What do you think?
Rate this book


466 pages, Kindle Edition
Published November 7, 2017
The first woman to climb Mount Everest came from an interesting time in Japan, the Meiji era (1868-1912), when the Japanese people were introduced to the idea of mountaineering for sport, of enjoying mountaineering in and of itself.
Eventually, in the Taisho era (1912-1926), women of the intellectual class began to join in this European-style play.
It was probably due to her compassionate personality that Japanese society adopted Junko Tabei as a "star of the mountaineering community" and "role model for Japanese women," which certainly reflected the era's shifting values from submissive women to active ones. At the same time, while welcoming "women full of energy," Japanese society was not ready to accept radical feminists as it was still attached to traditional women figures: good wives, perfect mothers and modest behaviour.
"[...] In the first place, you don't want to make a false claim as 'housewife' while you make money from mountaineering and presenting speeches, et cetera. You are an authentic professional. You do pay taxes, right?"
My opinion might have had some effect on her, or she herself naturally came to realize her social role as an established commentator in the mountaineering community, because I noticed that in later years when we went on mountain trips together, she started to write "mountaineer" in the "occupation" blanks of hotel check-in forms.
From the era of Showa to Heisei (1926-present), from the twentieth to twenty-first century, in the period when Japanese women finally gained small wings, a woman less than 153 centimetres in height flapped her wings big time and became an important figure in mountaineering history.
In May 1995 Alison Hargreaves took on the North Face of Everest, the route pioneered by George Mallory and his companions in the 1920s. Hargreaves insisted on carrying all her own gear, pitching her own tent and surviving without the aid of supplementary oxygen.
Instinct told me I needed a knife. I reached for the cord around my neck and yanked at the hidden tool with my right hand but I was unable to free it, my arm rendered useless. With urgency, I bit at the knife with my teeth and pulled the blade from its sheath.
Then send the mail runners to Camp 3, Camp 1 and Base Camp right away. Look for a note pad to write on. We can't wait for the regular radio call tomorrow morning.
People in our group were already feeling the effects of altitude. The amount of available oxygen was about half that at valley bottom, and shortness of breath, headache, fatigue and loss of appetite were common complaints.
In 2003, Majima and I, along with two other female friends, also climbed Mount Assiniboine in the Canadian Rockies, with local mountain guides Barry Blanchard and Todd Craig.
Once more, our party of twelve women, including two base-camp managers and hikers who planned to only go as far as the start of the climb, applied for and received the necessary documentation to set foot on Mount Tomur.
After the cleanup, the women Everest climbers regrouped and headed to an onsen resort in Hakone. Our Chinese, Indian and South Korean colleagues chose not to partake in the outside iwa-onsen (rocky hot springs). Likely, their cultural norms led them to feel a bit too exposed, naked in the outdoor pools. Bradey, on the other hand, jumped right in. Before we knew it, Kitamura and I were in stitches, trying to talk the bare Bradey out of bouldering on the rocks that surrounded the pool.
By that time, three women had stood on the summit of Everest: me and Pan Duo in 1975, and Wanda Rutkiewicz from Poland in 1978. [...]
Rutkiewicz led several women-only teams in her climbing career that included routes on the East Pillar of Norway's Trollryggen (1968), the North Pillar of the Eiger (1973) and North Face of the Matterhorn in winter (1978). She was a prominent light for women climbers in a time when men dominated the field. Sadly, she disappeared from the North Face of Kanchenjunga in 1992 during her amazing pursuit of all fourteen 8000-metre peaks, eight of which she summitted, including the first female ascent of K2 in 1986.
Pan Duo was sought after by the Chinese government to be part of the country's first attempt on Everest in 1960. She had a robust build and a successful climbing history that could not be ignored. Nonetheless, she was ordered to remain below 6400 metres on Everest. "Above that elevation is a man's world," she was told. Her frustration was evident.
It was during these celebrations that I heard for the first time that the United Nations had designated 1975 as International Women's Year.
We began our descent at 1:30 p.m., and it became obvious that going down would require far more nerve than climbing up. Humans were not made for this. Climbing, yes; descending, no.
When I was about to change my socks to a dry pair, he took out a thicker pair of his own and suggested I use them. "These are better," he said, "French made."
Ang Tsering stopped me short of trying to grill frozen cheese directly over the flame. "It's not good to burn food in the sacred fire," he said. Although I craved the taste of warm melted cheese, I would never do anything to upset him, for the faith of the Sherpas is one to uphold.
We drank milk tea, coffee, hot chocolate, green tea and hot lemon juice, one after the other until each of us had consumed six cups worth, but felt no difference. Rehydrating was nearly impossible, and my lips were dry before the next batch of snow began to melt.
