in recorded history. The facts of this plot and plan should never leave you as you turn each page. The culmination of it began with what we think of as the Holocaust but this is a later construct. There were no accidental acts. No spontaneous behavior. It was all run as part of the Nazi plan to create a Thousand Year Reich and own the world. The act of erasing the Jewishness of this world; the Bible, the Torah, the Talmud, the Old Testament and all the ensuing traditions was well thought out and effectively implemented. For good public relations he tossed in defense of Christianity as part of the trappings but he was no Christian of any kind. In Hitler's plan - there was no God but Hitler. And there was no concern or regard for the humanity of Judaism - on the contrary - the attempt to annihilate was the entire point. Judenfrei was the term and as Hitler began to lose his grip on the war he started he was undermined by this very obsession and German soldiers paid with their lives as well. Hitler, so entrenched in a fear, envy and loathing of the accomplishments and achievements of European citizens of Jewish faith and at the cost of millions of lost lives and human sacrifices, his obsession cost him the Reich he dreamed was his and in this amazing book Alon Confino has laid it out - piece by piece, moment by moment and life by life. It is a cautionary tale of what can and did happen. And what could easily happen again - to any group singled out for erasure.

[Maria Beltrami · Rating 5 out of 5]

As anyone who knows me knows, I am a passionate reader of fiction and nonfiction about Nazism and the Holocaust. It is a historical period accompanied by a moral attitude so incomprehensible to me, to push me to read every single piece of paper that has been written about it.
What, after all what I've read, I've never managed to catch up in the end, is the motive of everything. Because anti-Semitism is good, are good economic reasons, are good territorial claims, but behind a project of extermination so complete, articulate, polished and perfectly conducted it takes something more. Just as it takes something more to transform the peaceful neighbor in a ruthless taskmaster, and to ensure that an entire people commit acts which usually stain only the most extreme and unstable o fa normal population. I found a lot of answers in this book, so clear and well documented, many pieces of the puzzle "Nazism - the German people" are finally went to their place. A reading really important.
Thank you Netgalley and Yale University Press for giving me a free copy in exchange for an honest review.

Come sanno tutti coloro che mi conoscono, io sono un'appassionata lettrice di narrativa e saggistiche riguardanti il nazismo e l'Olocausto. Si tratta di un periodo storico accompagnato da un atteggiamento morale così incomprensibile per me, da spingermi a leggere ogni singolo pezzo di carta che sia stato scritto al riguardo.
Ciò che, nonostante tutto quello che ho letto, non sono mai riuscita a cogliere fino in fondo, è la motivazione profonda di tutto ciò. Perché va bene l'antisemitismo, vanno bene le motivazioni economiche, vanno bene le rivendicazioni territoriali, ma dietro un progetto di sterminio così completo, articolato, lucido e perfettamente condotto ci vuole qualcosa di più. Così come ci vuole qualcosa di più per trasformare il pacifico vicino in uno spietato aguzzino, e far sì che un'intero popolo commetta atti di cui di solito si macchiano solo le frange più estreme e instabili di una popolazione normale. Molte risposte le ho trovate in questo volume, così chiaro e ben documentato, tanti tasselli del puzzle nazismo - popolo tedesco sono finalmente andati al loro posto. Una lettura davvero importante.
Ringrazio Netgalley e Yale University Press per avermi concesso una copia gratuita in cambio di una recensione onesta.

[Castles · Rating 3 out of 5]

"In local communities, in the meantime, burning the Bible was celebrated as a new German identity. The small, disbanded Jewish community in Rätzenburg, Pomerania, sold the local synagogue before November 1938, and it was made into an egg market. As Kristallnacht came, and hundreds of localities across Germany burned synagogues, some inhabitants in Rätzenburg protested. They also wanted a synagogue to burn, for what was a locality without a burned synagogue? This was akin to not taking part in the new national history. The local Jewish community was thus forced to annul the sale and return the money. The eggs were removed, the synagogue was restored, and Rätzenburgers set their synagogue on fire".

Confino makes the outrageous claim in his highly problematic introduction that we should not understand the holocaust as a unique event, yet throughout the book he explain exactly how the holocaust was so uniquely evil. Historical revisionism? I don’t know.

His somewhat historically unique approach still is interesting, focusing on the axis of the German psyche, christianity, nazism and judaism. he claims that nazism did not wish to eradicate christianity but get rid of the judaism base of of, get rid of the jews as the witness (Augustineus), and create a new origin story, a modern one, which in a sense we are all living it now even if it’s its negative aspect.

