What do you think?
Rate this book
Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue
As many visitors to Ocracoke will attest, the island's vibrant dialect is one of its most distinctive cultural features. In Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks, Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes present a fascinating account of the Ocracoke brogue. They trace its development, identify the elements of pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax that make it unique, and even provide a glossary and quiz to enhance the reader's knowledge of 'Ocracokisms.' In the process, they offer an intriguing look at the role language plays in a culture's efforts to define and maintain itself. But Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks is more than a linguistic study. Based on extensive interviews with more than seventy Ocracoke residents of all ages and illustrated with captivating photographs by Ann Ehringhaus and Herman Lankford, the book offers valuable insight on what makes Ocracoke special. In short, by tracing the history of island speech, the authors succeed in opening a window on the history of the islanders themselves.
182 pages, Paperback
First published April 1, 1997
About the author
Walt Wolfram
50 books5 followersWalt Wolfram (born February 15, 1941) is a sociolinguist at North Carolina State University, specializing in social and ethnic dialects of American English. He was one of the early pioneers in the study of urban African American English through his work in Detroit in 1969. Since the 1960s he has authored or co-authored 20 books and more than 300 articles on variation in American English. He was an active participant in the 1996 debate surrounding the Oakland Ebonics controversy, supporting the legitimacy of African American English as a systematic language system. In addition to African American English, Wolfram has written extensively about Appalachian English, Puerto Rican English, Lumbee English, and on many dialects of North Carolina, particularly of rural, isolated communities such as Ocracoke Island.
Wolfram received his B.A. from Wheaton College in 1963 and his Ph.D. from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969, studying under Roger Shuy. He has been on the faculty at Georgetown University, the University of the District of Columbia, was the Director of Research at the Center for Applied Linguistics from 1980 to 1992, and in 1992 was named the first William C. Friday Distinguished University Professor of English Linguistics at North Carolina State University. Wolfram is former President of the Linguistic Society of America as well as the American Dialect Society. In 2008, he was honored with the prestigious John Tyler Caldwell Award for the Humanities from the North Carolina Humanities Council, a statewide nonprofit and affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2010, he was awarded the Linguistics, Language and the Public award by the Linguistic Society of America. In 2013, he was awarded the North Carolina Award, the highest award given to a North Carolina citizen. Wolfram's book with Jeffrey Reaser, Talkin' Tar Heel: How our Voices Tell the Story of Story of North Carolina (2014 UNC Press), was the first popular linguistics book to embed more than 100 video and audio clips through the use of QRs.
In 1993, Wolfram formulated the principle of linguistic gratuity, which states that "investigators who have obtained linguistic data from members of a speech community should actively pursue ways in which they can return linguistic favors to the community". He directs the North Carolina Language and Life project at North Carolina State University. He has been involved in the production of television documentaries on dialect diversity (often in collaboration with Neal Hutcheson), the construction of museum exhibits, and the development of dialect awareness curricula for the schools and general public.
Wolfram received his B.A. from Wheaton College in 1963 and his Ph.D. from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969, studying under Roger Shuy. He has been on the faculty at Georgetown University, the University of the District of Columbia, was the Director of Research at the Center for Applied Linguistics from 1980 to 1992, and in 1992 was named the first William C. Friday Distinguished University Professor of English Linguistics at North Carolina State University. Wolfram is former President of the Linguistic Society of America as well as the American Dialect Society. In 2008, he was honored with the prestigious John Tyler Caldwell Award for the Humanities from the North Carolina Humanities Council, a statewide nonprofit and affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2010, he was awarded the Linguistics, Language and the Public award by the Linguistic Society of America. In 2013, he was awarded the North Carolina Award, the highest award given to a North Carolina citizen. Wolfram's book with Jeffrey Reaser, Talkin' Tar Heel: How our Voices Tell the Story of Story of North Carolina (2014 UNC Press), was the first popular linguistics book to embed more than 100 video and audio clips through the use of QRs.
In 1993, Wolfram formulated the principle of linguistic gratuity, which states that "investigators who have obtained linguistic data from members of a speech community should actively pursue ways in which they can return linguistic favors to the community". He directs the North Carolina Language and Life project at North Carolina State University. He has been involved in the production of television documentaries on dialect diversity (often in collaboration with Neal Hutcheson), the construction of museum exhibits, and the development of dialect awareness curricula for the schools and general public.
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews
January 18, 2018
“Hoi toide” is, supposedly, how the term “high tide” is said to sound when spoken by a native of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina. Because of the island’s isolation – to this day, one must take a ferryboat ride from the N.C. mainland, or from Hatteras Island, to reach Ocracoke – speech patterns from older times have persisted on the island, sometimes drawing comparisons with the Elizabethan English of William Shakespeare’s time. Yet the fine points of Ocracoke dialect are much subtler and more nuanced than popular belief might have it, as Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes make clear in their 1997 book Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue.
Both Wolfram and Schilling-Estes are eminent linguists. Wolfram, of North Carolina State University, founded the North Carolina Language and Life Project, and Schilling-Estes is the project’s coordinator. And their book, written in a spirit of respect for the people and culture of the people of Ocracoke, makes clear that Ocracokers are very much aware of their island’s reputation for having a “quaint” way of speaking.
A chapter titled “Sounding Like a ‘Hoi Toider’” starts with an anecdote about Wolfram being introduced around among island residents at a party, shortly after arriving on the island to conduct linguistic research. Because he was introduced in those terms, as “an obvious outsider”, Wolfram felt uncomfortable and self-conscious, until a friendly Ocracoker named Rex O’Neal rescued him by saying, “So you’re here studyin’ speech. Well, it’s hoi toide on the saind soide. Last night the water far, tonight the moon shine. No feesh” (p. 50).
Wolfram and Schilling-Estes subsequently learned that O’Neal’s statement constituted a “performance phrase” (p. 51) that Ocracokers could deploy at will, anytime an outsider wanted to hear their “colorful” speech. The story, while humorous, conveys a serious reality – that regional dialect, even in the case of a region that is isolated, is bound to affect, and be affected by, the surrounding society.
In the encounter described above, the authors say that Wolfram felt “discomfort as an intrusive dingbatter” (p. 50) until O’Neal stepped in to help him. If the term dingbatter is new to you, then you should be advised that dingbatter is a good example of an Ocracoke-specific term. The chapter “What’s in an O’Cocker World?” has a helpful vocabulary list, from which one can learn that dingbatter means “A non-native of Ocracoke or the Outer Banks. Sometimes used somewhat negatively to refer to someone who is ignorant of island life (“The dingbatter kept getting his fishing line tangled with mine)” (p. 41).
At the same time, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes, as conscientious linguists, remind the reader that any regional dialect is ever-changing. In a chapter aptly titled “No Dialect Is an Island,” the authors point out that the word dingbatter, for instance, “has come into use only in recent years as a replacement for the older generation’s term for outsiders, foreigner or stranger. Middle-aged and younger speakers know and freely use dingbatter, but the oldest speakers may not have heard the word” (p. 100). An older Ocracoker might look at an island visitor and say, “There’s a foreigner,” and a younger Ocracoker might conclude that the visitor is from Chile or Romania rather than Charlotte or Raleigh.
Good academics that they are, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes even offer the reader the chance to take a quiz on Ocracoke dialect, based on what the reader has learned by reading the book. Titled “How to Tell a Dingbatter from an O’Cocker,” the multiple-choice quiz is great fun. For example, does the term quamash on page 150 refer to an upset stomach, a fearful feeling, a bad headache, or an excited feeling?
My copy of Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks shows that I took the quiz, in pencil, on some long-ago trip to Ocracoke Island. Looks like I got 18 out of 20 correct (hey, 90% isn’t that bad); and I will remember, in future, that fatback, on Ocracoke, refers to the oily fish menhaden (not bacon), and that goaty means “smelling foul, like a goat,” not “silly.” By the authors’ “Rate Your Ocracoke IQ” ratings scores for the quiz, I am supposedly “an island genius”; but I feel more like “an educable dingbatter” at best.
Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks provides a delightful and life-affirming look at the people, the culture, and the language of a particularly beautiful American island. If you once thought that there’s no way a book about linguistics could be fun, read Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks, and you may change your mind.
Both Wolfram and Schilling-Estes are eminent linguists. Wolfram, of North Carolina State University, founded the North Carolina Language and Life Project, and Schilling-Estes is the project’s coordinator. And their book, written in a spirit of respect for the people and culture of the people of Ocracoke, makes clear that Ocracokers are very much aware of their island’s reputation for having a “quaint” way of speaking.
A chapter titled “Sounding Like a ‘Hoi Toider’” starts with an anecdote about Wolfram being introduced around among island residents at a party, shortly after arriving on the island to conduct linguistic research. Because he was introduced in those terms, as “an obvious outsider”, Wolfram felt uncomfortable and self-conscious, until a friendly Ocracoker named Rex O’Neal rescued him by saying, “So you’re here studyin’ speech. Well, it’s hoi toide on the saind soide. Last night the water far, tonight the moon shine. No feesh” (p. 50).
Wolfram and Schilling-Estes subsequently learned that O’Neal’s statement constituted a “performance phrase” (p. 51) that Ocracokers could deploy at will, anytime an outsider wanted to hear their “colorful” speech. The story, while humorous, conveys a serious reality – that regional dialect, even in the case of a region that is isolated, is bound to affect, and be affected by, the surrounding society.
In the encounter described above, the authors say that Wolfram felt “discomfort as an intrusive dingbatter” (p. 50) until O’Neal stepped in to help him. If the term dingbatter is new to you, then you should be advised that dingbatter is a good example of an Ocracoke-specific term. The chapter “What’s in an O’Cocker World?” has a helpful vocabulary list, from which one can learn that dingbatter means “A non-native of Ocracoke or the Outer Banks. Sometimes used somewhat negatively to refer to someone who is ignorant of island life (“The dingbatter kept getting his fishing line tangled with mine)” (p. 41).
At the same time, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes, as conscientious linguists, remind the reader that any regional dialect is ever-changing. In a chapter aptly titled “No Dialect Is an Island,” the authors point out that the word dingbatter, for instance, “has come into use only in recent years as a replacement for the older generation’s term for outsiders, foreigner or stranger. Middle-aged and younger speakers know and freely use dingbatter, but the oldest speakers may not have heard the word” (p. 100). An older Ocracoker might look at an island visitor and say, “There’s a foreigner,” and a younger Ocracoker might conclude that the visitor is from Chile or Romania rather than Charlotte or Raleigh.
Good academics that they are, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes even offer the reader the chance to take a quiz on Ocracoke dialect, based on what the reader has learned by reading the book. Titled “How to Tell a Dingbatter from an O’Cocker,” the multiple-choice quiz is great fun. For example, does the term quamash on page 150 refer to an upset stomach, a fearful feeling, a bad headache, or an excited feeling?
My copy of Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks shows that I took the quiz, in pencil, on some long-ago trip to Ocracoke Island. Looks like I got 18 out of 20 correct (hey, 90% isn’t that bad); and I will remember, in future, that fatback, on Ocracoke, refers to the oily fish menhaden (not bacon), and that goaty means “smelling foul, like a goat,” not “silly.” By the authors’ “Rate Your Ocracoke IQ” ratings scores for the quiz, I am supposedly “an island genius”; but I feel more like “an educable dingbatter” at best.
Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks provides a delightful and life-affirming look at the people, the culture, and the language of a particularly beautiful American island. If you once thought that there’s no way a book about linguistics could be fun, read Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks, and you may change your mind.
July 25, 2024
Much needed look into one of many disappearing American dialects. Good advocacy for language conservation and a not too complex introduction to some interesting linguistic ideas. For readers looking for a fun, easy read this isn’t exactly for you but it’s not overly academic. My only complaint is that some areas repeated themselves word for word.
January 12, 2026
A lot more interesting read than I expected, although as a regular non-academic person, I did sometimes get bogged down.
July 25, 2011
While reading Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks, I was reminded of how much I have enjoyed hearing the distinctive dialect of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, every time I have visited the island. Authors Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes of the North Carolina Language and Life Project do a careful and systematic job of examining the role that Ocracoke's distinctive brogue -- an accent sometimes compared to the Elizabethan English of William Shakespeare's time -- plays in the role of the once isolated island community. Those readers who might assume that a book dealing with linguistics must be boring will be surprised. Hoi Toide (the title is a reference to how the words "high tide," when spoken by an Ocracoker, might sound to an outsider) possesses verve and variety -- from dialect maps that show international and intra-national lingustic connections, to a helpful list of Ocracoke vocabulary terms. Photographs of various Ocracoke residents whose testimony contributed to the book give it a pleasant, human quality, as do the various stories that the authors and their informants relate. I appreciated the authors' emphasis on how, in all human communities, language provides a means of connecting across generations and providing a sense of continuity in an ever-changing world. Also commendable was their call for preservation of the Ocracoke brogue as an important example of the linguistic diversity of American society. Recommended for students of American linguistics, or for anyone interested in Outer Banks society and culture.
February 6, 2014
It is often said that the residents of Ocracoke Island still speak a version of Elizabethan English. This book shows that this is only a part of the story of this fascinating part of North Carolina's Outer Banks.
January 6, 2015
Definitely an academic level book. Do not make this your first Ocracoke book if you are looking for general history. It has great tidbits in there about history, life on the island, etc but is definitely geared towards the language (as the the name implies). Very thorough!
January 20, 2013
Well written! Gives the reader a keen insight to the people and their unique language on the Carolina coastline
August 17, 2015
I'm a language geek and even I had trouble getting through this one.
Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews