(I'm afraid that this review contains some spoilers. Given the brevity of the story in question, they were hard to avoid.)
I'm aware of the historical context of the novel. I'm aware that the protagonist Gerasim is a metaphor for a Russian serf unable to stand up for himself. I'm aware that Mumu was written as a warning against the cruelty of the life conditions of serfs in Tsarist Russian. I know all that, but I would still argue that the subject of this story is, in its essence, eternal. This story does belong to a certain historical period, but like all great classical works of literature, Mumu stands the test of time. The subject of this story, a man caught up in a net of duty and social restrictions is something we can all relate to. Another thing that is always relevant is the theme of isolation and this story captures it perfectly. The landlady of the house is, despite the fact that she controls the fates of other human beings, or perhaps because of it, profoundly unhappy and isolated. This Madam who quite literally ‘owns’ Gerasim has grown cold and distant, proving true to the proverb ‘absolute power corrupts absolutely’. Madam in this story is selfish and stubborn, and while she may command others, ultimately it brings her no satisfaction. This old lady is absolutely lonely, and unable to establish a relationship or connection of any kind. In contrast, despite the fact that he is only a serf, and a deaf mute one, Gerasim has the capacity to establish relationships with others. Obviously, Gerasim struggles to express himself and form relationships because of his disability, but he clearly has the capacity to love. Madam prevents him from forming a relationship out of a caprice. When a girl Gerasim cares for is taken away from him, Gerasim establishes a touching friendship with a dog Mumu. Unfortunately, Mumu doesn’t like the old lady, who in turn gets offended by dog’s rejection. Paradoxically, both the villain and the victim in this story are profoundly isolated. Madam and Gerasim are both caught up in the cruelty of the system they do not know how to question. Mumu is a sad and tragic tale, there is no doubt about that.
In essence, Mumu tells a tragic tale of a serf. Gerasim is not isolated only by his disability, but also by his social position. Gerasim is a serf brought from the country to the city, a position he grows accustomed to, but that is symbolic of his lack of power to choose not only his job, but his dwelling as well. This dislocations also strengthens Gerasim's isolation. The fact that Gerasim was a deaf mute only makes him more of a powerful symbol. Gerasim represents a typical serf, one unable to speak or argue for himself. How easy we forget about this dark side of European history. We learn about it, but we never really stop to think what it all meant. I know of at least a dozen of serf and peasant rebellions in Croatia, starting from the Middle Ages and lasting until the eighteen century. Like in other European countries, these rebellions were smothered in blood. We learn about it in school, we may even remember the violent descriptions or horrible details (like for example the cruel manner in which the serfs were executed), but we never stop to wonder why. People today often don’t realize how much the European institution of serfdom was akin to slavery. Centuries went by, and this institution became something ingrained into the human mind. Perhaps it is still ingredient in our mind, somewhere deep down. That would sure explain many things. The stark differences between different layers of society must look abnormal to our eyes today, but in those times these were ‘the truth we hold to be self-evident’. Some things never change and the vast majority of people do live in difficult conditions. Are the times we live in truly that different? I mean, do I own or own the house I live in? I’m assuming that you my reader, probably owe rather than own the house you live in (or you did at some stage of your life). You are not free to go wherever you want, whenever you want. We are forever in depth, we always owe money to the banks, to the state, etc. Like the serfs, once we pay our taxes, our mortgage and buy our groceries, there really isn’t that much left. You can preach ‘rights’ until you pass out, but the only right we really have is the right to die. Sometimes not even that. 99 percent of us will have to work for everything we have. As recent history demonstrates, our Western societies are quite economically unstable. We haven't come up with a good or a just system. The World Bank and IMF are not called tools of a colonial system for no reason.
There is no point in wondering why the protagonist didn’t refuse to perform the act will break his heart. He couldn’t have refused the order. He wouldn't have know how. In addition, where could he go? You don’t image he just wondered of and found another job? That’s not how things worked out back then. A serf was a person who owned nothing and was considered a property. Moreover, it is not how things work out today. I can easily imagine a modern day Gerasim. He belongs to the lower working class, he has no education and no control over his life, and his land lady demands he gets rid of the dog? What will he do? Maybe if there is a dog shelter nearby, there might be some hope for the dog, but how would he explain what he wants being that he is a deaf mute? How free are we today? How often do we must give up someone or something we love to keep our jobs? How many people are worse off than serfs? 40 million slaves is the official contemporary estimate if I’m not mistaken. Our Western economy is still deeply unstable. Even people who have tons of degrees, speak half a dozen languages often struggle to keep and hold a job. Do you have a feeling that you have to work long hours just to keep the food on the table? Probably you do. How much do you really own, your degrees and work accomplishment aside? Sometimes all it takes for a family to become homeless and lose their home is for one member to get seriously ill. Millions of people live with chronic and incurable illnesses. Life is hard, it just is. This story is only too relevant, I’m afraid. I’m convinced there are many Gerasims among us today.
To conclude, Mumu is a tragic but profound tale. It digs deep into the loneliness of the human condition. From the technical point of view, this story is perfect. Turgenev mixes humour with sadness with an impressive ease. It is a skill typically found in a great Russian writer, but one never really get tired of it. The narrative flows with ease, and the characters are masterfully portrayed. The tragic fate of Mumu, a simple and tragic animal, is incredibly touching. From start to finish, this story is absolutely fantastic. It is an impressive piece of writing in every way I can think of. The only fault I can think of in connection with it being that it is quite depressive. I'm not sure can we really consider it a flaw, as the 'depressive' feel of this story is the logical consequence of the seriousness of its theme. Nevertheless, there is no denying one is left with a bitter taste in one's mouth. Don't read it you are overly sensitive or feel like you need something to lift you up. This story will definitely not brighten your mood, but it will probably make you think.