He is not dealing in the psychological analysis of the nazi mind per se, but it surely explorer the roots of the German mentality and its obsession towards the jews, pointing to a conscious and unconscious attraction between the cultures. I also found extremely interesting his detailing of what happened in German cities and small villages in the years between 1933-1939.

—
Isaac Schipper: "Should our murderers be victorious, should they write the history of this war, our destruction will be presented as one of the most beautiful pages of world history, and future generations will pay tribute to them as dauntless crusaders …. They may wipe out our memory altogether, as if we had never existed …. But if we write the history of this period of blood and tears—and I firmly believe we will—who will believe us? Nobody will want to believe us because our disaster is the disaster of the entire civilized world …. We'll have the thankless job of proving to a reluctant world that we are Abel, the murdered brother".

—
"A group of Nazis surrounded an elderly Berlin Jew and demanded of him, “Tell us, Jew, who caused the war?” The little Jew was no fool. “The Jews,” he answered, then added, “and the bicycle riders.” The Nazis were puzzled. “Why the bicycle riders?” “Why the Jews?” answered the little old man.
A Jewish joke told during the Second World War".

[Jeff Lacy · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book bursts with creative insight into the Holocaust that deviates from other scholarly explanations. It addresses how the Nazis imagined the world without the Jews? It explains that the Nazis sought to exterminate the Jews and Judaism in order to create its own origin, its own Genesis to fulfill its promise before taking power of “a radical new start by cleaning out the old system entirely,” emotionally calling for “national regeneration and unity,” “and the creation of a new social order,” “a utopian vision of national renewal built on racial purity.” (Ian Kershaw, HELL AND BACK: EUROPE 1914-1949, p. 210, 212, 284). According to Confino, It did so by eradicating the Torah, the Old Testament, and creating its own Christian version, rewriting the New Testament without any reference to the Old. The driving force of the Holocaust according to Confino was Jewish culture.

Confino comes out of the gate with his provocative thesis in a concise and well developed Introduction, which should be read carefully because it is like the overture of an Italian opera: it spells out the ideas he expounds upon in the book. I read passages over and over as Confino’s thesis prompted further meditation and contrast with other works on the subject. This book is not an introductory book. One should have some familiarity in the subject before appreciating Confino’s thesis that he acknowledges has not been observed in the literature, as well as his skillful arguments based on considered research and interwoven accounts of persons living through the events.

However, with this said, Peter Hayes argues in his recent book, WHY?: EXPLAINING THE HOLOCAUST (2017), Confino,

in fact argues that a secularized version of the Christian claim to historical suppression was at the heart of the Nazi drive to eradicate the Jews. Instead of advancing a new religion of supersession, the Nazis saw themselves as promoting an entirely new conception of morality. Confino’s claim is not entirely original. Sigmund Freud and Maurice Samuel argued similarly about the roots of antisemitism on the eve of the Holocaust, Leon Poliakov and Norman Cohn about those of Nazi racism shortly afterward. But these thinkers understood that the Nazis were not so much trying to supersede Judeo-Christian morality as to nullify or repeal it. Nazi morality was of the “back to the future” sort; it demanded acknowledgement that the only governing principle of life is the primordial law of the jungle and that the only measure of goodness is physical survival. (p. 7)

[Jeffrey · Rating 2 out of 5]

On the 28th day of Nisan in the year 5777 (April 24, 2017) the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale, a modern orthodox shul in the northwest corner of the Bronx, staged its 20th annual Yom HaShoah Seder. I use the word staged deliberately because like every seder, or ritual dinner/ceremony, it involves a series of arranged, symbolic actions in which each attendee collectively participates. The Haggadah, a thin book which guides the event from beginning to end, is divided into four parts, each of which focuses on a different aspect of the Jewish experience of the Holocaust: physical destruction, spiritual destruction, the destruction of children, and resistance. “To symbolically experience the loss of all our possessions”, for instance, attendees are asked to remove their shoes, phone, and jewelry, and to place it out of sight. Later, guests partake from a tub full of cold potato peels, a reminder of scrap diet on which many Jews in both camp and ghetto alike subsisted. For me the most powerful symbolic action that evening involved my reduction from human to number, a transformation that took place when an ink stamping device was passed around, and from which I stamped the number 604012 onto my forearm, but more on that below.

