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Novum Organum & Tabiatın Yorumu ve İnsan Alemi Hakkında Özlü Sözler
Modern felsefenin kurucularından Bacon’a göre, insan, ‘tabiat’ı anlar ve ona hükmeder. Bunu hem nesnelere hem zihne bakarak yapar. Anlamak hükmetmektir; bilgi güçtür; bilmek, yapmaktır. Güç ile eşanlamlı olan bilgiyi elde etmek için ‘tabiat’ın kanunlarına uymak gerekir. Çünkü sebebin bilinmemesi, sonuçta, insanı yanlış düşüncelere sürükleyebilir. Oysa spekülatif felsefede sebep olarak gösterilen şey, pratik bilimde kural olarak kullanılır. İnsan, ‘tabiat’ üzerinde bir şey yaparken, kendinden önce denenmiş vasıtaları kullanmazsa, delilik etmiş olur.
Novum Organum, Bacon’ın “Büyük Yenilenme” adını verdiği 6 bölümden oluşacak olan, ancak yaşadığı dönemde tamamlanamamış kitabının 2. bölümüdür. Bacon’ın burada vurgulamak istediği, bilim ve bilime dayalı teknolojidir. İnsan, bilim yapmalıdır. Yani, ‘tabiat’ı tanımalı, anlamalıdır. Ancak bu şekilde edindiği bilgilerden yararlanarak incelediği ‘tabiat’a hâkim olabilir, onu kontrol edebilir ve üzerinde etkide bulunarak birtakım değişiklikler yapabilir. İşte bu da bilime dayalı teknolojiye işaret etmektedir.
17. yüzyılda Latince olarak yazılmış olan Novum Organum, modern düşüncenin ve bilimsel bilgiye ulaşmanın en önemli kaynaklarından biridir.
Novum Organum, Bacon’ın “Büyük Yenilenme” adını verdiği 6 bölümden oluşacak olan, ancak yaşadığı dönemde tamamlanamamış kitabının 2. bölümüdür. Bacon’ın burada vurgulamak istediği, bilim ve bilime dayalı teknolojidir. İnsan, bilim yapmalıdır. Yani, ‘tabiat’ı tanımalı, anlamalıdır. Ancak bu şekilde edindiği bilgilerden yararlanarak incelediği ‘tabiat’a hâkim olabilir, onu kontrol edebilir ve üzerinde etkide bulunarak birtakım değişiklikler yapabilir. İşte bu da bilime dayalı teknolojiye işaret etmektedir.
17. yüzyılda Latince olarak yazılmış olan Novum Organum, modern düşüncenin ve bilimsel bilgiye ulaşmanın en önemli kaynaklarından biridir.
360 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1620
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569 people want to read
About the author
Francis Bacon
2,330 books922 followersNot to confuse with collateral descendant and artist Francis Bacon
English philosopher, essayist, courtier, jurist, and statesman Francis Bacon, first viscount Saint Albans, in writings, which include The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the Novum Organum (1620), proposed a theory of scientific knowledge, based on observation and experiment, which people came as the inductive method.
A Baconian follows the doctrines of the philosopher Francis Bacon or believes in the theory of, relating to, or characteristic of his works or thought that he authored the plays, attributed to William Shakespeare.
This Queen's Counsel, an orator, authored. He served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, his works extremely influenced especially as advocate and practitioner during the revolution.
People called Bacon the creator of empiricism. His works established and popularized simple Baconian inquiry, often called. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all natural things marked a new turn in much of the rhetorical framework, which still surrounds proper conceptions today.
Bacon received a knighthood in 1603, and people created him baron Verulam in 1618 and promoted him in 1621.
Ideas of Bacon in the 1630s and 1650s influenced scholars; Sir Thomas Browne in his Encyclopaedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646–72) frequently adheres to an approach to his inquiries. During the Restoration, the royal society founded under Charles II in 1660, commonly invoked Bacon as a guiding spirit.
During the 18th-century Enlightenment of France, criticism of the ancien regime associated more influential non-metaphysical approach of Bacon than the dualism of his French contemporary René Descartes. In 1733, Voltaire "introduced him as the ''father," a widespread understanding before 1750, to a French audience.
In the 19th century, William Whewell revived and developed his emphasis. People reputed him as the "father."
