Dopefiend by Donald Goines transports the reader into heroin culture on the streets of Detroit around the year 1971 (when Goines published the book). He shows the reader that heroin (also called dope, smack, junk) is there for people who fall between the cracks of society. The book is also written through the lens of an inner city black community; there are several instances of subtle racial discrimination throughout the book. Just for historical context, this book was published 16 years after Rosa Parks refused to go to the back of the bus, and three years after Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated. The white hoods of the KKK still loomed in the living memories of many Americans.
Terry’s father is an exceptionally hard worker and he’s been at the plant for 15 years but didn’t get promoted for the first ten years--he thinks it’s because he’s black. Terry just got out of highschool and she works at a major clothing retailer. Her white coworkers are very friendly. Her boyfriend Teddy lives at home with his single mom and older sister who has several young children. The family has a hard time making ends meet. Teddy takes Terry over to Porky’s place to get some dope. Terry doesn’t want to go inside because Porky is a creep. Porky gives Terry a dose of extra pure heroin because it’s her first time trying the stuff. Things spiral downwards from there.
Heroine addicts have a medical condition--an addiction that they cannot fight on their own. None of the characters in this book overcome their addiction. They need help, but instead they are kicked out of homes and incarcerated. They receive their drugs from dealers who are experts at making addicts out of teenagers. First, get someone hooked with the purest form of the drug, and then keep them coming back, spending more and more for weaker doses that are cut with something, anything: talcum powder, brick powder...
After the high wears off, users suffer an intense depressive mood--as their dopamine levels drop. This causes an intense craving for more dope. It takes more and more of the drug to reach the same high, and eventually, users need the drug just to feel normal.
Characters start lying and stealing (anything) to get their drug fix, and many girls turn to prostitution. In the crack-house (a glimpse into hell), female users are forced into degrading sex acts if they cannot afford to pay for the dope with money. The acts become progressively obscene, dirty, and degrading.
Blaming users of the drug does nothing to solve the problem. Users bond with the drug mostly because the drug acts as a substitute for not having social needs met. Sure, some users are young people curious for new experiences. But, due to the pervasive stigma surrounding the drug, users have no one to approach except for other users and dealers. In practice, there are no institutions to turn to in the book; no parents to reach out to, no hospital programs, no safe-injection sites. So, users are completely isolated. Non-users in the book do not recognize symptoms and are unable to reach out--we witness no successful interventions. Addicts face the problem on their own, and they can only turn to other people in the heroine culture, which seals their coffins shut with them still alive, inside.
My takeaway from reading this book, and others, like The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander, and Chasing The Scream by Johann Hari, and other novels by Donald Goines, is that drug addiction needs to be treated like a medical problem. Not a criminal problem. This book only looks at a sliver of all drug users, but it spotlights many of the underlying issues. Society needs to not heap shame and felony charges on addicts--such actions drive users further into addiction. We need to show compassion and provide medical help for drug addicts. That would include: legalizing drugs to end the extremely lucrative and violent underground drug trade; provide safe-injection clinics for users; and provide controlled safe doses for users, medical advice, and support groups. Most importantly, society needs to remember that addicts are people too. You never know the living hell someone else might be going through.
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A note on history: During the Vietnam War, %15 of American soldiers became addicted to heroin. It was cheap and abundantly available. Also, use of the drug was a reprieve from the daily horrors that soldiers witnessed--all the pain went away. Faced with such numbers, Nixon allocated $14 million to open 13 more clinics for dealing with addiction among war veterans. These programs were a step in the right direction, but they were only directed towards mostly white addicts--our heroes who were conscripted and served in Vietnam. Inner city addicts were provided no such services. Instead, when Nixon launched the War on Drugs, federal dollars were allocated towards State police based on narcotics arrest quotas. In the subsequent decades since this period, more and more federal dollars--under the aegis of both the Democratic and Republican political parties--have been allocated to state police for upping their arrest quotas of narcotics users. This War on Drugs has been disproportionately targeted towards people of colour, the poor, and the mentally ill. Today, in 2016, the Drug Policy Alliance estimates that the United States spends $51 billion dollars annually on the War on Drugs. Yes! Heroin, crack-cocaine, and meth are health problems. But this money could be allocated towards health institutions that treat the underlying problems associated with addiction. Instead, the U.S. incarcerates more people per capita than any other country in the world. This is largely due to the War on Drugs. As of 2010, there are more people in jail for drug offences (in America) than there were people in jail for all crimes in 1980. And while black people make up 13% of the American population, they make up more than 37% of prisoners. Also in the States, while 1 in 106 white men are incarcerated, 1 in 36 hispanic men are incarcerated, and 1 in 106 white men are incarcerated. And don’t forget, white people do more drugs, recreationally, than any people of color, per capita.
A note on the author: Some say Donald Goines single-handedly invented the genre of ghetto realism. Born in Detroit in 1936, he lied about his age and joined the military at age 15 to fight in Korea. Just like many American soldiers at the time, he became addicted to heroin and was unable to kick the addiction when he returned. He resorted to theft and pimping to support his addiction, and went to jail several times. In jail he wrote his first novel, Whoreson in 1970, and continued to write for a five year period at an accelerating pace up until his death at the age of 37. Writing served to support his addiction, and as a means of discussing the day to day reality of life in the inner-city ghetto.