If there was one portion of the seder that would resonate with Alon Confino it would surely be that focused on ‘churban ruchani’, or spiritual destruction: “When we mourn a Jewish world that was lost, we must also mourn the loss to the world of what these victims, so cruelly annihilated, could have contributed.” The re-enactment portion of the Haggadah reads:

To re-enact the pain of the loss of opportunities for learning, we take a sheet imprinted with the Hebrew alphabet, the alef-bet, symbolic of our Torah, and rip it in half. We place the torn pages in the center of our circle and set them on fire. As in the story of the Ten Martyrs, the parchment burns, but the letters ascend toward heaven.

In his book A World Without Jews: The Nazi Imagination from Persecution to Genocide Confino begins, in fact, with a description of a little commented upon aspect of the Kristallnacht violence that engulfed German Jews in November 1938; namely, the destruction of Torah scrolls. That destruction is particularly pertinent to his story of the Holocaust because in it ordinary Germans actively sought to expunge half of their holiest text, the Old Testament of the Christian bible. In so doing they began to lay the foundations of a new nationalist theology not lain upon the ethical imperatives built up by several thousand years of Jewish religious culture. It’s a project that later, through a sanctioned rewriting of the text, even sought to remove Jews from the New Testament itself.

The burning of religious texts on Kristallnacht, however, wasn’t unprecedented. Within months of Hitler’s election on January 30, 1933, ordinary Germans began to assemble in public squares to burn books that might present an affront to the emerging Nazi consciousness. The books burned included those on topics related to socialism, capitalism, and other non-German ideologies, but also those written by Jews. Most disturbing, perhaps, is that these events were not officially sanctioned but rather were often led by students and faculty at German universities. Confino even documents communications that suggest Nazi party officials were concerned about the spontaneity of the widespread book burning events.

The burning of texts, religious or not, was a crucial component of imagining a world without Jews. But it was not the only way it was done. Confino lays out in horrifying fashion the ways in which Jews were systematically excluded via legal means, often by laws enacted at the local level. He accomplishes this by presenting the most banal legal codes in a methodical procession of italicized text in various places throughout the book, as if to remind the reader that he is is never far from the long arm of the law. Confino also documents the way in which ‘Heimat’, or local pride, played a role in the move to depict Jews as misrooted in German land, though this narrative is less assured than the others.

Confino describes his focus on the Nazi imagination as being about the search for a “heterocosmic truth (the truth of fictional worlds)” as opposed to a logical truth. This he sets against attempts to come to grips with the Holocaust that have simply focused on a description of facts, however numerous they may be. Authors working in that vein, he writes, often do so because they are trying to make sense of a subject, or order the world, in a way that is contrary to their very understanding of that world. His own work seeks to embrace difference in a way that allows for greater narrative understanding, even at the expense of potential interpretative indefensibility. To contextualize the goal at hand he relates the project to Freud’s own fictional interpretive project, Moses and Monotheism and in general finds merit in psychoanalytic frames of reference.

It’s not an easy book to read, and not just for the subpar prose. What made it more difficult, and unpleasant, was the subject matter itself. Confino, however, does a great job of showing how a continuous progression of Nazi atrocities led to the genocide that so consumes our contemporary imagination. And if I will take anything away from this book, it’s a greater awareness of just how fragile democratic societies are to tyranny. How unfortunately easy it is to imagine, while reading this book, something similar happening today. Goethe, in the prose text Dichtung und Wahrheit that accompanies his East-West Divan cycle of poems (and contains within it his own imaginative reinterpretation of the Israelites’ journey from Egypt to the promised land), describes an unpleasant “ghostlike” intuition of the past that can creep into the present. One feels that ghost in profound ways while reading A World Without Jews.

