This book was EXCEPTIONAL, and the perfect culmination of Tallis’s Max Liebermann series.
His characters are so well-developed, ‘warts-and-all’, that they feel like real human beings. Their work is meaningful, they have meaningful relationships with families, friends, colleagues, and lovers. The author describes other characters with understanding and explains why they have become broken individuals.
Tallis draws parallels between past and present, parallels most of us don’t see because we tend to view the world myopically. The term “propaganda by the deed” (or “of the deed”) is just a different term for what we today call “terrorism”. We tend to think that terrorism is a modern phenomenon, but it’s not. Both labels past and present still manage to distance theory and motivation from the actual horror that results—mass murder of human beings.
Tallis tells us in his Notes section that his Mephistopheles character is “closely modelled on the life and work of the Russian anarchist Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921). Kropotkin was a favorite teenage page of Alexander II. Thereafter, he joined a Cossack regiment posted in Siberia. He became a distinguished scientist and was one of anarchisms greatest propagandists. His work on animal behavior—particularly mutual aid—represents a fascinating challenge to Darwinian orthodoxy. A very fine summary of Kropotkin’s ideas on mutual aid and cooperation in the natural world can be found in “The Prince of Evolution” by Lee Alan Dugatkin.”
Human beings everywhere are still tribal, banding together with those who think, act, look and believe the same. The sections describing mob mentality (in the voices of Freud and Liebermann) is still and will always be hugely relevant, anywhere and everywhere there are communities of people.
Tallis reminds us that anti-Semitism has existed for over a millennium, at least in Germany—from 11th century pogroms to the Third Reich.
While Liebermann accompanies Rheinhardt in Schubert's “Der Kreuzzug” (“The Crusade”), he wonders if Schubert intended to subvert or mock the pious text (famous poem by Karl Gottfried von Leitner), “a much romanticized view of the crusades—holy knights, setting off to fight for a just cause. The reality was very different: bloodshed, terror, indiscriminate slaughter.“ These Christian Crusaders did in fact massacre thousands of Jews in the Rhineland.
We in the English-speaking world have come to use the word “crusade” almost generically, as a noun or a verb, stripped of its zealous religious roots. In other languages like German, however, the word for “Crusade” still harks back to the medieval Crusaders. “Kreuzzug” is literally a long procession, or pilgrimage, of people led by the (Christian) cross.
Liebermann continues thinking about the text if the poem: “There would always be crusaders and crusades. Anarchists, socialists, pan-German nationalists—the crusading had never stopped. Hosts, crowds, mobs—united beneath a symbol on a flag—allowing the unconscious to discharge its primitive energies.“ ... and “Promised Lands differ according to taste, ... but they all have one thing in common, the expulsion of certain groups. The promised land of the crusaders could never accommodate Muslims or Jews, just as the promised land of the anarchists required the expulsion of kings and capitalists.” Even though they all believe in the same God.
I quote here “Freud”’s words to Liebermann regarding crowd theory: “Le Bon suggests that the particularities of the individual become obliterated in groups. Distinctiveness vanishes. We might say that the superstructure of personality is removed, and the unconscious foundations—which are similar in everyone—stand exposed to view.”... “Once absorbed by the group, the individual feels invincible. He yields to instincts which he would perforce have kept under restraint. He becomes anonymous and his sense of personal responsibility disappears entirely. He becomes impulsive, less thoughtful. By the mere fact that he is now part of a group, a man descends several rungs down the ladder of civilization. Isolated, he may be a cultivated individual; in a crowd, he is a barbarian—a creature animated by primitive drives. A crowd is vengeful, fickle, and prone to extremities of purpose; a crowd is quick to persecute and bay for blood; a crowd is always close to becoming a mob.”
When Liebermann asks Freud if a political party or movement is like a crowd, Freud answers, “Of course. Politicians are always oversimplifying, always engaging the public by making emotional appeals that owe more to prejudice than rationality.”
