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Tournefort Seyahatnamesi
Fransa krallık bahçelerinin, başka bir deyişle günümüzdeki Doğa Tarihi Müzesi’nin bitkibilimcisi Joseph Piton de Tournefort, bu kurumun düzenlediği araştırma gezilerinin öncüsüdür. XIV. Louis ve bakanı Pontchartrain’in buyruğuyla yeni bitkiler bulmak göreviyle 1700’de Levant’a gönderilen J. P. De Tournefort, yalnızca bitkibilimcilik görevini yapmakla yetinmemiş, doğmakta olan Aydınlanma Çağının Doğu insanları ve toplumlarına yönelik yeni bakışını da biçimlendirmiştir.
Anlatısının birinci cildi, Ege adalarının hemen hemen eksiksiz bir incelemesini kapsar. Otuz beş ada ve adacığı ziyaret eder ve başka adaları da yerinde derlediği bilgilerle betimler. Tournefort bu adalara günümüzün bir turisti gibi bakmaz, bunun yerine rüzgarların ve korsanların kemirdiği bir toplumu, salgın hastalıkları, batıl inançları, günlük yaşamları ve acımasız yöneticileri ile ilk kez açık seçik gözler önüne serer. Tournefort ikinci ciltte önce uzun uzun İstanbul’u anlatır. Sonra da Anadolu’ya boydan boya aşarak bizi 18. yüzyılın hemen başlarındaki Tokat, Trabzon, Kars, Ağrı, Amasya, Ankara, Erzurum, Bursa ve İzmir ile yüzlerce Osmanlı kasabasına götürür. Tournefort kendini Osmanlı topraklarıyla da sınırlamaz, Tiflis ve Erivan’a (Revan) kadar gider ve ona tamamen yabancı bir dünyayı yorumlamaya çalışır. Gezileri sırasında İran’ı Batıya bağlayan ve Anadolu boyunca uzayıp giden büyük kervan yollarını kullanır, ilk bakışta birbirine karşıt gibi görünen, ama aslında hep birbirine bağımlı olan ve birbirini tamamlayan Doğu ve Batı dünyaları arasındaki bağların önemini vurgular. Değerli tarihçi Stefanos Yerasimos’un yazdığı giriş ve notlarla...
Anlatısının birinci cildi, Ege adalarının hemen hemen eksiksiz bir incelemesini kapsar. Otuz beş ada ve adacığı ziyaret eder ve başka adaları da yerinde derlediği bilgilerle betimler. Tournefort bu adalara günümüzün bir turisti gibi bakmaz, bunun yerine rüzgarların ve korsanların kemirdiği bir toplumu, salgın hastalıkları, batıl inançları, günlük yaşamları ve acımasız yöneticileri ile ilk kez açık seçik gözler önüne serer. Tournefort ikinci ciltte önce uzun uzun İstanbul’u anlatır. Sonra da Anadolu’ya boydan boya aşarak bizi 18. yüzyılın hemen başlarındaki Tokat, Trabzon, Kars, Ağrı, Amasya, Ankara, Erzurum, Bursa ve İzmir ile yüzlerce Osmanlı kasabasına götürür. Tournefort kendini Osmanlı topraklarıyla da sınırlamaz, Tiflis ve Erivan’a (Revan) kadar gider ve ona tamamen yabancı bir dünyayı yorumlamaya çalışır. Gezileri sırasında İran’ı Batıya bağlayan ve Anadolu boyunca uzayıp giden büyük kervan yollarını kullanır, ilk bakışta birbirine karşıt gibi görünen, ama aslında hep birbirine bağımlı olan ve birbirini tamamlayan Doğu ve Batı dünyaları arasındaki bağların önemini vurgular. Değerli tarihçi Stefanos Yerasimos’un yazdığı giriş ve notlarla...
596 pages, Hardcover
Published June 1, 2005
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About the author
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
114 books3 followersJoseph Pitton de Tournefort (June 5, 1656 – December 28, 1708) was an Aix-en-Provence born French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants. The botanist Charles Plumier had been his pupil and accompanied him on his voyages.
Tournefort studied at the Jesuit convent there. It was intended that he enter the Church, but the death of his father allowed him to follow his interest in botany.[1] After two years collecting, he studied medicine at Montpellier, but was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in 1683. During this time he travelled through Western Europe, particularly the Pyrenees, where he made extensive collections.
Between 1700 and 1702 he travelled through the islands of Greece and visited Constantinople, the borders of the Black Sea, Armenia, and Georgia, collecting plants and undertaking other types of observations. He was accompanied by the German botanist Andreas Gundelsheimer (1668–1715) and the artist Claude Aubriet (1651–1742). His description of this journey was published posthumously (Relation d'un voyage du Levant),[1] he himself having been killed by a carriage in Paris; the road on which he died now bears his name (Rue de Tournefort in the 5ème arrondissement).