Because Bacon introduced the influence behind the dawning of the Industrial age in England, people also consider him. In works, Bacon,
meaning he expected that through the understanding of use of mechanics, society creates more inventions that to an extent solves the problems. This idea, found in medieval ages, changed the course in history to inventive that eventually led to the mechanical inventions that made possible the Industrial Revolutions of the following centuries.
He also a long treatise on Medicine, History of Life and Death , with the natural prolongation.
For the historian William Hepworth Dixon of biographers, so great influence of Bacon in modern world proceeds to owe to who rides in a train, sends a telegram, follows a steam plough, sits in an easy chair, crosses the channel or the Atlantic, eats a good dinner, enjoys a beautiful garden, or undergoes a painless surgical operation
Francis Bacon's left the vast and varied that dispaly and that divided in three great branches:
Works present his ideas for an universal reform into the use of the improvement.
In literary works, he presents his morals.
Works reform in law.
Librarian Note: There is more than one author in the Goodreads database with thi
English philosopher, essayist, courtier, jurist, and statesman Francis Bacon, first viscount Saint Albans, in writings, which include The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the Novum Organum (1620), proposed a theory of scientific knowledge, based on observation and experiment, which people came as the inductive method.
A Baconian follows the doctrines of the philosopher Francis Bacon or believes in the theory of, relating to, or characteristic of his works or thought that he authored the plays, attributed to William Shakespeare.
This Queen's Counsel, an orator, authored. He served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, his works extremely influenced especially as advocate and practitioner during the revolution.
People called Bacon the creator of empiricism. His works established and popularized simple Baconian inquiry, often called. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all natural things marked a new turn in much of the rhetorical framework, which still surrounds proper conceptions today.
Bacon received a knighthood in 1603, and people created him baron Verulam in 1618 and promoted him in 1621.
Ideas of Bacon in the 1630s and 1650s influenced scholars; Sir Thomas Browne in his Encyclopaedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646–72) frequently adheres to an approach to his inquiries. During the Restoration, the royal society founded under Charles II in 1660, commonly invoked Bacon as a guiding spirit.
During the 18th-century Enlightenment of France, criticism of the ancien regime associated more influential non-metaphysical approach of Bacon than the dualism of his French contemporary René Descartes. In 1733, Voltaire "introduced him as the ''father," a widespread understanding before 1750, to a French audience.
In the 19th century, William Whewell revived and developed his emphasis. People reputed him as the "father."
Because Bacon introduced the influence behind the dawning of the Industrial age in England, people also consider him. In works, Bacon,
"the explanation of which things, and of the true relation between the nature of things and the nature of the mind, is as the strewing and decoration of the bridal chamber of the mind and the universe, out of which marriage let us hope there may spring helps to man, and a line and race of inventions that may in some degree subdue and overcome the necessities and miseries of humanity,"
meaning he expected that through the understanding of use of mechanics, society creates more inventions that to an extent solves the problems. This idea, found in medieval ages, changed the course in history to inventive that eventually led to the mechanical inventions that made possible the Industrial Revolutions of the following centuries.
He also a long treatise on Medicine, History of Life and Death , with the natural prolongation.
For the historian William Hepworth Dixon of biographers, so great influence of Bacon in modern world proceeds to owe to who rides in a train, sends a telegram, follows a steam plough, sits in an easy chair, crosses the channel or the Atlantic, eats a good dinner, enjoys a beautiful garden, or undergoes a painless surgical operation
Francis Bacon's left the vast and varied that dispaly and that divided in three great branches:
Works present his ideas for an universal reform into the use of the improvement.
In literary works, he presents his morals.
Works reform in law.
Librarian Note: There is more than one author in the Goodreads database with thi
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Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews
July 16, 2017
Talvez influenciado pela recente leitura de Thomas Kuhn e sua crítica ao conceito falacioso do progresso científico, talvez por concordar tanto com o conhecimento trazido pela combinação do racionalismo com o empiricismo, ou ainda por ter na sua escrita várias horas de grande prazer é que termino, principalmente a primeira parte do Novum Organum com um sincero apreço pelo (mais que polêmico) autor.
Francis Bacon, por entender ser responsabilidade da escolástica, a transformação do pensamento dos gregos em dogmas que atrasaram o progresso científico, ataca sem piedade Aristóteles e Platão, enaltece Demócrito (sempre tem uma hora da noite quando voltamos aos pré-socráticos) e expõe as razões de sua crítica. Polêmico, foi em vida dissoluto, político contemporâneo de Shakespeare (alguns dizem que foi o próprio), bajulador de reis, dedicou-se ao direito, tinha desprezo pela aplicação prática da matemática.
Essa edição traz duas obras: Novum Organum, onde o primeiro livro é de interesse de todos que se envolveram em algum momento com ciência ou design, e tem como segundo livro a descrição detalhada de seu método (maldição de filósofos: o seu empenho é tanto que em suas categorias rivaliza com Aristóteles pelo excesso e enciclopedismo, de um modo estranho para mentes do século XXI) e termina com Nova Atlântica, obra póstuma, uma utopia que representa em fábula as ideias presentes no Novum Organum.
Francis Bacon, por entender ser responsabilidade da escolástica, a transformação do pensamento dos gregos em dogmas que atrasaram o progresso científico, ataca sem piedade Aristóteles e Platão, enaltece Demócrito (sempre tem uma hora da noite quando voltamos aos pré-socráticos) e expõe as razões de sua crítica. Polêmico, foi em vida dissoluto, político contemporâneo de Shakespeare (alguns dizem que foi o próprio), bajulador de reis, dedicou-se ao direito, tinha desprezo pela aplicação prática da matemática.
Essa edição traz duas obras: Novum Organum, onde o primeiro livro é de interesse de todos que se envolveram em algum momento com ciência ou design, e tem como segundo livro a descrição detalhada de seu método (maldição de filósofos: o seu empenho é tanto que em suas categorias rivaliza com Aristóteles pelo excesso e enciclopedismo, de um modo estranho para mentes do século XXI) e termina com Nova Atlântica, obra póstuma, uma utopia que representa em fábula as ideias presentes no Novum Organum.
January 6, 2014
"They who have presumed to dogmatize on nature...either from self-conceit or arrogance...have inflicted the greatest injury on philosophy and learning. For they have tended to stifle and interrupt inquiry exactly in proportion as they have prevailed in bringing others to their opinion..."
If the Advancement of Learning is an inoffensive jab at the state of science (remaining hesitant to upset the reigning monarchy of the time), his Novum Organum (The New Organon, to refine Aristotle's seminal "Organon") is the incredibly mature and bold effort and answer that refines the way we understand the universe and our means of collecting knowledge. It is a monumental work that changed how we arrive at knowing that the thing we think "is the case", is actually the case. If you have any interest in how we arrived at the scientific methods used today (chiefly, induction through the accumulation of data--natural history) and changed how we understand the world, one really must begin with Bacon's supreme book.
His work is pregnant with amazing new discoveries that are casually mentioned albeit not hashed out thoroughly, from surface tension, to the potential of the microscope to reveal new worlds, the law of conservation of energy, the creation of the barometer, inertia, the cell, the correlation (as per the Table of More or Less), that there exists some speed of light and of sound (p. 238), the suggestion of containing air for man to travel as per SCUBA and submarines and the airplane, the pressure of liquids/air for locomotion and the steam engine, among others. What probably struck me most in this book was its incredible prescience for its time. Bacon's work foreshadows more future insights into science than anyone I've ever read. From the philosophy of science he echoes Popper, that "every contradictory instance destroys a hypothesis as to the form". His discourse on heat to arrive at it's functional cause as "motion", which is not far off from future extensions on the measurement of heat and temperature, the movement of electrons in heat transfer and conduction/radiation. He arguably predates Newton in the understanding/discovery of light/color and gravity, noting "we easily deduce that color is nothing but a modification of the image of the incident and absorbed light, occasioned...by different degrees of incidence", and for gravity, by noting that "if there be any magnetic force which acts by sympathy between the globe of the earth and heavy bodies, or between that of the moon and the waters of the sea, or between the starry sphere and the planets, these must all operate at very great distances...for if the moon raise the waters, or cause substances to swell, or if the starry sphere attract the planets toward their apogees, or the sun confine the planets to within a certain distance of his mass..."