The ritual ceremony and symbolic re-enactment inherent in every Jewish seder, whether during Passover or on Holocaust Remembrance Day seeks to conjure those same ghosts of the past. We are to feel as one with our ancestors, as if we ourselves were fleeing Egypt or watching as a the soldiers of a firing squad raise their rifles in our direction. Sometimes it works better than others. After I stamped 604012 onto my forearm, I passed the ink stamping device to the elderly woman sitting next to me. She refused it and the slightly younger woman sitting on her other side, her daughter I later found out, politely reached out to take it from me. It wasn’t immediately clear to me her objection until she leaned over a few minutes later and said “I already have one” and raised the sleeve of her shirt to reveal a very small, faded black number that she had carried with her all her life. She was one of ten survivors at the seder that evening. Her ghost will stay with me long after she departs this world. Confino’s book will haunt you just the same. © Jeffrey L. Otto June 1, 2017

[Phoenix · Rating 5 out of 5]

The Dark Road
One of the great difficulties is approaching the Holocaust is trying to give an all encompassing explanation to the question “Why?”, when no one answer can suffice. Confino makes an admirable attempt to illuminate the paranoid Nazi vision of a racially pure world, cleansed entirely of the influence of Jews, and it is the implementation of this evil goal that differentiates the Holocaust from other genocides. Not only did the Jews have to be removed from society through a succession of rapidly implemented laws, so did their books, scientific achievements, “degenerate” art and places of worship. It began quite early in Hitler's reign. Jewish concerts were shut down, Jewish doctors were excluded from the receipt of state payments from health insurance or welfare, Jews were unceremoniously dropped from public payrolls at all levels, Jewish owned business could not be advertised on the radio, synagogues were rased to the ground, the cost of disposal charged against Jewish communities – and all this before the mass exterminations began. As in Kristalnacht where the Jewish communities were charged with a fine of 1 billion marks, the Jews were forced to pay the costs of their own destruction. Libraries were dismantled, the names of the former owners removed. For the Nazis, Christianity had to rewritten, extirpating it of it's Jewish elements and discrimination against Jews became a way of life.

As a guiding principle, no trace of Jewish presence could remain, and the success of this anti-Jewish crusade was the key to peace and glory. It was, as Confino puts it, “a new sense of morality and humanity”. Jews were “the embodimentof evil that rises against God and nature... He who contents with the Jews, contents with the Devil.” (pp5-7) To destroy the Jews was seen as a liberation of the German soul. As Adolph Hitler said (Feb 24, 1942, pp196) , “after the elimination of thse parasites, will there come to a suffering world a long oeriod of brotherhood among nations and true peace.” For the Nazis this was a rightly principled crusade. Morality itself had been conquored and subverted.

I don't see Confino's exposition as an explanation so much as a framework from which to review how Nazis extremism progressed. Anti-Semitism and ethnic demonization are not always translated into actions, but they create a foundation that can be used once those who see the world in Manichaen terms achieve a semblance of power, and therein lies the danger to us all.

Recommended!

[Caren · Rating 5 out of 5]

Holocaust historian, Professor Alon Confino presents an intriguing assessment of the motivation behind the Nazi campaign to eradicate Jews, 1933-45. Initially focusing on Kristallnacht 1938 and the burning of sacred Torah scrolls (the Hebrew Bible), Confino proposes that the Nazis had declared their "memorycide" and acted most overtly upon Hitler's "prophecy" to eradicate the Jews from history and memory. He interprets the genocidal activities as a means for Germany to refashion an origin myth for itself that destroyed the links between Christianity and Judaism, between Christianity and its roots in the Old Testament. Confino supports the idea that Hitler's plan was to recast Germans as the "chosen people".

The historical evidence is meticulously presented, accompanied by quoted statements by Hitler and his officials, by witnesses to the violence perpetrated = both "Aryan" local citizens and Jewish victims - and by startling photographs of the terror campaigns conducted in localities throughout Germany by local citizens themselves. The latter emphatically demonstrated how the German population, in the name of "heimat" [homeland], enthusiastically initiated and participated in the violence, humiliation and degradation of its Jewish citizens.

The intensity of the text guarantees that I will refer to it frequently. Confino designed an highly erudite assessment, but presented it to an audience of both historians and of ordinary readers with an interest in Holocaust studies. His inclusion of personal accounts of both victims and perpetrators insured that he never lost sight of the human angle of the Holocaust.

[Danilo Lipisk · Rating 5 out of 5]

An interesting additional insight on the subject of the Holocaust, which the author succeeds in showing us that Nazism wanted, in addition to the physical destruction of the Jews, also wanted the disappearance of their memory and their religion.

Alon Confino's book focuses on the "philosophical" question of the Nazi Plan to exterminate the jewish body and soul from the world to create a New World with a new Christianism without any trace of jewish memory.

A complement to this reading (in my view) is Jeffrey Herf's book, "The Jewish Enemy", which shows how Nazi propaganda made this "philosophy" more accessible to the German people, to which it justifies the persecution and destruction of German Judaism and genocide in the occupied countries as a "mode to protect themselves", after all, by the Nazis paranoia, they were anticipating a "Jewish plan to exterminate Germany".