Tournefort's principal work was the 1694 Eléments de botanique, ou Méthode pour reconnaître les Plantes (the Latin translation of it Institutiones rei herbariae was published twice in 1700 and 1719). The principal artist was Claude Aubriet who later became the principal artist at the Jardin des Plantes. The classification followed was completely artificial, and neglected some important divisions established by earlier botanists, such as John Ray's separation of the phanerogams from the cryptogams, and his division of the flowering plants into monocots and dicots. Overall it was a step backwards in systematics, yet the text was so clearly written and well structured, and contained so much valuable information on individual species, that it became popular amongst botanists, and nearly all classifications published for the next fifty years were based upon it.
Tournefort is often credited with being the first to make a clear distinction between genus and species. Though he did indeed cluster the 7,000 plant species that he described into around 700 genera, this was not particularly original. Concepts of genus and species had been framed as early as the 16th century, and Kaspar Bauhin in particular consistently distinguished genera and species. Augustus Quirinus Rivinus had even advocated the use of binary nomenclature shortly before Tournefort's work was published.
The word "herbarium" also seems to have been an invention of Tournefort; previously herbaria had been called by a variety of names, such as Hortus siccus.
His herbarium collection of 6,963 specimens was housed in Paris, in Jardin du Roi. Now part of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
Tournefort studied at the Jesuit convent there. It was intended that he enter the Church, but the death of his father allowed him to follow his interest in botany.[1] After two years collecting, he studied medicine at Montpellier, but was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in 1683. During this time he travelled through Western Europe, particularly the Pyrenees, where he made extensive collections.
Between 1700 and 1702 he travelled through the islands of Greece and visited Constantinople, the borders of the Black Sea, Armenia, and Georgia, collecting plants and undertaking other types of observations. He was accompanied by the German botanist Andreas Gundelsheimer (1668–1715) and the artist Claude Aubriet (1651–1742). His description of this journey was published posthumously (Relation d'un voyage du Levant),[1] he himself having been killed by a carriage in Paris; the road on which he died now bears his name (Rue de Tournefort in the 5ème arrondissement).
Tournefort's principal work was the 1694 Eléments de botanique, ou Méthode pour reconnaître les Plantes (the Latin translation of it Institutiones rei herbariae was published twice in 1700 and 1719). The principal artist was Claude Aubriet who later became the principal artist at the Jardin des Plantes. The classification followed was completely artificial, and neglected some important divisions established by earlier botanists, such as John Ray's separation of the phanerogams from the cryptogams, and his division of the flowering plants into monocots and dicots. Overall it was a step backwards in systematics, yet the text was so clearly written and well structured, and contained so much valuable information on individual species, that it became popular amongst botanists, and nearly all classifications published for the next fifty years were based upon it.
Tournefort is often credited with being the first to make a clear distinction between genus and species. Though he did indeed cluster the 7,000 plant species that he described into around 700 genera, this was not particularly original. Concepts of genus and species had been framed as early as the 16th century, and Kaspar Bauhin in particular consistently distinguished genera and species. Augustus Quirinus Rivinus had even advocated the use of binary nomenclature shortly before Tournefort's work was published.
The word "herbarium" also seems to have been an invention of Tournefort; previously herbaria had been called by a variety of names, such as Hortus siccus.
His herbarium collection of 6,963 specimens was housed in Paris, in Jardin du Roi. Now part of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
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January 9, 2025
[...]Εν τω μεταξύ η γεωγραφική θέση της Σινώπης εντοπίζεται στους χάρτες μας σε μια ανοικτή παραλία χωρίς να σημειώνεται η παρουσία οποιουδήποτε λιμανιού ενώ [στην πραγματικότητα] η πόλη αυτή διαθέτει δυο λιμάνια σε πλεονεκτική θέση, τα οποία έχει περιγράψει [στο παρελθόν] ο Στράβωνας. Τα πλεονεκτήματα της ιδεώδους αυτής [γεωγραφικής] κατάστασης αποτέλεσαν το κίνητρο των Μιλησίων για τη δημιουργία πόλης ή και αποικίας αφού ο Αργοναύτης Αυτόλυκος (Autolicus) θεωρείται ως ο ιδρυτής της Σινώπης. Οι έρευνες του Πλούταρχου (Plutarque) και του Σχολιαστή του Απολλώνιου του Ρόδιου που εξετάζουν το θέμα της ιδρύσεως της Σινώπης αναφέρονται στην αρχέγονη εποχή δηλαδή παλαιότερα από την Αργοναυτική Εκστρατεία αλλά δεν παρουσιάζουν κανένα ιδιαίτερο [επιστημονικό] ενδιαφέρον. Οι κάτοικοι της Σινώπης επεχείρησαν να οχυρώσουν όλους τους δρόμους που οδηγούν στο ακρωτήριό τους ώστε να αντισταθούν στο Μιθριδάτη [Α'], ο οποίος υπήρξε απόγονος ενός εκ των επτά Περσών που θανάτωσαν τους μάγους και κυβερνούσαν τη χώρα που είχε παραχωρήσει ο Δαρείος ως ανταμοιβή στους προγόνους του και η οποία βρίσκεται στις ακτές της Μαύρης Θάλασσας σύμφωνα με τον Πολύβιο. Ίσως πρόκειται για τον ίδιο Μιθριδάτη [Α'], ο οποίος υπήρξε ο ιδρυτής του Βασιλείου του Πόντου.[...]
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