Compared to the earlier work Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum better outlines his agenda and means to investigate truth, noting how the general tendency was one of confirmation bias, as "when any proposition has been once laid down, forces everything else to add fresh support and confirmation; and although most cogent and abundant instances may exist to the contrary, yet either does not observe or despises them, or gets rid of and rejects them by some distinction, with violent and injurious prejudice, rather than sacrifice the authority of its first conclusions". We see these injuries that pure theory leaves when left unchecked by observation and experiment. The idyllic fallacies of humanity, individuals, groups, and dogmatic theories create not ignorance, but rather the facade of truth, which is much more impeding to posterity. "Feelings and will imbue and corrupt man's understanding". Clearly Bacon urges a vigilant skepticism, where knowledge and contemplation are held in suspicion, and theories and logic treated as mere fictions of the stage until they show themselves in nature. This attack reminds me similarly of the sophism of ancient Greeks, compared to Plato's Academy and the Lyceum where knowledge was given first chair over showy rhetoric (or, modern politics, anyone?).
Nowhere before this book do we see a clear goal set out for science: namely the conquering of nature by man. Though never written out explicitly, knowledge is indeed power--to be used for practice in creating the ideal world we seek. Everything preceding this book is mere groping in the dark through chance, when "the real order of experience begins by setting up a light, and then shows the road by it, commencing with a regulated and digested, not a misplaced and vague course of experiment". This "true path" has not been deserted, but rather blocked through antiquated opinion. Bacon cannot help but wonder what discoveries await us when the light is shown to guide science rightly anew, and superstitious obscenities removed. Nor is he ignorant of the despair and reluctance of change: "If, therefore, anyone believe or promise greater things, if they impute it to an uncurbed and immature mind, and imagine that such efforts begin pleasantly...we must diligently examine what gleam of hope shines upon us, and in what direction it manifests itself, so that, banishing her lighter dreams, we may discuss and weigh whatever appears of most sound importance". The spirit of discovery lies in finding through through the errors of the past and to keep going, where progress means not despair but finding new ways still unattempted (Edison's 10,000 ways that don't work :) ). Once reframed as such, Bacon's masterpiece renews and enlarges the empire of man.
His second book of Aphorisms clearly outlines his method of induction through nature, the bottom-up approach of observation to reach general conclusions, such as the Table of Instances to discover latent forms: a nature (such as heat or light) is given, which then include instances that agree with that form, or are present/existing with it (the sun, flame, naturally heated liquids, sparks, etc.). His position is to "let the experiment be tried, and then further inquiry be made". His other tables are a noble effort at this idea of furthering tables and inquiry, and while they shouldn't be condemned for their inaccuracy, should be lauded for their rethinking of the way we ask questions methodically to organize information and understand (e.g. comparative instances and the over-reliance of "spirit" as a uniform copout in many fields of explanation to which he had no understanding.
His execution of method may be flawed and completely wrong in some instances, as the editor notes. But this minor error is but a hiccup when one considers that the method itself would still be utilized to arrive at truth when others add more observations and experiment, attesting to its efficacy. So for that he can be forgiven in bringing a new light to our understanding, and a new voice to our ambitious hopes.
If the Advancement of Learning is an inoffensive jab at the state of science (remaining hesitant to upset the reigning monarchy of the time), his Novum Organum (The New Organon, to refine Aristotle's seminal "Organon") is the incredibly mature and bold effort and answer that refines the way we understand the universe and our means of collecting knowledge. It is a monumental work that changed how we arrive at knowing that the thing we think "is the case", is actually the case. If you have any interest in how we arrived at the scientific methods used today (chiefly, induction through the accumulation of data--natural history) and changed how we understand the world, one really must begin with Bacon's supreme book.
His work is pregnant with amazing new discoveries that are casually mentioned albeit not hashed out thoroughly, from surface tension, to the potential of the microscope to reveal new worlds, the law of conservation of energy, the creation of the barometer, inertia, the cell, the correlation (as per the Table of More or Less), that there exists some speed of light and of sound (p. 238), the suggestion of containing air for man to travel as per SCUBA and submarines and the airplane, the pressure of liquids/air for locomotion and the steam engine, among others. What probably struck me most in this book was its incredible prescience for its time. Bacon's work foreshadows more future insights into science than anyone I've ever read. From the philosophy of science he echoes Popper, that "every contradictory instance destroys a hypothesis as to the form". His discourse on heat to arrive at it's functional cause as "motion", which is not far off from future extensions on the measurement of heat and temperature, the movement of electrons in heat transfer and conduction/radiation. He arguably predates Newton in the understanding/discovery of light/color and gravity, noting "we easily deduce that color is nothing but a modification of the image of the incident and absorbed light, occasioned...by different degrees of incidence", and for gravity, by noting that "if there be any magnetic force which acts by sympathy between the globe of the earth and heavy bodies, or between that of the moon and the waters of the sea, or between the starry sphere and the planets, these must all operate at very great distances...for if the moon raise the waters, or cause substances to swell, or if the starry sphere attract the planets toward their apogees, or the sun confine the planets to within a certain distance of his mass..."