[Anthony Signorelli · Rating 5 out of 5]

This powerful book is crucial reading for today's world. Confino shows how Germany's ousting of the Jews wasn't primarily a final solution action. In fact, most Jews were out of Germany by the time the war started. Local governments, public mobs, and the party had made Germany so hostile that Jews left the country. What about the Holocaust, you ask? It was mostly eastern European Jews who were brought to the camps for the Holocaust.

What's important in this book is the history, and understanding the public acquiescence in what happened. They were not passive, but participants. There were key events--night of the long knives, Krystallnacht, and others. Hitler rode a long wave of popularity to his power. There are lessons to our current dilemma.

[Carolina Batista · Rating 4 out of 5]

I chose to read this book with one purpose: understanding HOW Germans, as an entire nation, accepted what was going on under their noses, to their friends and neighbors. How people accepted so fast and easy a change in mind that made it normal to them that people were sent away to be killed.
I wanted to understand if the information was not being displayed correctly if people were clueless. But no, they were ALL guilty.

[Sanjana Rajagopal · Rating 5 out of 5]

Exceptionally helpful for my diss research. Forgot I even owned this and found it last week when doing a deep clean of my room. A radical but important thesis concerning the motivations behind the Shoah.

[alex · Rating 5 out of 5]

an interesting perspective. more people should read

[Neta Friedlander · Rating 5 out of 5]

ספר מצוין ותקופה מורכבת וקשה לקרוא בה ספר שכזה, מה שהופך אותו לקריאת חובה בעיני, לשני צידי המפה הפוליטית. מי יצילנו אמא.

[Amy · Rating 4 out of 5]

A World Without Jews places Kristallnacht square at the center of the Nazi persecution and eventual attempt to exterminate the Jews of Europe. Confino argues that the events of Kristallnacht and subsequent laws severely limiting the activities of Jews within Germany made the idea of a world without Jews imaginable to Germans, even if they didn't yet know exactly what actions would create such a world. The book deals with the realms of imagination and memory, for example arguing that the primacy that the Nazis gave eliminating the Jews (before any other of the many groups they persecuted) was because of their construction of the Jews as the root of all evil, whose story had to be taken over and rewritten in order to create the Nazi new world order.

I found the book to be most interesting in its discussion of the persecution of Jews in Germany before WWII, including the burning of books and later the events of Kristallnacht. Its discussion of the events of Kristallnacht itself and of legislation against Jews that followed is much more detailed than many other books on the Holocaust, who do not give Kristallnacht such primacy. The sections on the imagination of Nazism during the war are still interesting, but become harder to prove. This is partly because Confino argues that he is working in the realm of the unsaid, in emotions and sensibilities rather than words. This by its nature requires a great deal of extrapolation on his part. But his detailed look at Germany before the war seems to bear out his earlier claims. It becomes much more difficult to continue this when the scale becomes that of Europe. By this point he is arguing that the Nazis saw (but didn't necessarily always express) the extermination of the Jews as a sort of genesis, a creation by way of destruction.

Overall, this book is an excellent look into the Nazi imagination that helps illuminate elements of the Holocaust in ways that I haven't seen before. It is incredibly well researched, and while the writing is on the scholarly side it should still be accessible to the interested layperson.

[Jean Kelly · Rating 5 out of 5]

Fascinating book where the author starts by looking at the book burnings and Torah scroll burning thorough the Nazi Regime and what exactly they were seeking to destroy. It is a re look at the general understanding of the Holocaust. In the final section he writes: ' Nazis and Jews shared a belief - the powered of the book and in the necessity of stories to give meaning to life. That is why the Nazis wanted to destroy the Jewish Bible, history and memory, and why Jews clung to them.'

[Georgina Lara · Rating 4 out of 5]

I believe there is a need to understand the deep roots that gave birth to the Holocaust and Nazism because there is still an element of disbelief that actual human beings (and an entire nation at that) could imagine and produce these atrocities and it begs the question: what makes 'me' different from those who perpetrated these crimes? Could I have been among them? Could I be...?

[Dana · Rating 3 out of 5]

I think that people who are interested in the political and cultural climate of Germany and Europe that lead to the Holocaust will find this book very informative. I received this book free to review from Netgalley.