The daily routine of entering the tent began. We cleaned snow from our packs and stored them inside, sat at the entranceway facing outdoors and removed crampons, tapped overboots together to shake off more snow, secured crampons to the outer tent straps so they stayed put, then peeled boots off and retreated indoors.
Limitations of living at 7600 metres in elevation kicked in. Ang Tsering gave up trying to ignite a temperamental kerosene stove to boil water for soup. Logistics dictated that we only use kerosene stoves at Camp 4, reserving the butane gas for higher up.
Tucked away in our tent, and seeking a distraction from the heavy mood of the camp, Watanabe and I sat wrapped in our sleeping bags to begin the ritual of wiping off the thick layer of sunblock from our faces. We focused on remaining calm, clearing our minds as we cleansed our skin. Late at night, with heads side by side, we each fell asleep inhaling one litre of oxygen per hour from a shared bottle through a two-pronged nasal tube.
That night, as a fresh start was needed, we scrubbed each other's backs with 5-centimetre-square cotton sheets soaked in rubbing alcohol. It had been more than two months since any of us had soaked in a hot bath and the itchiness of dry, sweat-smeared skin was a serious annoyance, even taking into account our noble pursuits.
We climbed without oxygen, which we saved for sleeping, and our packs were notably heavy.
I had visions of my family and friends tucked into a kotatsu, warming their toes, and I longed for the taste of the mandarin oranges they would likely be sharing over relaxed conversation.
Various other side effects from altitude kicked in as well. Some climbers lost their appetite and their faces began to show their newly acquired slimness, whereas others, like me, maintained our exact weight for the entire trip. Several women's menstrual cycles shifted - some did not menstruate at all, others had to endure two weeks of menstruation, and others still struggled with such pain that they could barely move - all symptoms that subsided once off the mountain but experiences we had to manage on Everest nonetheless.
Sunburn was a constant problem. The sunscreen lotion we had was insufficient, and we all developed blistered burns.
The scale of expedition dilemmas varied from minor to serious, and one day, right after Taneya and a few Sherpas had scouted the Khumbu Icefall for the first time, Nasu raised a concern that needed attention. "Isn't it a bit off our goal to do the scouting with Sherpas? Shouldn't we do it all by ourselves since we are a women's party?"
Several of the Sherpas had trained as lamas, or teachers, and were able to lead us in the proper chants for the occasion.
We were unaccustomed to mornings at Base Camp. Instead of the sound of chirping birds, as in the various villages on our approach, silence in the wee hours was encroached upon by the roar of distant avalanches and rockfall.
Sixteen days after we left Kathmandu, and just before arriving at Namche Bazaar, we saw Mount Everest for the first time. There was no sweeter sound than the porters announcing the mountain to us in Nepali: "Memsahib, Sagarmatha; Memsahib, Sagarmatha."
Funny enough, after Everest, I heard Noriko say, "Hey, Mom, is meshi ready yet?" Meshi (meal) is a word used only by men. Clearly, she had been well looked after by her older boy cousins in my absence.
In Japan, families have a special celebration, called 753, for their child's third, fifth and seventh years of life.
Even the cardboard centres (at two grams each) of toilet paper rolls were discarded, and the paper alone was carried in plastic bags that also doubled as cushioning in our packs.
The number of women who had first joined the team dwindled due to a few people's disappointment with the burden of the unexpected desk work. It was obvious they were only interested in the expedition for the Everest name and were unable to commit to all aspects of trip preparation.
We approached major Japanese corporations for donations, but the country was in recession from the 1973 oil crisis, and available funds were limited. It was a period of rampant rumours about jumps in gasoline prices and toilet paper disappearing from store shelves; people lived in fear of running out of basic supplies.
My experience on Annapurna was that strong will, determination and the ability to problem solve in dire situations played a more critical role than physical ability when climbing in the Himalayas. We could help train a person to be a better climber, but we were unable to generate her willpower.
As assistant leader on the Annapurna III team, I wanted to be seen as a good person, one who pleased both leader and team members, a trait that likely originated from my childhood. A social teaching that was deeply rooted in me when I was young was to be a good girl and do no wrong, so no one could accuse me of poor behaviour. This, in addition to the Japanese tendency to not be different from other people, made it difficult to stand by tough choices that were required on the mountain. It was unusual enough to be a female climber in that era of yesteryear, let alone to make a stand in front of your friends that would possibly upset them. Today, young people are encouraged to be unique, but in my day, we were strictly advised that being different was abnormal. Whether one belief is more correct than the other, I cannot comment, but what I do know (and it was the most crucial thing I learned from Annapurna) is that the old way failed me. Behaving as a social butterfly does not work in mountaineering - one must be clear with others; there is no time for mixed messages. Essentially, a person must be able to voice her opinion without worrying about criticism.
When I finally returned home from Annapurna III and reflected on the expedition, there were times I wanted to ignore the dynamics that unfolded amongst team members, to the point of not wanting to see certain people.
Over the years, I had heard many male-only expeditions tolerate unfriendly incidents, like someone having his teeth broken because he was hit by a teammate, a climber stamping his crampon-clad foot on another climber in rage, or loud verbal arguments between leader and team members dispatched over the radio. Yet, when the trip summaries were published, not a word of such stories was written.
The altimeter read just above 7000 metres. We sat on rugged rocks for a break, hoping this would be enough to ease Pasang's pain. A much-anticipated can of peaches was opened for a snack - but it was frozen solid, a cylindrical block of concrete.
Hirakawa injected Miyazaki with anti-nausea medication. We tried to melt snow for water to sooth her distressed complaint of thirst, but given the elevation, the butane-fuelled stoves were diminished in their power output and the melting process took forever. Thankfully the medication kicked in and Miyazaki fell asleep. On the contrary, Hirakawa and I were starving, as usual, and had to satiate our bellies to some degree before we could attempt sleep. Admittedly, we ate Miyazaki's portion of dinner, too, and called it a night.
Of all things, the very next day when I was meant to continue my fight with the blue ice wall, I developed a hemorrhoid from the extensive strain on my body.
It was a relief to arrive back at Camp 4, and our return was noted with a pack of kibi-dango, a sweet snack sent from Yamazaki with a message that said, "Take heart, ladies - high up there - for it's Children's day." We broke into smiles in honour of this national Japanese holiday, and age-old celebration that recognizes and respects the younger generation every May 5.
Miyazaki, whose signature duty at Camp 4 had been to chase the miniature silhouettes of faraway climbers on the ice wall through her binoculars, was suddenly stricken with a severe headache at midnight.
From below, what appeared to be a giant crevasse at the bottom of those final pitches that led to the col was a bergschrund, where mountain meets glacier.
Ladies, don't be disappointed. We're having freeze-dried rice and Knorr soup this evening.
As it does in an environment where food is limited, conversation drifted to the delicacies we missed most. "What do you want to eat now?" someone asked. Tempura and sushi, warm taro potatoes marinated in soya sauce and sugar, yakitori (barbecued chicken shish kebabs), grilled fish with grated daikon, gyoza (Chinese dumplings), ton-katsu (fried pork wrapped in bread crumbs), strawberries, watermelon - the list of desired dishes was endless.
It took the strength of four Sherpas to pull me out, an action that left me unable to walk for a while afterwards since my ankle and hip joints had been completely stretched loose.
It was evident that all the tents, including the Sherpas', would have been completely buried, with no chance for our survival, had we set them up in the same spot as the Spanish team did the previous year.
When people meet me for the first time, they are surprised by my size. They expect me to be bigger than I am, more strapping, robust, like a wrestler for example. As I am the first woman to climb Mount Everest and the Seven Summits, they equate a certain body type to my accomplishments. I grin whenever I am first overlooked then greeted at a train station or a speaking engagement. "Are you really Tabei-san?" they ask. At a height of five feet, and weighing 49 kilograms, I thrown newcomers for a loop. Questions like how do I carry such a heavy pack, or how large is my lung capacity are the usual conversation openers. I was always puzzled by this, by people's obsession with the physical appearance of a mountaineer.
I was born in 1939, in a small town called Miharu, in the Fukushima area. Miharu means "three spring," as in the season, for the three flowers - plum, peach and cherry - that bloom together come springtime.
I performed poorly in physical education classes, too, unable to succeed at a kip or vault until the end of Grade 6.
The girls-only students' dorm at university in Tokyo had an etiquette all its own. Upon entering, we knelt in front of the room and greeted everyone with "Gomen asobase", a very feminine, polite, upper-class way of saying excuse me.
My father sold his farm estates to pay for treatment, and he diligently prayed for her each morning by way of a traditional ice-cold shower with buckets of water from the well.
What surprised me was the lack of interest teachers had in female students attending post-secondary institutions. Information on options was scarce, and it was up to the individual to make it happen.
I chose to play the koto (Japanese harp) in university, and quickly advanced under the guidance of maestro Ms. Ando.
The University of Tokyo is a beautiful location with open space and lots of greenery. It is one of the highest-level government-funded universities in Japan.
Eventually, I even felt at ease sharing a tent with men - it seemed like the natural thing to do in the mountains, but the rumours that resulted bothered me to no end. I had no time for assumptions that so and so were dating because they had climbed together. Still, I had come far in my dreams of the white mountains, and I could endure such gossip if it meant continuing to climb.
As I progressed in climbing, my days at Hakurei became numbered. I was bothered by the club's strict rules and the constant gossip.
We all have encounters in life that either brighten our future or dampen a dream.