Compared to the earlier work Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum better outlines his agenda and means to investigate truth, noting how the general tendency was one of confirmation bias, as "when any proposition has been once laid down, forces everything else to add fresh support and confirmation; and although most cogent and abundant instances may exist to the contrary, yet either does not observe or despises them, or gets rid of and rejects them by some distinction, with violent and injurious prejudice, rather than sacrifice the authority of its first conclusions". We see these injuries that pure theory leaves when left unchecked by observation and experiment. The idyllic fallacies of humanity, individuals, groups, and dogmatic theories create not ignorance, but rather the facade of truth, which is much more impeding to posterity. "Feelings and will imbue and corrupt man's understanding". Clearly Bacon urges a vigilant skepticism, where knowledge and contemplation are held in suspicion, and theories and logic treated as mere fictions of the stage until they show themselves in nature. This attack reminds me similarly of the sophism of ancient Greeks, compared to Plato's Academy and the Lyceum where knowledge was given first chair over showy rhetoric (or, modern politics, anyone?).
Nowhere before this book do we see a clear goal set out for science: namely the conquering of nature by man. Though never written out explicitly, knowledge is indeed power--to be used for practice in creating the ideal world we seek. Everything preceding this book is mere groping in the dark through chance, when "the real order of experience begins by setting up a light, and then shows the road by it, commencing with a regulated and digested, not a misplaced and vague course of experiment". This "true path" has not been deserted, but rather blocked through antiquated opinion. Bacon cannot help but wonder what discoveries await us when the light is shown to guide science rightly anew, and superstitious obscenities removed. Nor is he ignorant of the despair and reluctance of change: "If, therefore, anyone believe or promise greater things, if they impute it to an uncurbed and immature mind, and imagine that such efforts begin pleasantly...we must diligently examine what gleam of hope shines upon us, and in what direction it manifests itself, so that, banishing her lighter dreams, we may discuss and weigh whatever appears of most sound importance". The spirit of discovery lies in finding through through the errors of the past and to keep going, where progress means not despair but finding new ways still unattempted (Edison's 10,000 ways that don't work :) ). Once reframed as such, Bacon's masterpiece renews and enlarges the empire of man.
His second book of Aphorisms clearly outlines his method of induction through nature, the bottom-up approach of observation to reach general conclusions, such as the Table of Instances to discover latent forms: a nature (such as heat or light) is given, which then include instances that agree with that form, or are present/existing with it (the sun, flame, naturally heated liquids, sparks, etc.). His position is to "let the experiment be tried, and then further inquiry be made". His other tables are a noble effort at this idea of furthering tables and inquiry, and while they shouldn't be condemned for their inaccuracy, should be lauded for their rethinking of the way we ask questions methodically to organize information and understand (e.g. comparative instances and the over-reliance of "spirit" as a uniform copout in many fields of explanation to which he had no understanding.
His execution of method may be flawed and completely wrong in some instances, as the editor notes. But this minor error is but a hiccup when one considers that the method itself would still be utilized to arrive at truth when others add more observations and experiment, attesting to its efficacy. So for that he can be forgiven in bringing a new light to our understanding, and a new voice to our ambitious hopes.
October 14, 2018
It's funny.
February 19, 2019
Historic and science-shaping.
February 21, 2020
Had to read parts of this for Introduction to Political Thought.
December 9, 2021
Interesting but difficult to read book. still it should be read by every scientist.
March 31, 2023
Read portions for the 10 years reading program of the Great Books of the Western World.
May 12, 2025
"I don’t know what’s more challenging — the Latin, the logic, or the quiet feeling that we still haven’t moved past Bacon’s questions."
February 9, 2026
Hybris at it‘s finest.
September 4, 2012
Oh so painful of a read.
November 20, 2016
would recommend part one only.
Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews