This is a very well researched and interesting book by an excellent scientist and science writer.
Roberts looks at evidence from history, pre-history, archaeological evidence and the latest in DNA techniques to investigate the sources of 10 key domesticated plants and animals. As humans have interacted with these other organisms, we have changed them and their behavior to make them more useful to us. They in turn have had a dramatic impact on the development and evolution of humans, even changing our DNA as we have been instrumental in changing theirs.
Among the species discussed are dogs and their evolution from wolves. She posits various kinds of interactions between our species and theirs and looks for evidence for locations and time frames of domestication. There have been anatomical changes as well as genetic changes in the domesticates, that probably happened in the distant past. (We are not talking about the varieties of dogs that have been bred for specific characteristics over the past couple of centuries.)/Dogs probably accompanied humans across Beringia over 15,000 years ago. It is understandable that humans could have chosen more docile animals to live among them, and helping them survive by providing some food and shelter. It was also clear that the wolf-dogs would have been a help in hunting ans providing early warnings of danger.
In her discussion of the domestication of wheat, the author suspects that it did not cause the explosion of the human population, but aided in feeding the burgeoning humans in their settlements.
Cattle are another important domesticate- there are millions of them being bred for food in today's world, as well as for milk and milk products. The cows we know were descended in Europe from aurochs, a large ungulate. While these animals were first hunted for food, there is also early evidence that milk was used in making cheese. It is likely that these products were developed in northern Europe, as the enzyme that digests lactose (milk sugar) is not normally present in adults of other areas, such as Africa and Asia.
Maize (corn) helped fuel the development of empires in the Americas and was developed from a smaller seed crop, teosinte.
Potatoes are an important domesticate, also from south America, where dozens of types were grown (and still are). They are high in iron and vitamin C and their starch provides cheap energy. They can grow in a variety of climates and altitudes. When potatoes were recognized for their low cost, easy growth and nutritional value, they became a staple in Ireland (and many other places as well, particularly the Andes). Unfortunately the fact that one variety of potato was grown from "seed" potatoes -easier than harvesting seeds from potato flowers- the crops were virtual clones. When a fungal blight attacked, there were no resistant plants, as there would be in a population developed from the sexual reproduction in the flowers with a mix of genetic material. Thus the devastating famine.
Chickens also were domesticated very early, most likely in Asia from red jungle fowl. However the kinds and volumes of chickens we eat today are mainly due to a competition in 1945 for the "Chicken of the Future". Thus sprang up the concept of chicken as an agricultural product with noticeable changes in size, color and taste. (Not necessarily an improvement in nutrition or taste or safety, given the way they are produced and fed.)
The history of rice is also included- feeding millions in Asia, and now all over the world. She also recounts the more recent development of "golden rice" which incorporates more vitamin A as many people whose diet consists mainly of rice are deficient in this vitamin, leaving them vulnerable to some infectious diseases among other health impacts. This new rice was never accepted -partly due to the fact that it was genetically modified, and partly due to the poor timing of its introduction.
This was a time of high suspicion of industrial agricultural practices, including "mad cow" disease, Montsanto's Round-up ready soybeans and other genetically modified organisms.
Horses changed human lives in multiple ways. Evolving in North America, some animals found their way west into Asia, while eventually becoming extinct in the New World. In Eurasia, they were domesticated for their transportation value, strength, and assisting in hunting and warfare as well. Then brought to the Americas again by early settlers and explorers.
Lastly, she explores the development of apples. Apparently from stands of trees with large sweet apples in the Tian Shan area of China, we have the apples we know and love.
I found this book fascinating, if not a rapid read and I highly recommend it to anyone interested in how we happen to enjoy the lifestyle we have now the foods we love and need, the animals we partner with still o the advantage of both of us.