Politicians and the political strategists behind them have done exactly what Freud said: appealed to our emotions, turning entire parties into mobs. Separation of Chutch and State in the US is blithely ignored, with politicians from both parties professing their alleged “Christian faith” in speeches, trying to “out-holy” their rivals. The Religious Right has co-opted the American flag as their symbol, using it for propaganda; they accuse those who do not rally ‘round THEIR flag as being “unpatriotic”, even “traitors”. Since 9/11, we have grown inured to the so-called “Patriot” Act and its sanctioned snooping without warrant. We have ceded our democracy, allowing fearmongers and bullies to seize control. Russian intelligence hacked Facebook and influenced our 2016 national election by disseminating “fake news”. The talking heads on Fox News have brayed fake news for years, sowing intolerance and hate. Our current President has taken it to a new low by slandering everyone who disagrees with him—in daily “tweets” no less. Then bizarrely accuses news organizations of spreading “fake news” when they simply show his latest tirade on camera.
Tallis names the draconian head of the Austrian intelligence service “Hoover” in what has to be a parallel to J. Edgar Hoover, notorious head of the American FBI in the 1950s. In discussing the Austrian Hoover with Rheinhardt, Liebermann says “It is their duty to protect all of us. They must do whatever it takes to ensure that none of the emperor’s subjects are harmed. But frankly, I have no desire to be protected if the preservation of my safety necessitates tacit endorsement of medieval brutality. We become more monstrous than those who we deign to call monsters.”
J. Edgar Hoover became a monster by ordering wholescale snooping on American citizens. Joe McCarthy took the Communist witch hunt one step further with his infamous Senate hearings of artists, writers, and the Hollywood film industry. The US Patriot Act that followed 9/11 suspended our right to privacy by allowing national intelligence services to dragnet our private communications. The CIA directed the torture of Muslim detainees, codenaming the practice “rendition”. (See the film by the same name, starring Meryl Streep.) They distanced themselves by having “contractors”, aka mercenaries, carry out the torture. Thankfully that practice was exposed and halted. But how could these supposedly brightest of the bright not realize torture never works? They only succeeded in sowing more hatred and radicalizing more individuals. In trying to make our country safer, they became monsters and made us even more more vulnerable.
But back to more benign topics. I appreciated Tallis’s including so many historical references, which he elucidates in his Notes section. I appreciate that he is a scientist himself, and credits the scientists who blazed a trail for future scientists and inventors. We are reminded just how rapidly the world of science—particularly medicine—has advanced in just over 100 years. Many things we all take for granted today were only invented a century ago, during the lifetimes of our great-grandparents. For example:
- The invention of the “cardiograph”, precursor of the lie detector, aka polygraph machine. (How clunky and dangerous the original was!)
- The invention and first use of rubber gloves by a surgeon at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School in Baltimore.
- The 18th century French mathematician Jean-Baptiste le Rond D’Alembert developed the first gambling system, though it doesn’t work because his understanding of probability was flawed. Nevertheless it sowed the seed from which the field of probability theory grew.
- Freud got his ideas about crowd behavior from 18th century mathematician Gustave Le Bon
- The psychiatric condition we call compulsive and pathological lying was first described in 1891 by German psychiatrist Anton Delbrueck, though he deemed it an “illness” called pseudologica fantastica or mythomania.
- Eavesdropping: Apparently the Austro-Hungarian Intelligence service was able to listen in on conversations in adjoining rooms without electronic listening devices.
- Fingerprinting: Tallis does not elucidate, but says Rheinhardt adopted the technique of fingerprinting. No references regarding invisible ink, probably because it has such a long, varied history in and of itself.
- Automobiles: The founder of the Porsche automobile company, engineer Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), was at one time Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s chauffeur. Who knew?? Fascinating stuff.
I also love that Tallis includes so many references to classical composers of that time period, and gives music a prominent role in the lives of his protagonists.
**SPOILER ALERT**
Liebermann is able to solve the mystery of the coded letter only when he notices a mutated-black moth, and recalls Darwin’s theory of evolution. Only by putting himself in the mind of the villain, biologist Mephistopheles, does he make the connection between the moth—mutated darker through natural selection to better conceal itself in a dirty city like Vienna—and the unbreakable coded letter. The idea of concealment prompts him to light a match under the visible lines of code, thus causing the invisible plaintext between lines to become visible.
Tallis is absolutely masterful here, and I hope this is not the last we hear from him, especially about Liebermann et al.